Search Results (8)

Background/Objectives: Developmental dysgraphia, a graphomotor difficulty affecting handwriting, significantly impacts children’s academic performance, emotional well-being, and overall development. Over the past two decades, intervention strategies have transitioned from traditional task-oriented motor training to more innovative, technology-driven, and holistic approaches. This paper aims to synthesise key developments in dysgraphia interventions, categorising them into distinct thematic areas and evaluating their effectiveness in improving handwriting outcomes. Methods: A review of 12 key studies was conducted, classifying interventions into four primary categories: (1) task-oriented and sensorimotor-based interventions; (2) technology-assisted solutions; (3) self-regulated and individualised approaches; and (4) integrated methodologies. Each study was analysed based on its methodology, intervention design, target population, and reported outcomes to assess the effectiveness and feasibility of different approaches. Results: The findings indicate significant advancements in handwriting interventions, with technology-assisted and integrated approaches demonstrating promising results in engagement, accessibility, and skill development. However, challenges remain in terms of scalability, cultural adaptability, and long-term sustainability. While self-regulated and individualised approaches offer tailored support, their effectiveness depends on factors such as learner motivation and instructional design. Conclusions: Despite progress in intervention strategies for developmental dysgraphia, further research is needed to optimise hybrid models that combine the strengths of multiple approaches. A more inclusive and adaptable framework is required to ensure equitable access to effective handwriting interventions. This study highlights the need for continued collaboration among researchers, educators, and policymakers to advance evidence-based interventions, fostering equitable learning opportunities for all children with dysgraphia. Full article

Background: Children with developmental coordination disorder (DCD) exhibit visual–motor deficits affecting handwriting. Shape tracing, a key prerequisite for handwriting, supports motor and cognitive development but remains underexplored in research, particularly in objectively studying its role in children with DCD. Objectives: To compare the kinetics (pressure applied to the writing surface) and kinematics (spatial and temporal aspects) of shape tracing in children with pDCD to those of typically developing (TD) peers utilizing a digitized tablet. Methods: A total of 27 children with pDCD aged 7 to 12 years and 27 TD children matched by age and gender traced five unique shapes resembling print letters onto a digitized tablet. Participants’ performance measurements included precision, time, smoothness, velocity, and pressure. Results: The findings revealed lower precision, longer duration, more smoothness but less consistency, lower velocity, and less pressure application in the pDCD group. Conclusions: This research underlies the mechanisms of shape-tracing difficulties in children with DCD. Insights into early shape-tracing processes beyond product outcomes are essential for therapeutic and educational interventions, with digitized tablets offering a novel tool for assessing graphomotor skills in children with DCD. Full article

Writing is first-order instrumental learning that develops throughout the life cycle, a complex process evolving from early childhood education. The identification of risk predictors of dysgraphia at age 5 has the potential to significantly reduce the impact of graphomotor difficulties in early primary school, which affects handwriting performance to such an extent that it can become illegible. Building on established scientific literature, this study focuses on screening processes, with particular attention to writing requirements. This paper proposes a novel prevention and intervention system based on new technologies for teachers and educators or therapists. Specifically, it presents a pilot study testing an innovative tactile device to analyze graphomotor performance and motor coordination in real time. The research explores whether this haptic device can be used as an effective pedagogical aid for preventing graphomotor issues in children aged 5 to 6 years. The results showed a high level of engagement and usability among young participants. Furthermore, the quality of graphomotor traces, respectively executed by children after virtual and physical training, were comparable, supporting the use of the tool as a complementary training resource for the observation and enhancement of graphomotor processes. Full article

Procedural learning has been mainly tested through motor sequence learning tasks in children with neurodevelopmental disorders, especially with isolated Developmental Coordination Disorder (DCD) and Reading Disorder (RD). Studies on motor adaptation are scarcer and more controversial. This study aimed to compare the performance of children with isolated and associated DCD and RD in a graphomotor adaptation task. In total, 23 children with RD, 16 children with DCD, 19 children with DCD-RD, and 21 typically developing (TD) children wrote trigrams both in the conventional (from left to right) and opposite (from right to left) writing directions. The results show that movement speed and accuracy were more impacted by the adaptation condition (opposite writing direction) in children with neurodevelopmental disorders than TD children. Our results also reveal that children with RD have less difficulty adapting their movement than children with DCD. Children with DCD-RD had the most difficulty, and analysis of their performance suggests a cumulative effect of the two neurodevelopmental disorders in motor adaptation. Full article

The acquisition of handwriting skills is a crucial goal in early primary school. Yet our comprehension of handwriting development, encompassing graphomotor skills and spelling, remains fragmented. The identification of predictors for handwriting skills is essential for providing early support. This longitudinal study aimed to explore the predictive roles of gender, working memory, and motivation to handwrite for graphomotor skills six months later and spelling skills one year later. Paper-and-pencil tasks (graphomotor skills, spelling), a tablet task (working memory), and a questionnaire (teachers’ ratings of children’s handwriting motivation) were employed. This study included 363 first-grade children (49.8% girls) aged 6–9 years. Results from a structural equation model, controlling for age and socioeconomic background, revealed that girls exhibited superior performance in graphomotor skills, while boys tended to spell more accurately. Furthermore, working memory predicted graphomotor skills but not spelling. Additionally, motivation to handwrite predicted both first-grade graphomotor skills and second-grade spelling. This study extends contemporary evidence, demonstrating that graphomotor skills predict spelling while considering gender and motivation. The findings underscore the pivotal role of graphomotor skills in spelling acquisition and suggest their contribution to spelling difficulties. Full article

Handwriting disorders (HDs) are prevalent in school-aged children, with significant interference with academic performances. The current study offers a transdisciplinary approach with the use of normed and standardized clinical assessments of neuropsychomotor, neuropsychological and oculomotor functions. The aim is to provide objective data for a better understanding of the nature and the etiology of HDs. Data from these clinical assessments were analyzed for 27 school-aged children with HD (first to fifth grade). The results underline a high heterogeneity of the children presenting HDs, with many co-occurrences often unknown. However, it was possible to highlight three levels of HDs based on BHK scores: mild HD not detected by the BHK test (26% of children), moderate HD (33%) and dysgraphia (41% of children). The mild nature of the HDs not detected by the BHK test appears to occur at a relatively low frequency of the associated disorders identified during clinical evaluations. On the contrary, dysgraphia appears to be associated with a high frequency of co-occurring disorders identified in the clinical assessment, with a predominance of oculomotor disorders (55% of children), leading to visual-perceptual difficulties and a high level of handwriting deterioration. Finally, children with moderate HD have fewer co-occurrences than children with dysgraphia, but have more difficulties than children with mild HD. This highlights the importance of differentiating between different degrees of HDs that do not respond to the same semiologies. Our findings support the interest in performing a transdisciplinary and standardized clinical examination with developmental standards (neuropsychomotor, neuropsychological and oculomotor) in children with HD. Indeed, HDs can therefore be associated with a multitude of disorders of different natures ranging from poor coordination of the graphomotor gesture to a more general and more complex impairment affecting perceptual-motor, cognitive and/or psycho-affective functions. Full article

Aim. Handwriting abilities in children with dyslexia (DYS) are not well documented in the current literature, and the presence of graphomotor impairment in addition to spelling impairment in dyslexia is controversial. Using resting-state functional connectivity (RSFC), the present study aims to answer the following question: are there markers of graphomotor impairment at rest in DYS children? Method. The participants were children with DYS and typically developing (TD) children (n = 32) from French-speaking primary schools (M_age = 9.3 years). The behavioural evaluation consisted of spelling and handwriting measures. Participants underwent a resting-state fMRI scan. Results. Analyses of RSFC focused on a brain region responsible for graphomotor processes—the graphemic/motor frontal area (GMFA). The RSFC between the GMFA and all other voxels of the brain was measured. Whole-brain ANOVAs were run to compare RSFC in DYS and TD children. The results demonstrated reduced RSFC in DYS compared to TD between the GMFA and brain areas involved in both spelling processes and motor-related processes. Conclusions. For the first time, this study highlighted a disruption of the writing network in DYS. By identifying functional markers of both spelling and handwriting deficits at rest in young DYS participants, this study supports the presence of graphomotor impairment in dyslexia. Full article

Five to ten percent of school-aged children display dysgraphia, a neuro-motor disorder that causes difficulties in handwriting, which becomes a handicap in the daily life of these children. Yet, the diagnosis of dysgraphia remains tedious, subjective and dependent to the language besides stepping in late in the schooling. We propose a pre-diagnosis tool for dysgraphia using drawings called graphomotor tests. These tests are recorded using graphical tablets. We evaluate several machine-learning models and compare them to build this tool. A database comprising 305 children from the region of Grenoble, including 43 children with dysgraphia, has been established and diagnosed by specialists using the BHK test, which is the gold standard for the diagnosis of dysgraphia in France. We performed tests of classification by extracting, correcting and selecting features from the raw data collected with the tablets and achieved a maximum accuracy of 73% with cross-validation for three models. These promising results highlight the relevance of graphomotor tests to diagnose dysgraphia earlier and more broadly. Full article