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  • Article
  • Open Access
4 Citations
246 Views
12 Pages
J. Eye Mov. Res.2016, 9(6), 1-12;https://doi.org/10.16910/jemr.9.6.5 
(registering DOI)

30 September 2016

Gaze detection requires estimation of the position and the relation between user’s pupil and glint. In this research paper, a Gaze Direction Estimation (GDE) model, a feature based shape method has been proposed for the comparative analysis of two st...

  • Article
  • Open Access
8 Citations
3,775 Views
18 Pages

GazeCapsNet: A Lightweight Gaze Estimation Framework

  • Shakhnoza Muksimova,
  • Yakhyokhuja Valikhujaev,
  • Sabina Umirzakova,
  • Jushkin Baltayev and
  • Young Im Cho

17 February 2025

Gaze estimation is increasingly pivotal in applications spanning virtual reality, augmented reality, and driver monitoring systems, necessitating efficient yet accurate models for mobile deployment. Current methodologies often fall short, particularl...

  • Article
  • Open Access
10 Citations
4,377 Views
13 Pages

24-Gaze-Point Calibration Method for Improving the Precision of AC-EOG Gaze Estimation

  • Muhammad Syaiful Amri bin Suhaimi,
  • Kojiro Matsushita,
  • Minoru Sasaki and
  • Waweru Njeri

22 August 2019

This paper sought to improve the precision of the Alternating Current Electro-Occulo-Graphy (AC-EOG) gaze estimation method. The method consisted of two core techniques: To estimate eyeball movement from EOG signals and to convert signals from the ey...

  • Article
  • Open Access
8 Citations
4,869 Views
20 Pages

31 August 2020

In smart interactive environments, such as digital museums or digital exhibition halls, it is important to accurately understand the user’s intent to ensure successful and natural interaction with the exhibition. In the context of predicting us...

  • Article
  • Open Access
1 Citations
3,268 Views
15 Pages

30 September 2022

The goal of gaze estimation is to estimate a gaze vector from an image containing a face or eye(s). Most existing studies use pre-defined fixed-resolution images to estimate the gaze vector. However, images captured from in-the-wild environments may...

  • Article
  • Open Access
14 Citations
4,883 Views
14 Pages

Gaze estimation, which seeks to reveal where a person is looking, provides a crucial clue for understanding human intentions and behaviors. Recently, Visual Transformer has achieved promising results in gaze estimation. However, dividing facial image...

  • Article
  • Open Access
8 Citations
4,689 Views
17 Pages

8 June 2022

The problem of 3D gaze estimation can be viewed as inferring the visual axes from eye images. It remains a challenge especially for the head-mounted gaze tracker (HMGT) with a simple camera setup due to the complexity of the human visual system. Alth...

  • Article
  • Open Access
13 Citations
5,419 Views
14 Pages

Gaze Estimation Approach Using Deep Differential Residual Network

  • Longzhao Huang,
  • Yujie Li,
  • Xu Wang,
  • Haoyu Wang,
  • Ahmed Bouridane and
  • Ahmad Chaddad

21 July 2022

Gaze estimation, which is a method to determine where a person is looking at given the person’s full face, is a valuable clue for understanding human intention. Similarly to other domains of computer vision, deep learning (DL) methods have gain...

  • Communication
  • Open Access
7 Citations
5,397 Views
13 Pages

30 June 2021

Most eye tracking methods are light-based. As such, they can suffer from ambient light changes when used outdoors, especially for use cases where eye trackers are embedded in Augmented Reality glasses. It has been recently suggested that ultrasound c...

  • Article
  • Open Access
16 Citations
6,120 Views
14 Pages

Accurate Model-Based Point of Gaze Estimation on Mobile Devices

  • Braiden Brousseau,
  • Jonathan Rose and
  • Moshe Eizenman

24 August 2018

The most accurate remote Point of Gaze (PoG) estimation methods that allow free head movements use infrared light sources and cameras together with gaze estimation models. Current gaze estimation models were developed for desktop eye-tracking systems...

  • Article
  • Open Access
4 Citations
3,599 Views
15 Pages

FreeGaze: A Framework for 3D Gaze Estimation Using Appearance Cues from a Facial Video

  • Shang Tian,
  • Haiyan Tu,
  • Ling He,
  • Yue Ivan Wu and
  • Xiujuan Zheng

4 December 2023

Gaze is a significant behavioral characteristic that can be used to reflect a person’s attention. In recent years, there has been a growing interest in estimating gaze from facial videos. However, gaze estimation remains a challenging problem d...

  • Article
  • Open Access
290 Views
16 Pages

Uncertainty Visualization of Gaze Estimation to Support Operator-Controlled Calibration

  • Almoctar Hassoumi,
  • Vsevolod Peysakhovich and
  • Christophe Hurter

14 February 2018

In this paper, we investigate how visualization assets can support the qualitative evaluation of gaze estimation uncertainty. Although eye tracking data are commonly available, little has been done to visually investigate the uncertainty of recorded...

  • Article
  • Open Access
1,050 Views
17 Pages

HFGAD: Hierarchical Fine-Grained Attention Decoder for Gaze Estimation

  • Shaojie Huang,
  • Tianzhong Wang,
  • Weiquan Liu,
  • Yingchao Piao,
  • Jinhe Su,
  • Guorong Cai and
  • Huilin Xu

24 August 2025

Gaze estimation is a cornerstone of applications such as human–computer interaction and behavioral analysis, e.g., for intelligent transport systems. Nevertheless, existing methods predominantly rely on coarse-grained features from deep layers...

  • Article
  • Open Access
15 Citations
7,857 Views
28 Pages

High-Accuracy Gaze Estimation for Interpolation-Based Eye-Tracking Methods

  • Fabricio Batista Narcizo,
  • Fernando Eustáquio Dantas dos Santos and
  • Dan Witzner Hansen

15 September 2021

This study investigates the influence of the eye-camera location associated with the accuracy and precision of interpolation-based eye-tracking methods. Several factors can negatively influence gaze estimation methods when building a commercial or of...

  • Article
  • Open Access
27 Citations
11,211 Views
17 Pages

14 June 2016

Gaze estimation methods play an important role in a gaze tracking system. A novel 2D gaze estimation method based on the pupil-glint vector is proposed in this paper. First, the circular ring rays location (CRRL) method and Gaussian fitting are utili...

  • Article
  • Open Access
9 Citations
6,331 Views
31 Pages

Model-Based 3D Gaze Estimation Using a TOF Camera

  • Kuanxin Shen,
  • Yingshun Li,
  • Zhannan Guo,
  • Jintao Gao and
  • Yingjian Wu

6 February 2024

Among the numerous gaze-estimation methods currently available, appearance-based methods predominantly use RGB images as input and employ convolutional neural networks (CNNs) to detect facial images to regressively obtain gaze angles or gaze points....

  • Article
  • Open Access
38 Citations
6,160 Views
22 Pages

Continuous Driver’s Gaze Zone Estimation Using RGB-D Camera

  • Yafei Wang,
  • Guoliang Yuan,
  • Zetian Mi,
  • Jinjia Peng,
  • Xueyan Ding,
  • Zheng Liang and
  • Xianping Fu

14 March 2019

The driver gaze zone is an indicator of a driver’s attention and plays an important role in the driver’s activity monitoring. Due to the bad initialization of point-cloud transformation, gaze zone systems using RGB-D cameras and ICP (Iter...

  • Article
  • Open Access
11 Citations
4,447 Views
16 Pages

7 July 2023

The direction of human gaze is an important indicator of human behavior, reflecting the level of attention and cognitive state towards various visual stimuli in the environment. Convolutional neural networks have achieved good performance in gaze est...

  • Article
  • Open Access
2 Citations
3,084 Views
17 Pages

Gaze Estimation Network Based on Multi-Head Attention, Fusion, and Interaction

  • Changli Li,
  • Fangfang Li,
  • Kao Zhang,
  • Nenglun Chen and
  • Zhigeng Pan

18 March 2025

Gaze is an externally observable indicator of human visual attention, and thus, recording the gaze position can help to solve many problems. Existing gaze estimation models typically utilize separate neural network branches to process data streams fr...

  • Article
  • Open Access
11 Citations
4,813 Views
17 Pages

Person-Specific Gaze Estimation from Low-Quality Webcam Images

  • Mohd Faizan Ansari,
  • Pawel Kasprowski and
  • Peter Peer

20 April 2023

Gaze estimation is an established research problem in computer vision. It has various applications in real life, from human–computer interactions to health care and virtual reality, making it more viable for the research community. Due to the s...

  • Article
  • Open Access
12 Citations
5,237 Views
19 Pages

3D Gaze Estimation Using RGB-IR Cameras

  • Moayad Mokatren,
  • Tsvi Kuflik and
  • Ilan Shimshoni

29 December 2022

In this paper, we present a framework for 3D gaze estimation intended to identify the user’s focus of attention in a corneal imaging system. The framework uses a headset that consists of three cameras, a scene camera and two eye cameras: an IR...

  • Article
  • Open Access
4 Citations
2,735 Views
21 Pages

Gaze Estimation Based on a Multi-Stream Adaptive Feature Fusion Network

  • Changli Li,
  • Enrui Tong,
  • Kao Zhang,
  • Nenglun Cheng,
  • Zhongyuan Lai and
  • Zhigeng Pan

27 March 2025

Recently, with the widespread application of deep learning networks, appearance-based gaze estimation has made breakthrough progress. However, most methods focus on feature extraction from the facial region while neglecting the critical role of the e...

  • Article
  • Open Access
609 Views
16 Pages

25 November 2025

In recent years, gaze estimation has received a lot of interest in areas including human–computer interface, virtual reality, and user engagement analysis. Despite significant advances in convolutional neural network (CNN) techniques, directly...

  • Article
  • Open Access
9 Citations
4,186 Views
17 Pages

Gaze Estimation via Strip Pooling and Multi-Criss-Cross Attention Networks

  • Chao Yan,
  • Weiguo Pan,
  • Cheng Xu,
  • Songyin Dai and
  • Xuewei Li

10 May 2023

Deep learning techniques for gaze estimation usually determine gaze direction directly from images of the face. These algorithms achieve good performance because face images contain more feature information than eye images. However, these image class...

  • Article
  • Open Access
3 Citations
3,598 Views
20 Pages

Gaze Estimation Method Combining Facial Feature Extractor with Pyramid Squeeze Attention Mechanism

  • Jingfang Wei,
  • Haibin Wu,
  • Qing Wu,
  • Yuji Iwahori,
  • Xiaoyu Yu and
  • Aili Wang

To address the issue of reduced gaze estimation accuracy caused by individual differences in different environments, this study proposes a novel gaze estimation algorithm based on attention mechanisms. Firstly, by constructing a facial feature extrac...

  • Review
  • Open Access
71 Citations
16,028 Views
42 Pages

3 July 2020

The automatic detection of eye positions, their temporal consistency, and their mapping into a line of sight in the real world (to find where a person is looking at) is reported in the scientific literature as gaze tracking. This has become a very ho...

  • Article
  • Open Access
6 Citations
4,085 Views
18 Pages

A New Gaze Estimation Method Based on Homography Transformation Derived from Geometric Relationship

  • Kaiqing Luo,
  • Xuan Jia,
  • Hua Xiao,
  • Dongmei Liu,
  • Li Peng,
  • Jian Qiu and
  • Peng Han

18 December 2020

In recent years, the gaze estimation system, as a new type of human-computer interaction technology, has received extensive attention. The gaze estimation model is one of the main research contents of the system. The quality of the model will directl...

  • Article
  • Open Access
27 Citations
15,859 Views
35 Pages

18 September 2018

An eye tracker’s accuracy and system behavior play critical roles in determining the reliability and usability of eye gaze data obtained from them. However, in contemporary eye gaze research, there exists a lot of ambiguity in the definitions o...

  • Article
  • Open Access
11 Citations
3,620 Views
25 Pages

Comparative Analysis of Kinect-Based and Oculus-Based Gaze Region Estimation Methods in a Driving Simulator

  • David González-Ortega,
  • Francisco Javier Díaz-Pernas,
  • Mario Martínez-Zarzuela and
  • Míriam Antón-Rodríguez

23 December 2020

Driver’s gaze information can be crucial in driving research because of its relation to driver attention. Particularly, the inclusion of gaze data in driving simulators broadens the scope of research studies as they can relate drivers’ ga...

  • Article
  • Open Access
1,019 Views
14 Pages

The complexity of various factors influencing online learning makes it difficult to characterize learning concentration, while Accurately estimating students’ gaze points during learning video sessions represents a critical scientific challenge...

  • Article
  • Open Access
4,378 Views
25 Pages

21 October 2024

Data augmentation is commonly utilized to increase the size and diversity of training sets for deep learning tasks. In this study, we propose a novel application of an existing image generation approach in the domain of realistic eye images that leve...

  • Article
  • Open Access
249 Views
19 Pages

Landmark-Guided Gaze Estimation via Conditional Keypoint Generation and Cross-Attention Fusion

  • Guanghui Xu,
  • Xiaoyang Zhang,
  • Wanli Zhao,
  • Zhongjie Mao,
  • Yue Li,
  • Duantengchuan Li and
  • Liangshan Dong

25 February 2026

In gaze estimation, existing mainstream methods face significant challenges in capturing the fine-grained structures of eye regions, particularly in the absence of explicit geometric prior information, which hampers gaze prediction accuracy. To addre...

  • Article
  • Open Access
36 Citations
10,350 Views
17 Pages

12 May 2014

This paper investigates the possibility of accurately detecting and tracking human gaze by using an unconstrained and noninvasive approach based on the head pose information extracted by an RGB-D device. The main advantages of the proposed solution a...

  • Feature Paper
  • Review
  • Open Access
2 Citations
6,118 Views
28 Pages

Recent Progress on Eye-Tracking and Gaze Estimation for AR/VR Applications: A Review

  • Liwan Lin,
  • Zongyu Wu,
  • Yijun Lu,
  • Zhong Chen and
  • Weijie Guo

22 August 2025

Visual information is crucial in human life, not only providing critical support for communication, learning, and decision-making, but also playing a key role in psychology, medicine, and science. Eye-tracking and gaze estimation have promoted the de...

  • Article
  • Open Access
22 Citations
8,813 Views
32 Pages

Gaze Tracking and Point Estimation Using Low-Cost Head-Mounted Devices

  • Ko-Feng Lee,
  • Yen-Lin Chen,
  • Chao-Wei Yu,
  • Kai-Yi Chin and
  • Chen-Han Wu

30 March 2020

In this study, a head-mounted device was developed to track the gaze of the eyes and estimate the gaze point on the user’s visual plane. To provide a cost-effective vision tracking solution, this head-mounted device is combined with a sized end...

  • Article
  • Open Access
2,011 Views
42 Pages

11 May 2025

Product engagement detection in retail environments is critical for understanding customer preferences through nonverbal cues such as gaze and hand movements. This study presents a system leveraging a 360-degree top-view fisheye camera combined with...

  • Article
  • Open Access
9 Citations
5,674 Views
17 Pages

26 May 2022

Gaze is an excellent indicator and has utility in that it can express interest or intention and the condition of an object. Recent deep-learning methods are mainly appearance-based methods that estimate gaze based on a simple regression from entire f...

  • Article
  • Open Access
9 Citations
4,409 Views
17 Pages

Object Grasp Control of a 3D Robot Arm by Combining EOG Gaze Estimation and Camera-Based Object Recognition

  • Muhammad Syaiful Amri bin Suhaimi,
  • Kojiro Matsushita,
  • Takahide Kitamura,
  • Pringgo Widyo Laksono and
  • Minoru Sasaki

The purpose of this paper is to quickly and stably achieve grasping objects with a 3D robot arm controlled by electrooculography (EOG) signals. A EOG signal is a biological signal generated when the eyeballs move, leading to gaze estimation. In conve...

  • Article
  • Open Access
9 Citations
4,701 Views
18 Pages

Appearance-Based Gaze Estimation Method Using Static Transformer Temporal Differential Network

  • Yujie Li,
  • Longzhao Huang,
  • Jiahui Chen,
  • Xiwen Wang and
  • Benying Tan

29 January 2023

Gaze behavior is important and non-invasive human–computer interaction information that plays an important role in many fields—including skills transfer, psychology, and human–computer interaction. Recently, improving the performanc...

  • Article
  • Open Access
4 Citations
7,867 Views
27 Pages

10 February 2025

Gaze tracking and estimation are essential for understanding human behavior and enhancing human–computer interactions. This study introduces an innovative, cost-effective solution for real-time gaze tracking using a standard webcam, providing a...

  • Article
  • Open Access
5 Citations
2,970 Views
16 Pages

As a nonverbal cue, gaze plays a critical role in communication, expressing emotions and reflecting mental activity. It has widespread applications in various fields. Recently, the appearance-based gaze estimation method, which utilizes CNN (convolut...

  • Article
  • Open Access
1 Citations
1,864 Views
17 Pages

Dual Focus-3D: A Hybrid Deep Learning Approach for Robust 3D Gaze Estimation

  • Abderrahmen Bendimered,
  • Rabah Iguernaissi,
  • Mohamad Motasem Nawaf,
  • Rim Cherif,
  • Séverine Dubuisson and
  • Djamal Merad

30 June 2025

Estimating gaze direction is a key task in computer vision, especially for understanding where a person is focusing their attention. It is essential for applications in assistive technology, medical diagnostics, virtual environments, and human–...

  • Article
  • Open Access
8 Citations
5,435 Views
21 Pages

5 December 2018

This work addresses the problem of automatic head pose estimation and its application in 3D gaze estimation using low quality RGB-D sensors without any subject cooperation or manual intervention. The previous works on 3D head pose estimation using RG...

  • Article
  • Open Access
654 Views
15 Pages

Strabismus affects 2–4% of the global population, with horizontal cases accounting for more than 90%. Automated screening using monocular gaze estimation technology shows promise for early detection. However, existing models assume normal binoc...

  • Article
  • Open Access
6 Citations
2,618 Views
12 Pages

A Novel Zernike Moment-Based Real-Time Head Pose and Gaze Estimation Framework for Accuracy-Sensitive Applications

  • Hima Deepthi Vankayalapati,
  • Swarna Kuchibhotla,
  • Mohan Sai Kumar Chadalavada,
  • Shashi Kant Dargar,
  • Koteswara Rao Anne and
  • Kyandoghere Kyamakya

3 November 2022

A real-time head pose and gaze estimation (HPGE) algorithm has excellent potential for technological advancements either in human–machine or human–robot interactions. For example, in high-accuracy advent applications such as Driver’s Assistance Syste...

  • Article
  • Open Access
1,238 Views
20 Pages

4 November 2025

Eye movement is an important tool used to investigate cognition. It also serves as input in human–computer interfaces for assistive technology. It can be measured with camera-based eye tracking and electro-oculography (EOG). EOG does not rely o...

  • Article
  • Open Access
3 Citations
509 Views
14 Pages

Second order polynomials are commonly used for estimating the point-of-gaze in headmounted eye trackers. Studies in remote (desktop) eye trackers show that although some non- standard 3rd order polynomial models could provide better accuracy, high-or...

  • Article
  • Open Access
38 Citations
7,877 Views
22 Pages

A Driver Gaze Estimation Method Based on Deep Learning

  • Sayyed Mudassar Shah,
  • Zhaoyun Sun,
  • Khalid Zaman,
  • Altaf Hussain,
  • Muhammad Shoaib and
  • Lili Pei

23 May 2022

Car crashes are among the top ten leading causes of death; they could mainly be attributed to distracted drivers. An advanced driver-assistance technique (ADAT) is a procedure that can notify the driver about a dangerous scenario, reduce traffic cras...

  • Article
  • Open Access
1 Citations
1,851 Views
14 Pages

Efficient End-to-End Convolutional Architecture for Point-of-Gaze Estimation

  • Casian Miron,
  • George Ciubotariu,
  • Alexandru Păsărică and
  • Radu Timofte

23 September 2024

Point-of-gaze estimation is part of a larger set of tasks aimed at improving user experience, providing business insights, or facilitating interactions with different devices. There has been a growing interest in this task, particularly due to the ne...

  • Article
  • Open Access
3 Citations
6,852 Views
22 Pages

Estimation of Gaze Detection Accuracy Using the Calibration Information-Based Fuzzy System

  • Su Yeong Gwon,
  • Dongwook Jung,
  • Weiyuan Pan and
  • Kang Ryoung Park

5 January 2016

Gaze tracking is a camera-vision based technology for identifying the location where a user is looking. In general, a calibration process is applied at the initial stage of most gaze tracking systems. This process is necessary to calibrate for the di...

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