30 September 2016
Gaze detection requires estimation of the position and the relation between user’s pupil and glint. In this research paper, a Gaze Direction Estimation (GDE) model, a feature based shape method has been proposed for the comparative analysis of two st...
Gaze estimation is increasingly pivotal in applications spanning virtual reality, augmented reality, and driver monitoring systems, necessitating efficient yet accurate models for mobile deployment. Current methodologies often fall short, particularl...
This paper sought to improve the precision of the Alternating Current Electro-Occulo-Graphy (AC-EOG) gaze estimation method. The method consisted of two core techniques: To estimate eyeball movement from EOG signals and to convert signals from the ey...
In smart interactive environments, such as digital museums or digital exhibition halls, it is important to accurately understand the user’s intent to ensure successful and natural interaction with the exhibition. In the context of predicting us...
The goal of gaze estimation is to estimate a gaze vector from an image containing a face or eye(s). Most existing studies use pre-defined fixed-resolution images to estimate the gaze vector. However, images captured from in-the-wild environments may...
Gaze estimation, which seeks to reveal where a person is looking, provides a crucial clue for understanding human intentions and behaviors. Recently, Visual Transformer has achieved promising results in gaze estimation. However, dividing facial image...
The problem of 3D gaze estimation can be viewed as inferring the visual axes from eye images. It remains a challenge especially for the head-mounted gaze tracker (HMGT) with a simple camera setup due to the complexity of the human visual system. Alth...
Gaze estimation, which is a method to determine where a person is looking at given the person’s full face, is a valuable clue for understanding human intention. Similarly to other domains of computer vision, deep learning (DL) methods have gain...
Most eye tracking methods are light-based. As such, they can suffer from ambient light changes when used outdoors, especially for use cases where eye trackers are embedded in Augmented Reality glasses. It has been recently suggested that ultrasound c...
The most accurate remote Point of Gaze (PoG) estimation methods that allow free head movements use infrared light sources and cameras together with gaze estimation models. Current gaze estimation models were developed for desktop eye-tracking systems...
Gaze is a significant behavioral characteristic that can be used to reflect a person’s attention. In recent years, there has been a growing interest in estimating gaze from facial videos. However, gaze estimation remains a challenging problem d...
In this paper, we investigate how visualization assets can support the qualitative evaluation of gaze estimation uncertainty. Although eye tracking data are commonly available, little has been done to visually investigate the uncertainty of recorded...
Gaze estimation is a cornerstone of applications such as human–computer interaction and behavioral analysis, e.g., for intelligent transport systems. Nevertheless, existing methods predominantly rely on coarse-grained features from deep layers...
This study investigates the influence of the eye-camera location associated with the accuracy and precision of interpolation-based eye-tracking methods. Several factors can negatively influence gaze estimation methods when building a commercial or of...
Gaze estimation methods play an important role in a gaze tracking system. A novel 2D gaze estimation method based on the pupil-glint vector is proposed in this paper. First, the circular ring rays location (CRRL) method and Gaussian fitting are utili...
Among the numerous gaze-estimation methods currently available, appearance-based methods predominantly use RGB images as input and employ convolutional neural networks (CNNs) to detect facial images to regressively obtain gaze angles or gaze points....
The driver gaze zone is an indicator of a driver’s attention and plays an important role in the driver’s activity monitoring. Due to the bad initialization of point-cloud transformation, gaze zone systems using RGB-D cameras and ICP (Iter...
The direction of human gaze is an important indicator of human behavior, reflecting the level of attention and cognitive state towards various visual stimuli in the environment. Convolutional neural networks have achieved good performance in gaze est...
Gaze is an externally observable indicator of human visual attention, and thus, recording the gaze position can help to solve many problems. Existing gaze estimation models typically utilize separate neural network branches to process data streams fr...
Gaze estimation is an established research problem in computer vision. It has various applications in real life, from human–computer interactions to health care and virtual reality, making it more viable for the research community. Due to the s...
In this paper, we present a framework for 3D gaze estimation intended to identify the user’s focus of attention in a corneal imaging system. The framework uses a headset that consists of three cameras, a scene camera and two eye cameras: an IR...
Recently, with the widespread application of deep learning networks, appearance-based gaze estimation has made breakthrough progress. However, most methods focus on feature extraction from the facial region while neglecting the critical role of the e...
In recent years, gaze estimation has received a lot of interest in areas including human–computer interface, virtual reality, and user engagement analysis. Despite significant advances in convolutional neural network (CNN) techniques, directly...
Deep learning techniques for gaze estimation usually determine gaze direction directly from images of the face. These algorithms achieve good performance because face images contain more feature information than eye images. However, these image class...
To address the issue of reduced gaze estimation accuracy caused by individual differences in different environments, this study proposes a novel gaze estimation algorithm based on attention mechanisms. Firstly, by constructing a facial feature extrac...
The automatic detection of eye positions, their temporal consistency, and their mapping into a line of sight in the real world (to find where a person is looking at) is reported in the scientific literature as gaze tracking. This has become a very ho...
In recent years, the gaze estimation system, as a new type of human-computer interaction technology, has received extensive attention. The gaze estimation model is one of the main research contents of the system. The quality of the model will directl...
An eye tracker’s accuracy and system behavior play critical roles in determining the reliability and usability of eye gaze data obtained from them. However, in contemporary eye gaze research, there exists a lot of ambiguity in the definitions o...
Driver’s gaze information can be crucial in driving research because of its relation to driver attention. Particularly, the inclusion of gaze data in driving simulators broadens the scope of research studies as they can relate drivers’ ga...
The complexity of various factors influencing online learning makes it difficult to characterize learning concentration, while Accurately estimating students’ gaze points during learning video sessions represents a critical scientific challenge...
Data augmentation is commonly utilized to increase the size and diversity of training sets for deep learning tasks. In this study, we propose a novel application of an existing image generation approach in the domain of realistic eye images that leve...
In gaze estimation, existing mainstream methods face significant challenges in capturing the fine-grained structures of eye regions, particularly in the absence of explicit geometric prior information, which hampers gaze prediction accuracy. To addre...
This paper investigates the possibility of accurately detecting and tracking human gaze by using an unconstrained and noninvasive approach based on the head pose information extracted by an RGB-D device. The main advantages of the proposed solution a...
Visual information is crucial in human life, not only providing critical support for communication, learning, and decision-making, but also playing a key role in psychology, medicine, and science. Eye-tracking and gaze estimation have promoted the de...
In this study, a head-mounted device was developed to track the gaze of the eyes and estimate the gaze point on the user’s visual plane. To provide a cost-effective vision tracking solution, this head-mounted device is combined with a sized end...
Product engagement detection in retail environments is critical for understanding customer preferences through nonverbal cues such as gaze and hand movements. This study presents a system leveraging a 360-degree top-view fisheye camera combined with...
Gaze is an excellent indicator and has utility in that it can express interest or intention and the condition of an object. Recent deep-learning methods are mainly appearance-based methods that estimate gaze based on a simple regression from entire f...
The purpose of this paper is to quickly and stably achieve grasping objects with a 3D robot arm controlled by electrooculography (EOG) signals. A EOG signal is a biological signal generated when the eyeballs move, leading to gaze estimation. In conve...
Gaze behavior is important and non-invasive human–computer interaction information that plays an important role in many fields—including skills transfer, psychology, and human–computer interaction. Recently, improving the performanc...
Gaze tracking and estimation are essential for understanding human behavior and enhancing human–computer interactions. This study introduces an innovative, cost-effective solution for real-time gaze tracking using a standard webcam, providing a...
As a nonverbal cue, gaze plays a critical role in communication, expressing emotions and reflecting mental activity. It has widespread applications in various fields. Recently, the appearance-based gaze estimation method, which utilizes CNN (convolut...
Estimating gaze direction is a key task in computer vision, especially for understanding where a person is focusing their attention. It is essential for applications in assistive technology, medical diagnostics, virtual environments, and human–...
This work addresses the problem of automatic head pose estimation and its application in 3D gaze estimation using low quality RGB-D sensors without any subject cooperation or manual intervention. The previous works on 3D head pose estimation using RG...
Strabismus affects 2–4% of the global population, with horizontal cases accounting for more than 90%. Automated screening using monocular gaze estimation technology shows promise for early detection. However, existing models assume normal binoc...
A real-time head pose and gaze estimation (HPGE) algorithm has excellent potential for technological advancements either in human–machine or human–robot interactions. For example, in high-accuracy advent applications such as Driver’s Assistance Syste...
Eye movement is an important tool used to investigate cognition. It also serves as input in human–computer interfaces for assistive technology. It can be measured with camera-based eye tracking and electro-oculography (EOG). EOG does not rely o...
Second order polynomials are commonly used for estimating the point-of-gaze in headmounted eye trackers. Studies in remote (desktop) eye trackers show that although some non- standard 3rd order polynomial models could provide better accuracy, high-or...
Car crashes are among the top ten leading causes of death; they could mainly be attributed to distracted drivers. An advanced driver-assistance technique (ADAT) is a procedure that can notify the driver about a dangerous scenario, reduce traffic cras...
Point-of-gaze estimation is part of a larger set of tasks aimed at improving user experience, providing business insights, or facilitating interactions with different devices. There has been a growing interest in this task, particularly due to the ne...
Gaze tracking is a camera-vision based technology for identifying the location where a user is looking. In general, a calibration process is applied at the initial stage of most gaze tracking systems. This process is necessary to calibrate for the di...
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