Search Results (457)

The building sector plays a key role in the transition toward climate neutrality, with national regulations across the EU requiring the construction of nearly zero-energy buildings (nZEBs). However, while energy performance has been extensively studied, less attention has been given to the problem of ensuring user comfort—both indoors and in the surrounding outdoor areas—under nZEB design constraints. This gap raises two key research objectives: (1) to evaluate whether a well-designed nZEB with extensive glazing maintains acceptable indoor thermal comfort and (2) to assess whether residents experience greater outdoor thermal comfort and satisfaction in small, sun-exposed private gardens or in larger, shaded communal green spaces. To address these objectives, a newly built residential estate near Kraków (Poland) was analyzed. The investigation included simulation-based assessments during the design phase and in situ measurements during building operation, complemented by a user survey on spatial preferences. Indoor comfort was evaluated for rooms with large glazed façades, as well as rooms with standard-sized windows, while outdoor comfort was assessed in both private gardens and a shared green courtyard. Results show that shading the southwest-oriented glazed façade with an overhanging terrace provided slightly lower temperatures in ground-floor rooms compared to rooms with standard unshaded windows. Outdoors, users experienced lower thermal comfort in small, unshaded gardens than in the larger, vegetated communal area (pocket park), which demonstrated greater capacity for temperature moderation and thermal stress reduction. Survey responses further indicate that potential future residents prefer the inclusion of a shared green–blue infrastructure area, even at the expense of building some housing units in semi-detached form, instead of maximizing the number of detached units with unshaded individual gardens. These findings emphasize the importance of addressing both indoor and outdoor comfort in residential nZEB design, showing that technological efficiency must be complemented by user-centered design strategies. This integrated approach can improve the well-being of residents while supporting climate change adaptation in the built environment. Full article

This study presents the development and deployment of a modular digital twin system designed to enhance sustainable facility management within a smart campus context. The system was implemented at the Faculty of Engineering, Chiang Mai University, and integrates 3D spatial modeling, real-time environmental and energy sensor data, and multiscale dashboard visualization. Grounded in stakeholder-driven requirements, the platform emphasizes energy management, which is the top priority among campus administrators and technicians. The development process followed a four-phase methodology: (1) stakeholder consultation and requirement analysis; (2) physical data acquisition and 3D model generation; (3) sensor deployment using IoT technologies with NB-IoT and LoRaWAN protocols; and (4) real-time data integration via Firebase and standardized APIs. A suite of dashboards was developed to support interactive monitoring across faculty, building, floor, and room levels. System testing with campus users demonstrated high usability, intuitive spatial navigation, and actionable insights for energy consumption analysis. Feedback indicated strong interest in features supporting data export and predictive analytics. The platform’s modular and hardware-agnostic architecture enables future extensions, including occupancy tracking, water monitoring, and automated control systems. Overall, the digital twin system offers a replicable and scalable model for data-driven facility management aligned with sustainability goals. Its real-time, multiscale capabilities contribute to operational transparency, resource optimization, and climate-responsive campus governance, setting the foundation for broader applications in smart cities and built environment innovation. Full article

Controlled demolition is a critical engineering practice that enables the safe and efficient dismantling of structures while minimizing risks to the surrounding environment. This study presents, for the first time, a detailed, structured framework for understanding the fundamental principles of controlled demolition by outlining key procedures, methodologies, and directions for future research. Through original, carefully designed charts and full-scale numerical simulations, including two 23-story building scenarios with different delay and blasting sequences, this paper provides real-life insights into the effects of floor-to-floor versus axis-by-axis delays on structural collapse behavior, debris spread, and toppling control. Beyond traditional techniques, this study explores how emerging technologies, such as real-time structural monitoring via object tracking, LiDAR scanning, and Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV)-based inspections, can be further advanced through the integration of artificial intelligence (AI). The potential Deep learning (DL) and Machine learning (ML)-based applications of tools like Convolutional Neural Network (CNN)-based digital twins, YOLO object detection, and XGBoost classifiers are highlighted as promising avenues for future research. These technologies could support real-time decision-making, automation, and risk assessment in demolition scenarios. Furthermore, vision-language models such as SAM and Grounding DINO are discussed as enabling technologies for real-time risk assessment, anomaly detection, and adaptive control. By sharing insights from full-scale observations and proposing a forward-looking analytical framework, this work lays a foundation for intelligent and resilient demolition practices. Full article

This study focuses on the traditional houses of Kaleiçi, Haşim İşcan, and Balbey neighborhoods, which constitute the historical center of Antalya and reflect the cultural continuity of the organic urban texture dating back to the Hellenistic period. The aim is to reveal how climatic, topographic and cultural factors shape the spatial organization of these traditional houses. Using the space syntax method, the study analyzes nine sample houses to examine their morphological structure. The findings show that while the ground floors are mostly arranged as service areas and the upper floors as living spaces, the sofa emerges as the most integrated space despite varying depths across neighborhoods. Moreover, spatial differences between the neighborhoods indicate contextual diversity, yet the persistence of sofa-centered organization underlines the role of cultural continuity in housing morphology. By emphasizing the centrality of the sofa and demonstrating how cultural factors sustain typological patterns over time, this study contributes to the literature on space syntax-based morphology and offers practical insights for contemporary housing design that considers climatic and cultural contexts. Full article

Automated crop monitoring in controlled environments is imperative for enhancing crop productivity. The availability of small unmanned aerial systems (sUAS) and cost-effective LiDAR sensors present an opportunity to conveniently gather high-quality data for crop monitoring. The LiDAR-collected point cloud data, however, often encounter challenges such as occlusions and low point density that can be addressed by acquiring additional data from multiple flight paths. This study evaluated the performance of using an Iterative Closest Point (ICP)-based algorithm for registering sUAS-based LiDAR point clouds collected in the greenhouse environment. To address the issue of objects that may cause ICP or local feature-based registration to mismatch correspondences, this study developed a robust registration pipeline. First, the geometric centroid of the ground floor boundary was leveraged to improve the initial alignment, and then piecewise ICP was implemented to achieve fine registration. The evaluation of point cloud registration performance included visualization, root mean square error (RMSE), volume estimation of reference objects, and the distribution of point cloud density. The best RMSE dropped from 20.4 cm to 2.4 cm, and point cloud density improved after registration, and the volume-estimation error for reference objects dropped from 72% (single view) to 6% (post-registration). This study presents a promising approach to point cloud registration that outperforms conventional ICP in greenhouse layouts while eliminating the need for artificial reference objects. Full article

This study addresses the critical need for region-specific ground motion selection methods in the Xi’an area by proposing a novel Peak Ground Acceleration (PGA)-based target spectrum, developed through the relationship between PGA and response spectrum attenuation. Based on the relationship between the peak ground acceleration (PGA) and the attenuation of the response spectrum, a PGA target spectrum applicable to the Xi’an area was studied. Using the PGA and code-specified Standard Spectrum as the target spectrum, earthquake records were selected and their amplitudes scaled by employing various methods, including fundamental period scaling, average spectral ratio scaling, equal spectral intensity scaling, minimum squared error scaling, and minimum moving average scaling. Based on the 70 ground motion records obtained from the five scaling methods applied to the two target spectra (grouped into 10 distinct sets), the dynamic time history analysis was conducted for a frame-core tube structure; the effects of different scaling methods and different target spectra were investigated on the dispersion of floor displacement, interstory drift ratio and interstory shear. The results show that the spectral value of the PGA target spectrum at the peak is 54% higher than that of the code-specified spectrum, while in the long-period range, the acceleration values of the PGA target spectrum are comparatively smaller, only about 50% of those of the code spectrum. For structural response, the code target spectrum is more conservative compared with the PGA target spectrum, and the minimum moving average method is the least sensitive to different target spectra. This work offers preliminary insights that may contribute to the optimization of ground motion selection in regionally tailored seismic design practices. Full article

This study evaluates the passive thermal resilience of two full-scale residential buildings during natural summer heatwaves and blackout-like conditions in a temperate European climate. The buildings share identical geometry and ventilation but differ in envelope mass and ground coupling. Building B1 is a masonry structure with a slab-on-ground floor, while B2 is a lightweight timber-frame house. In 2019, B1 underwent a retrofit in which floor insulation was removed to enable direct subsoil heat exchange. Three complementary frameworks were applied: model IOD, AWD, OEF, the indicators AF and αIOD, and the health-based scenario rating HE, HIHH, and WBGT. Across all metrics, B1 demonstrated superior resilience, with overheating fully eliminated after ground coupling was introduced. B2, in contrast, remained vulnerable under both moderate and extreme events. The findings highlight the critical role of thermal mass and soil buffering in maintaining safe indoor conditions without active systems. Under certain circumstances, omitting under-slab insulation can improve summer resilience without significantly compromising winter performance. A companion life-cycle analysis confirms lower cumulative carbon emissions for B1 under all SSP scenarios to 2100. Passive ground coupling thus emerges as a low-cost, maintenance-free adaptation strategy with co-benefits for mitigation and occupant safety. Full article

This study presents a new method for estimating the seismic responses of multi-story structures equipped with a cost-effective earthquake protection system. This system comprises a graphite lubrication interface, targeting a friction coefficient of approximately 0.2, and a feasible restoring force mechanism to suppress residual displacements. It utilizes the concept of sliding systems through conventional and affordable construction materials although it acts like a fixed-based structure until exceeding the threshold level. This multi-story estimation procedure is an extension of the recently developed procedure for estimating the shear coefficient of a single-story sliding structure with a restoring force mechanism. In the new estimation procedure, a multi-story superstructure is firstly regarded as a single-story superstructure to determine the shear coefficient. Then, the shear coefficient is distributed to each story through floor distribution coefficients considering the mass ratios. The contribution of ground motion intensity is also incorporated into the new form for improving accuracy. For this examination, incremental dynamic analyses (IDAs) are performed for three and six-story free-standing structures, both with and without a restoring force capability. The results clarify the reliability of the new estimation, which matched the IDA results within the ±20% error. The improvement in accuracy achieved by incorporating ground motion intensity is also clarified. The multi-story estimation with the improvement can reasonably estimate the seismic response of sliding structures, without dynamic analysis, solely based on structural properties. This greatly benefits the design process. Furthermore, the IDA results clarified the significant benefits of multi-story sliding structures employing graphite lubrication and properly designed restoring force mechanisms in reducing structural damage and suppressing residual sliding displacements. Full article

Bifacial Photovoltaic (bPV) technology is rapidly becoming the standard in the solar photovoltaic (PV) industry due to its ability to capture reflected radiation and generate additional energy. This experimental study analyses the electrical performance of bPV modules under specific installation conditions, including varying heights, module tilt angles (MTA), and surface reflectivity. The methodology combines controlled indoor testing with outdoor experiments that replicate real-world operating environments. The outdoor test setup was carefully designed and included dual data acquisition systems: one with independent sensors and another with wireless telemetry for data transfer from the inverter. A thermal performance model was used to estimate energy output and was benchmarked against experimental measurements. All electrical parameters were obtained in accordance with international standards, including current-voltage characteristic (I–V curve) corrections, using calibrated instruments to monitor irradiance and temperature. Indoor measurements under Standard Test Conditions yielded at bifaciality coefficient $\phi =0.732$, a rear bifacial power gain $BiFi=0.285$, and a relative bifacial gain $BiF{i}_{rel}=9.4\%$. The outdoor configuration employed volcanic red stone (Tezontle) as a reflective surface, simulating a typical mid-latitude installation with modules mounted 1.5 m above ground, tilted from 0° to 90° regarding floor and oriented true south. The study was conducted at a site located at 18.8° N latitude during the early summer season. Results revealed significant non-uniformity in rear-side irradiance, with a 32% variation between the lower edge and the centre of the bPV module. The thermal model used to determine electrical performance provides power values higher than those measured in the time interval between 10 a.m. and 3 p.m. Maximum energy output was observed at a MTA of $0°$, which closely aligns with the optimal summer tilt angle for the site’s latitude. Bifacial energy gain decreased as the MTA increased from $0°$ to $90°$. These findings offer practical, data-driven insights for optimizing bPV installations, particularly in regions between $15°$ and $30°$ north latitude, and emphasize the importance of tailored surface designs to maximize performance. Full article

The protection of masterpieces from natural hazards is one of the most important goals regarding heritage conservation. This work studies the seismic response of “Marzocco” by Donatello, which is the heraldic symbol of Florence, currently exposed at the National Museum of Bargello (Florence, Italy). The sculpture stands over a marble base and a magnificent marble pedestal by Benedetto da Maiano, which is part of the piece of art. The artwork is placed on the first floor of the museum, and it is subjected to seismic accelerations, eventually amplified by the seismic response of the building itself. The dynamic response of Marzocco is checked with reference to the overturning and sliding collapse mechanisms. Three overturning models have been considered, involving respectively the statue only, the statue and the base, and the statue with base and pedestal. The seismic input has been assumed through an ensemble of seven ground motions, which is spectrum-compatible with the Code’s one. Both the acceleration histories at the ground and at the floor have been considered. The seismic response has been found by performing a time-history analysis on a finite element model. The analysis showed a satisfactory seismic performance of the case study, pointing out the role of the single modeling assumptions. Full article

Against the background of traffic conflicts arising due to the highly concentrated population in high-density cities, this study aims to systematically identify the core transport needs of patients awaiting medical treatment; based on the theory of the Kano model, we construct a measurement system relating to patient transport needs when awaiting medical treatment that encompasses multiple levels. Taking 10 large general hospitals in Guangzhou as samples, this study collected data through questionnaires and auxiliary interviews, using the importance–sensitivity analysis method to accurately measure the degree of patient needs for each influencing factor of the transport environment for medical treatment. The study found that, among the primary needs (core basic needs), the perfection of public transport (which directly affects the convenience of medical care) is the core need with the highest degree of demand. Among the second-level needs (refined categorised demand levels), specifically relating to important attributes (essential needs), priority attention should be given to patient diversion, hospital–city connection, and corridor settings. As concerns the high value-added one-dimensional attributes (desired needs), focus should be placed on controlling health and safety distances and guiding the flow of medical treatment, while for high glamour attributes (glamour needs), primary consideration should be given to crowd distribution, stopping and resting, and direct access to the ground floor. The group difference analysis (grouped by emotional state, transport mode, and group type) showed that the first-level demand sensitivity ranking was highly consistent, and the second-level demand for urban connectivity, convenient transfer, and direct underground access were also common priorities. This study is the first to introduce the Kano model into the analysis of high-density urban healthcare transport systems, providing a clear basis for the grading of demand for the design of the transport environment for patients’ medical care. This is of great practical value for alleviating congestion and improving the resilience of emergency response in mega-cities in relation to medical care. Full article

This study investigates the influence of rear setback geometry and façade design parameters on microclimatic conditions, indoor thermal comfort, and energy performance in multi-story residential buildings in hot arid climates, addressing the growing need for climate-responsive design in regions with extreme temperatures and high solar radiation. Despite increasing interest in sustainable strategies, the combined effects of urban geometry and building envelope design remain underexplored in these environments. A coupled simulation framework was developed, integrating ENVI-met for outdoor microclimate modeling with Design Builder and EnergyPlus for dynamic building performance analysis. A total of 270 simulation scenarios were examined, combining three rear setback aspect ratios (1.5, 1.87, and 2.25), three window-to-wall ratios (10%, 20%, and 30%), three glazing types (single-, double-, and triple-pane), and two wall insulation states, using customized weather files derived from microclimate simulations. Global sensitivity analysis using rank regression and multivariate adaptive regression splines identified the glazing type as the most influential parameter (sensitivity index ≈ 0.99), especially for upper floors. At the same time, higher aspect ratios reduced peak Physiological Equivalent Temperature (PET) by up to 5 °C and decreased upper-floor cooling loads by 37%, albeit with a 9.3% increase in ground-floor cooling demand. Larger window-to-wall ratios lowered lighting energy consumption by up to 35% but had minimal impact on cooling loads, whereas wall insulation reduced annual cooling demand by up to 29,441 kWh. The results emphasize that integrating urban morphology with optimized façade components, particularly high-performance glazing and suitable aspect ratios, can significantly improve thermal comfort and reduce cooling energy consumption in hot arid residential contexts. Full article

Deep coalbed methane (CBM) is challenging to develop due to considerable burial depth, high ground stress, and complex geological structures. However, modeling deep CBM in complex formations and setting reasonable simulation parameters to obtain reasonable results still needs exploration. This study presents a comprehensive equivalent finite element modeling method for deep CBM. The method is based on the cohesive element with pore pressure of the zero-thickness (CEPPZ) model to simulate hydraulic fracture propagation and characterize the effects of bedding interfaces and natural fractures. Taking Ordo’s deep CBM in China as an example, a comprehensive equivalent model for hydraulic fracturing was developed for the limestone layer–coal seam–mudstone layer. Then, the filtration parameters of the CEPPZ model and the permeability parameters of the deep CBM reservoir matrix were inverted and calibrated using on-site data from fracturing tests. Finally, the propagation path of hydraulic fractures was simulated under varying ground stress, construction parameters, and perforation positions. The results show that the hydraulic fractures are more likely to expand into layers with low minimum horizontal stress; the effect of a sizable fluid injection rate on the increase in hydraulic fracture length is noticeable; the improvement effect on fracture length and area gradually weakens with the increased fracturing fluid volume and viscosity; and when directional roof limestone/floor mudstone layer perforation is used, and the appropriate perforation location is selected, hydraulic fractures can communicate the coal seam to form a roof limestone/floor mudstone layer indirect fracturing. The results can guide the efficient development of deep CBM, improving the human society’s energy structure. Full article

The storage conditions of multi-floor grain warehouses change frequently during grain circulation. This paper investigates the effects of various storage conditions on the seismic performance of multi-floor grain warehouses. The numerical results indicate that the higher the storage material distribution position, the greater the damping ratio of the structural model and the more obvious the contribution of storage material movement to the damping of the structure. The intensity of earthquake action and the spatial height of the floor where the storage material is located are negatively correlated with the acceleration response of the structure. Under full-silo conditions, when the peak ground acceleration (PGA) is 0.4 g, the acceleration amplification factor at the top of the structure is 69.7% of the corresponding parameter at 0.1 g. The discontinuity in the storage space of the structure results in a torsional effect on the structure. When PGA = 0.22 g, the peak inter-story displacement angle of the first floor differs by nearly 1.7 times under different operating conditions, and the peak inter-story displacement angle of the second floor during an earthquake with PGA = 0.40 g differs by about 1.5 times under different operating conditions. The lateral pressure of the silo wall at different burial depths under earthquake action shows a highly nonlinear distribution trend, and the overpressure coefficient at the same burial depth of the warehouse wall is proportional to the PGA of the earthquake action. During 0.1 g, 0.22 g, and 0.40 g earthquakes, the maximum overpressure coefficients at the bottom of the warehouse wall on different floors are 1.13, 1.21, and 1.66, respectively. Full article

This study presents a multi-objective optimization framework for enhancing environmental performance in high-density residential complexes, addressing the critical balance between sunlight access, visual openness, and ground-level privacy. Applied to Helio City Phase 3 in Seoul—a challenging case with 2026 units surrounded by adjacent blocks—the research developed a sequential three-stage optimization strategy using computational design tools. The methodology employs Ladybug simulations for solar analysis, Galapagos genetic algorithms for view optimization, and parametric modeling for privacy assessment. Through grid-based layout reconfiguration, tower form modulation, and strategic conversion of vulnerable ground-floor units to public spaces, the optimized design achieved 100% sunlight standard compliance (improving from 64.31%), increased average visual openness to 66.31% (from 39.48%), and eliminated all privacy conflicts while adding 30 residential units. These results demonstrate that computational optimization can significantly surpass conventional planning approaches in addressing complex environmental trade-offs. The framework provides a replicable methodology for performance-driven residential design, offering quantitative tools for achieving regulatory compliance while enhancing residents’ experiential comfort in dense urban environments. Full article