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33 pages, 1129 KiB  
Article
Toward a ‘Green Intelligence’? The Intelligence Practices of Non-Governmental Organisations Which Combat Environmental Crime
by Charlotte M. Davies
Laws 2025, 14(4), 52; https://doi.org/10.3390/laws14040052 - 28 Jul 2025
Viewed by 482
Abstract
Environmental crime has been increasingly recognised as transnational organised crime, but efforts to build a coherent and effective international response are still in development and under threat from shifts in the funding landscape. This mixed methods study addresses the role of one significant [...] Read more.
Environmental crime has been increasingly recognised as transnational organised crime, but efforts to build a coherent and effective international response are still in development and under threat from shifts in the funding landscape. This mixed methods study addresses the role of one significant group of actors in environmental crime enforcement, which are non-governmental organisations (NGOs) who gather intelligence that can be shared with law enforcement and regulatory agencies. The study compares their intelligence practices to findings from traditional intelligence sectors, with a focus upon criminal justice and policing. The research generated quantitative and qualitative data from NGO practitioners, which is integrated to discern three overarching themes inherent in these NGOs’ intelligence practices: the implementation of formal intelligence practices is still underway in the sector; there remains a need to improve cooperation to break down silos between agencies and NGOs, which requires an improvement in trust between these entities; the operating environment provides both opportunities and challenges to the abilities of the NGOs to deliver impact. The study concludes by positing that the characteristics of NGOs mean that this situation constitutes ‘green intelligence’, contextualising intelligence theory and highlighting areas in which agencies can further combat environmental crime. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Global Threats in the Illegal Wildlife Trade and Advances in Response)
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12 pages, 474 KiB  
Article
The Role of Gubernatorial Affiliation, Risk Perception, and Trust in COVID-19 Vaccine Hesitancy in the United States
by Ammina Kothari, Stephanie A. Godleski and Gerit Pfuhl
COVID 2025, 5(8), 118; https://doi.org/10.3390/covid5080118 - 28 Jul 2025
Viewed by 146
Abstract
Background/Objectives: Vaccine hesitancy is becoming an increasing concern, leading to preventable outbreaks of infectious diseases. During the COVID-19 pandemic, the United States served as an intriguing case study for exploring how risk perception and trust in health authorities, including scientists, are influenced by [...] Read more.
Background/Objectives: Vaccine hesitancy is becoming an increasing concern, leading to preventable outbreaks of infectious diseases. During the COVID-19 pandemic, the United States served as an intriguing case study for exploring how risk perception and trust in health authorities, including scientists, are influenced by government policies and how these factors affect vaccine hesitancy. Methods: We conducted a secondary analysis using the MIT COVID-19 Survey dataset to investigate whether risk perception and trust differ between states governed by Democratic or Republican governors. Results: Our analysis (n = 6119) found that participants did not vary significantly by state political affiliation in terms of their sociodemographic factors (such as age, gender, self-rated health, education, and whether they live in a city, town, or rural area), their perceived risk for the community, or their ability to control whether they become infected. However, there was a difference in the perceived risk of infection, which was higher in states governed by Republicans. Trust also varied by gubernatorial affiliation, with higher levels of trust reported among residents of Democratic-leaning states. We also found a strong mediation effect of trust on vaccine hesitancy, but this was not the case for risk perception. Conclusion: Therefore, it appears that vaccine acceptance relies on trust in health authorities, which is influenced by governmental policies. State officials should work with local health officials to build trust and increase timely responses to public health crises. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section COVID Public Health and Epidemiology)
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35 pages, 397 KiB  
Article
The Impact of Social Capital and Community Empowerment on Regional Revitalization Practices: A Case Study on the Practice of University Social Responsibility Programs in Wanli and Jinshan Districts
by Hung-Chieh Chen, Tzu-Chao Lin and Ying-Hui Chen
Sustainability 2025, 17(10), 4653; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17104653 - 19 May 2025
Viewed by 1275
Abstract
Amid accelerating globalization and urbanization, regional revitalization has become a key policy direction for countries to address regional decline. Among these, social capital and community empowerment can significantly promote regional development. Social capital emphasizes how trust, norms, and reciprocity facilitate collective action, while [...] Read more.
Amid accelerating globalization and urbanization, regional revitalization has become a key policy direction for countries to address regional decline. Among these, social capital and community empowerment can significantly promote regional development. Social capital emphasizes how trust, norms, and reciprocity facilitate collective action, while community empowerment focuses on improving residents’ participation and autonomous decision-making capacity. Existing research primarily focuses on cases from Europe and America; there is no in-depth exploration of the interaction between regional revitalization and social capital in Taiwan. Notably, systematic studies are lacking regarding the mechanisms through which University Social Responsibility (USR) programs engage and promote community development. This study takes the Wanli and Jinshan districts in northern Taiwan as case study examples. We employ action research and qualitative research methods to analyze the role of social capital and community empowerment in regional revitalization. This paper reviews how internal trust and cooperation within a community build bonding social capital. It explores how USR programs promote collaboration between communities and external resources through bridging social capital. The findings indicate that bonding social capital can enhance community cohesion and support regional revitalization efforts; bridging social capital can introduce academic, corporate, and governmental resources, providing technical and financial support for community innovation. The participatory mechanism of USR programs not only fosters civic awareness development but also offers a cross-organizational cooperation platform for regional revitalization, enabling communities to integrate internal and external resources more effectively. The results of this study indicate that bonding and bridging social capital can achieve complementary effects through USR programs, further promoting community empowerment and regional development. This study deepens the application of social capital theory in regional revitalization. It provides an empirical basis for policymakers and academic institutions to optimize the planning and implementation of future USR programs. While the study focuses on a geographically bounded set of cases and employs an exploratory qualitative design, these choices enabled a rich, context-sensitive understanding of how regional self-governance and community capital may be strengthened in practice. Future research could extend this line of inquiry by examining additional locales, adopting longitudinal perspectives, and integrating mixed-method approaches, thereby further amplifying the robustness and applicability of the propositions advanced here. Full article
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17 pages, 715 KiB  
Article
How Trust Affects Hazardous Chemicals Logistics Enterprises’ Sustainable Safety Behavior: The Moderating Role of Government Governance
by Li Hou, Bin Yao, Yibo Hu, Keyi Yu and Kebiao Yuan
Sustainability 2025, 17(8), 3577; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17083577 - 16 Apr 2025
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 460
Abstract
Hazardous chemicals logistics (HCL) management improves safety and operational efficiency; however, the management process faces challenges, including safety hazards. Trust in the government is critical for shaping the sustainable and safe behavior of hazardous chemicals logistics enterprises (HCLEs). However, its interaction with governance [...] Read more.
Hazardous chemicals logistics (HCL) management improves safety and operational efficiency; however, the management process faces challenges, including safety hazards. Trust in the government is critical for shaping the sustainable and safe behavior of hazardous chemicals logistics enterprises (HCLEs). However, its interaction with governance mechanisms remains unclear, and a systematic categorization of governmental regulatory methods is lacking. To improve the relationship between HCLEs and the government, this study employs structural equation modeling to examine the effects of trust and governance mechanisms on HCLEs’ sustainable safety behavior. Trust is categorized into cognitive trust and affective trust based on trust and reinforcement theories, whereas government governance is divided into motivational and punitive governance. A conceptual trust–government governance–HCLEs’ behavior model that introduces government governance as a moderating variable is formulated. The results show that trust significantly improved HCLEs’ behavior; motivational governance positively moderated the impact on the relationship between trust and HCLEs’ behavior; and punitive governance failed. These results emphasize the importance of trust-based partnerships between governments and HCLEs, as well as motivational governance, in building compliance and improving safety. Moreover, this study expands our understanding of the interrelationships among trust, government governance, and HCLEs’ sustainable safety behavior in the HCL industry. Full article
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20 pages, 793 KiB  
Review
Building and Eroding the Citizen–State Relationship in the Era of Algorithmic Decision-Making: Towards a New Conceptual Model of Institutional Trust
by Jaana Parviainen, Anne Koski, Laura Eilola, Hannele Palukka, Paula Alanen and Camilla Lindholm
Soc. Sci. 2025, 14(3), 178; https://doi.org/10.3390/socsci14030178 - 17 Mar 2025
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1218
Abstract
In liberal welfare states, algorithmic decision-making systems are being increasingly deployed, impacting the citizen–state relationship in a multitude of positive and negative ways. This theoretical paper aims to develop a novel conceptual model—the institutional trust model—to analyse how the implementation of automated systems [...] Read more.
In liberal welfare states, algorithmic decision-making systems are being increasingly deployed, impacting the citizen–state relationship in a multitude of positive and negative ways. This theoretical paper aims to develop a novel conceptual model—the institutional trust model—to analyse how the implementation of automated systems erodes or strengthens institutional trust between policymakers and citizens. In this approach, institutional trust does not simply mean public trust in institutions (though it is an important component of democratic societies); instead, it refers to the responsive interactions between governmental institutions and citizens. Currently, very little is known about policymakers’ trust or distrust in automated systems and how their trust or distrust in citizens is reflected in their interest in implementing these systems in public administration. By analysing a sample of recent studies on automated decision-making, we explored the potential of the institutional trust model to identify how the four dimensions of trust can be used to explore the responsive relationship between citizens and the state. This article contributes to the formulation of research questions on automated decision-making in the future, underlining that the impact of automated systems on the socio-economic rights of marginalised citizens in public services and the policymakers’ motivations to deploy automated systems have been overlooked. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Technology, Digital Transformation and Society)
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22 pages, 5739 KiB  
Article
Blockchain-Enabled Privacy-Preserving Ecosystem for DNA Sequence Sharing
by Thi-Thanh-An Nguyen, Yu-Heng Hsieh, Ching-Hsi Tseng, Yu-Chen Lin and Shyan-Ming Yuan
Appl. Sci. 2025, 15(6), 3193; https://doi.org/10.3390/app15063193 - 14 Mar 2025
Viewed by 1125
Abstract
The sharing of DNA sequence data is essential for advancing medical technology and fostering innovation in healthcare. However, DNA sequences encode sensitive information, such as gender, physical attributes, and genetic predispositions, necessitating stringent privacy safeguards. Existing data-sharing frameworks often fail to adequately address [...] Read more.
The sharing of DNA sequence data is essential for advancing medical technology and fostering innovation in healthcare. However, DNA sequences encode sensitive information, such as gender, physical attributes, and genetic predispositions, necessitating stringent privacy safeguards. Existing data-sharing frameworks often fail to adequately address these privacy concerns. To overcome these challenges, this study proposes a blockchain-based, privacy-preserving ecosystem for DNA sequence sharing. The system employs a decentralized architecture to manage digital identities and access permissions, ensuring robust privacy and data security. Smart contract functionalities allow users to assign granular access controls to specific DNA sequence segments, enabling selective sharing with trusted recipients. Furthermore, research institutions are required to obtain certification and classification from governmental authorities, enhancing trust and system reliability. The user-centric design prioritizes privacy, security, and autonomy, simplifying operational processes and fostering user trust. By incentivizing DNA data sharing, the proposed model aims to accelerate medical advancements while maintaining stringent privacy protections, establishing a secure and scalable ecosystem for DNA sequence sharing. Experimental results from a prototype implementation indicate that the system achieves a throughput of up to 10–20 transactions per second for identity and access operations while incurring acceptable on-chain costs (≈1.3 million gas to deploy contracts and 400–800 k gas per user registration). These performance metrics underscore the feasibility and efficiency of the proposed approach. Full article
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18 pages, 299 KiB  
Article
Sexual Exploitation: Professionals’ and Stakeholders’ Perceptions of Prevention, Assistance, and Protection for Victims in Portugal
by Marlene Matos, Jacinta Sousa, Sónia Caridade and Isabel Dias
Soc. Sci. 2025, 14(3), 167; https://doi.org/10.3390/socsci14030167 - 10 Mar 2025
Viewed by 1075
Abstract
Sexual exploitation is a pervasive issue affecting individuals globally, characterized by the abuse of vulnerability, power, or trust for sexual purposes. This study aims to explore the perceptions of professionals and stakeholders in Portugal regarding the prevention, assistance, and protection of victims of [...] Read more.
Sexual exploitation is a pervasive issue affecting individuals globally, characterized by the abuse of vulnerability, power, or trust for sexual purposes. This study aims to explore the perceptions of professionals and stakeholders in Portugal regarding the prevention, assistance, and protection of victims of sexual exploitation. Employing a qualitative research approach, four online focus groups were conducted with 17 participants from various professional backgrounds. The results highlight a comprehensive understanding of sexual exploitation among participants, who emphasized the coercion and exploitation of vulnerabilities as central elements. Significant barriers to addressing sexual exploitation were reported, including underreporting, societal indifference, and the impact of new technologies. Participants called for enhanced training for professionals across sectors, increased societal awareness, and stronger legal and policy frameworks. The study concludes with recommendations for elevating sexual exploitation as a governmental priority, improving professional training, and fostering international cooperation to combat this complex issue effectively. Full article
22 pages, 12360 KiB  
Article
Understanding Public Perception and Preparedness for Flood Risks in Greece
by Nada Joumar, Cleo M. Gaganis, Polina N. Tourlioti, Ioannis Pantelakis, Ourania Tzoraki, Lahcen Benaabidate, Jamal Eddine Stitou El Messari and Petros Gaganis
Water 2025, 17(5), 764; https://doi.org/10.3390/w17050764 - 6 Mar 2025
Viewed by 1742
Abstract
The present study examines perceptions and preparedness for flooding in Greece, a country increasingly impacted by natural hazards, particularly due to the effects of climate change. Despite the frequent occurrence of floods, public preparedness remains insufficient in many areas. Through a survey of [...] Read more.
The present study examines perceptions and preparedness for flooding in Greece, a country increasingly impacted by natural hazards, particularly due to the effects of climate change. Despite the frequent occurrence of floods, public preparedness remains insufficient in many areas. Through a survey of 1282 respondents from various regions of Greece and using R statistical software to process and analyse data, the research explores the relationship between individual flood risk perceptions, prior experiences, and household-level preparedness. The findings show most participants are aware of governmental flood plans, but a significant gap exists between perceived flood risks and actual preparedness, especially regarding insurance and relocation willingness. The findings reveal that a majority of participants are aware of governmental flood management plans; however, outcomes concerning flood insurance and the willingness to relocate highlight the significant gap between perceived flood risks and actual preparedness efforts. Many respondents expressed dissatisfaction with current measures to address flood risks, leading to a diminished trust in the respective authorities. To enhance public awareness and engagement in flood preparedness, the study underscores the importance of localized risk communication strategies tailored to different demographic groups. Given the observed gap between awareness and actual preparedness, efforts should focus on bridging this disconnect through practical, community-driven initiatives. Recommendations include implementing targeted awareness campaigns, promoting trust in government efforts through transparent policies, and providing financial incentives such as subsidized flood insurance to encourage protective actions, and, additionally, fostering community involvement in disaster risk management, particularly in historically flood-prone regions, to strengthen the resilience against future flooding events. Full article
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20 pages, 325 KiB  
Review
The Influence of Financial Incentives on Vaccination Hesitancy: A Narrative Review of Recent Research
by Jason Wong, Camrin Gill, Amir Abdo and Ava Eisa
Vaccines 2025, 13(3), 256; https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines13030256 - 28 Feb 2025
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1441
Abstract
Background: Vaccine hesitancy represents a significant global health challenge that greatly hinders public health efforts focused on managing the transmission of infectious diseases. A wealth of original research conducted worldwide has examined various incentives that could help alleviate vaccine hesitancy and increase vaccination [...] Read more.
Background: Vaccine hesitancy represents a significant global health challenge that greatly hinders public health efforts focused on managing the transmission of infectious diseases. A wealth of original research conducted worldwide has examined various incentives that could help alleviate vaccine hesitancy and increase vaccination rates. Although some findings are conflicting, no comprehensive review has yet assessed the overall effectiveness of these strategies. This study aims to bridge this knowledge gap by examining how financial incentives influence people’s willingness to undergo vaccination. Methods: In August 2024, we extensively searched four databases for studies focusing on financial incentives and vaccination rates. Examples of financial incentives included lottery tickets and hypothetical or physical monetary rewards ranging in various amounts depending on the study. We selected nineteen relevant articles from a larger pool and evaluated them for validity and bias. Results: Around eighty percent of the research focused on COVID-19 vaccines, driven by the ongoing pandemic and the debates surrounding their use. Most of the studies indicated a positive influence of financial incentives on vaccination rates, although they often came with a higher risk of bias. Conversely, several studies suggest that financial incentives do not result in benefits. Instead, they highlight other factors that have a more profound effect on influencing people to undergo vaccination. The remaining studies are inconclusive regarding the effectiveness of financial incentives, concluding the need for further research. The strategies to mitigate these concerns included a combination of legal and monetary incentives. Summary: The effectiveness of financial incentives in boosting vaccination rates seems to differ significantly based on the region and context. They tend to be more effective in economically disadvantaged developing countries. In contrast, in developed nations, they may be ineffective or counterproductive due to various confounding factors such as financial background, lack of trust in the healthcare system, and/or lack of patient education. In resource-rich areas, educational programs often yield better results, and addressing widespread mistrust in healthcare systems and governmental policies through transparency is essential. Ultimately, employing tailored incentives alongside public education could enhance vaccination acceptance, particularly in culturally diverse countries like the United States, where understanding community preferences is crucial. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Strategies to Address Falling Vaccine Coverage and Vaccine Hesitancy)
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19 pages, 272 KiB  
Article
Artificial Intelligence for Financial Accountability and Governance in the Public Sector: Strategic Opportunities and Challenges
by Ceray Aldemir and Tuğba Uçma Uysal
Adm. Sci. 2025, 15(2), 58; https://doi.org/10.3390/admsci15020058 - 11 Feb 2025
Viewed by 4300
Abstract
This study investigates the transformative capacity of artificial intelligence (AI) in improving financial accountability and governance in the public sector. The study aims to explore the strategic potential and constraints of AI integration, especially as fiscal systems become more complex and public expectations [...] Read more.
This study investigates the transformative capacity of artificial intelligence (AI) in improving financial accountability and governance in the public sector. The study aims to explore the strategic potential and constraints of AI integration, especially as fiscal systems become more complex and public expectations for transparency increase. This study employs a qualitative case study methodology to analyze three countries, which are Estonia, Singapore, and Finland. These countries are renowned for their innovative use of AI in public administration. The data collection tools included an extensive review of the literature, governmental publications, case studies, and public feedback. The study reveals that AI-driven solutions such as predictive analytics, fraud detection systems, and automated reporting significantly improve operational efficiency, transparency, and decision making. However, challenges such as algorithmic bias, data privacy issues, and the need for strong ethical guidelines still exist, and these could hinder the equitable use of AI. The study emphasizes the importance of aligning technological progress with democratic values and ethical governance by addressing these problems. The study also enhances the dialog around AI’s role in public administration. It provides practical recommendations for policymakers who seek to use AI wisely to promote public trust, improve efficiency, and ensure accountability in governance. Future research should focus on enhancing ethical frameworks and investigating scalable solutions to overcome the social and technical challenges of AI integration. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Current Challenges in Strategy and Public Policy)
15 pages, 323 KiB  
Perspective
The Interplay of Politics and Conspiracy Theories in Shaping Vaccine Hesitancy in a Diverse Cultural Setting in Italy
by Christian J. Wiedermann, Barbara Plagg, Patrick Rina, Giuliano Piccoliori and Adolf Engl
Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2025, 22(2), 230; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph22020230 - 6 Feb 2025
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1116
Abstract
Vaccine hesitancy presents a significant challenge to public health, particularly in culturally diverse regions, such as South Tyrol, Italy. This article examines the interplay between political influences, conspiracy theories, and vaccine hesitancy in South Tyrol, an autonomous province characterised by its linguistic diversity [...] Read more.
Vaccine hesitancy presents a significant challenge to public health, particularly in culturally diverse regions, such as South Tyrol, Italy. This article examines the interplay between political influences, conspiracy theories, and vaccine hesitancy in South Tyrol, an autonomous province characterised by its linguistic diversity and historical scepticism toward central authority. This study aimed to identify the important drivers of vaccine hesitancy and propose targeted strategies to enhance vaccine acceptance. Peer-reviewed and grey literature was examined to explore the sociocultural factors, political dynamics, and conspiracy narratives influencing vaccine hesitancy in South Tyrol. The analysis incorporated publicly available materials, including propaganda from anti-vaccine organisations, and regional public health data to contextualise the findings. Vaccine hesitancy in South Tyrol was influenced by historical tensions with the central government, cultural alignment with Austrian healthcare practices, and politically motivated opposition to vaccination. Conspiracy theories disseminated by local organisations and political entities exploit concerns regarding governmental overreach and personal autonomy. These dynamics are compounded by the selective misrepresentation of scientific discourse, which further polarises public opinion. Addressing vaccine hesitancy in South Tyrol requires culturally sensitive communication, community engagement through trusted local figures, transparency in health policies, and the proactive monitoring of misinformation. These strategies can mitigate mistrust and promote vaccine acceptance in regions with similar sociopolitical complexities. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Media Psychology and Health Communication)
14 pages, 790 KiB  
Article
Can Trust in Climate-Skeptical Governments Inhibit Pro-Environmental Action? Implications for Public Participation and Democratic Innovations
by Mirko Duradoni, Franca Paola Severino, Gabriele Neri, Maria Fiorenza, Norma Lindemann, Luisa Puddu and Andrea Guazzini
Societies 2025, 15(2), 26; https://doi.org/10.3390/soc15020026 - 31 Jan 2025
Viewed by 1019
Abstract
In the scientific literature, being a woman and citizens’ trust are factors that are often linked to a higher frequency of pro-environmental behaviors. However, when a government adopts a skeptical narrative on climate change, describing natural disasters as mere ’tragedies’, extreme weather events [...] Read more.
In the scientific literature, being a woman and citizens’ trust are factors that are often linked to a higher frequency of pro-environmental behaviors. However, when a government adopts a skeptical narrative on climate change, describing natural disasters as mere ’tragedies’, extreme weather events as ’bad weather’, and simplifying climate change to ’unpredictable weather’, does citizens’ trust still serve as a factor that promotes pro-environmental behaviors? This study aimed to conduct a sex-sensitive analysis of the relationship between trust in the current Italian government (i.e., Prime Minister Giorgia Meloni) and pro-environmental behaviors related to conservation, transportation, environmental citizenship, and food consumption in a sample of 501 Italian citizens (65.1% cisgender women). This study reveals that greater trust in a climate-skeptical government is associated with lower implementation of pro-environmental behaviors (PEBs) and that this effect is less pronounced among women compared to men. These results highlight the importance of considering citizen’s trust in public participation, particularly in contexts where governmental narratives do not favor pro-environmental policies. Full article
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18 pages, 243 KiB  
Concept Paper
Challenges and Solutions for Corporate Social Responsibility in the Hospitality Industry
by Ajay Khatter
Challenges 2025, 16(1), 9; https://doi.org/10.3390/challe16010009 - 23 Jan 2025
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 5176
Abstract
The hospitality sector’s corporate social responsibility (CSR) is dynamic and constantly evolving. This article examines CSR implementation in the hospitality industry and investigates the growing prevalence of CSR initiatives. This research examines the implementation and challenges of CSR in the hospitality sector through [...] Read more.
The hospitality sector’s corporate social responsibility (CSR) is dynamic and constantly evolving. This article examines CSR implementation in the hospitality industry and investigates the growing prevalence of CSR initiatives. This research examines the implementation and challenges of CSR in the hospitality sector through a qualitative literature review methodology. The study highlights trends such as community engagement, ethical labour practices, and sustainable resource utilisation while identifying barriers like financial constraints and stakeholder resistance. Moreover, it examines the determinants that influence these patterns, including consumer inclinations, governmental policies, and industry recognition of the social and ecological repercussions. This research enhances the field of theory by consolidating and expanding upon current knowledge regarding CSR, building on Archie Carroll’s Pyramid theory’s focus on economic, legal, ethical, and philanthropic responsibilities and R. Edward Freeman’s Stakeholder Theory’s emphasis on business ethics and corporate governance. Modifications are made to these frameworks to adhere to the precise requirements of the hospitality industry. This research presents an alternative perspective on the intricate relationship between environmental sustainability, social accountability, and financial prosperity within the hospitality sector. This study questions the idea that CSR is either a mandatory obligation or an optional behaviour. Key findings reveal that integrating CSR into business strategies enhances operational efficiency, stakeholder trust, and financial performance. By building on established theoretical frameworks, this research provides actionable insights. It contributes to the global discourse on sustainability, offering a nuanced perspective on the hospitality industry’s evolving role in advancing environmental, social, and financial prosperity. Full article
36 pages, 970 KiB  
Article
Does Shared Institutional Equity Enhance Corporate Eco-Transparency Reporting? Evidence from Firm Life Cycles Stages
by Yishan Liu, Xingao Xu, Hongbo Hai and Hadi Hussain
Sustainability 2025, 17(2), 791; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17020791 - 20 Jan 2025
Viewed by 1027
Abstract
This study investigates the relationship between corporate shared institutional equity (SIE) holders and eco-transparency reporting (ETR). Specifically, it examines three distinct types of SIE: (1) common institutional shareholders with industry peers, (2) the average count of unique institutional owners holding shares in both [...] Read more.
This study investigates the relationship between corporate shared institutional equity (SIE) holders and eco-transparency reporting (ETR). Specifically, it examines three distinct types of SIE: (1) common institutional shareholders with industry peers, (2) the average count of unique institutional owners holding shares in both the focal company and its peers, and (3) the total percentage of SIE within the focal company. The findings indicate that firms with higher levels of SIE are more likely to disclose ETR, signaling a commitment to enhancing public trust and aligning with governmental expectations. Furthermore, the study explores the impact of SIE across different stages of the firm’s life cycle, revealing that the influence of SIE on ETR is more pronounced during the growth and mature stages. The results remain robust even when alternative thresholds for SIE are applied, such as adjusting from a 5% to a 3% threshold. To account for potential misspecification and omitted variables, propensity score matching (PSM), System generalized method of moments (Sys GMM) and two-stage least squares (2SLS) methods were employed. This research contributes to the literature by highlighting the role of shared institutional ownership in promoting environmental transparency, offering novel insights into how institutional investors can drive corporate sustainability practices across different firm life cycles. Full article
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26 pages, 2634 KiB  
Article
A Proposal for a Zero-Trust-Based Multi-Level Security Model and Its Security Controls
by Jun-Hyung Park, Sung-Chae Park and Heung-Youl Youm
Appl. Sci. 2025, 15(2), 785; https://doi.org/10.3390/app15020785 - 14 Jan 2025
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2623
Abstract
The rapid advancement of technology and increasing data utilisation have underscored the need for new models to manage and secure big data effectively. However, the constraints of isolated network environments and the limitations of existing security frameworks hinder the adoption of cutting-edge technologies [...] Read more.
The rapid advancement of technology and increasing data utilisation have underscored the need for new models to manage and secure big data effectively. However, the constraints of isolated network environments and the limitations of existing security frameworks hinder the adoption of cutting-edge technologies such as AI and cloud computing, as well as the safe utilisation of data. To address these challenges, this study proposes an enhanced security model that integrates the concepts of Multi-Level Security (MLS) and Zero Trust (ZT). The proposed model classifies data into the following three sensitivity levels: “Classified”, “Sensitive”, and “Open”. It applies tailored security requirements and dynamic controls to each level, enhancing both data security and usability. Furthermore, the model overcomes the static access control limitations of MLS by incorporating ZT’s automated dynamic access capabilities, significantly improving responsiveness to anomalous behaviours. This study contributes to the design and evaluation of a new security model that ensures secure data protection and utilisation, even in isolated network environments such as those of military and governmental organisations. It also provides a foundation for the future development of advanced security frameworks. Full article
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