Electro-Oculography and Proprioceptive Calibration Enable Horizontal and Vertical Gaze Estimation, Even with Eyes Closed

Eye movement is an important tool used to investigate cognition. It also serves as input in human–computer interfaces for assistive technology. It can be measured with camera-based eye tracking and electro-oculography (EOG). EOG does not rely on eye visibility and can be measured even when the eyes are closed. We investigated the feasibility of detecting the gaze direction using EOG while having the eyes closed. A total of 15 participants performed a proprioceptive calibration task with open and closed eyes, while their eye movement was recorded with a camera-based eye tracker and with EOG. The calibration was guided by the participants’ hand motions following a pattern of felt dots on cardboard. Our cross-correlation analysis revealed reliable temporal synchronization between gaze-related signals and the instructed trajectory across all conditions. Statistical comparison tests and equivalence tests demonstrated that EOG tracking was statistically equivalent to the camera-based eye tracker gaze direction during the eyes-open condition. The camera-based eye-tracking glasses do not support tracking with closed eyes. Therefore, we evaluated the EOG-based gaze estimates during the eyes-closed trials by comparing them to the instructed trajectory. The results showed that EOG signals, guided by proprioceptive cues, followed the instructed path and achieved a significantly greater accuracy than shuffled control data, which represented a chance-level performance. This demonstrates the advantage of EOG when camera-based eye tracking is infeasible, and it paves the way for the development of eye-movement input interfaces for blind people, research on eye movement direction when the eyes are closed, and the early detection of diseases.