Search Results (637)

Background: Traumatic dental injuries (TDIs) are highly prevalent worldwide; however, structured and standardized datasets remain scarce. This study aimed to describe the demographics, injury characteristics, diagnostic findings, and initial management of TDIs in Eastern Bavaria using data from the Regensburg Dental Trauma Registry (RDTR). Methods: This single-center, retrospective study included 1000 cases with TDIs presented within three days after trauma and treated at the Center for Dental Traumatology, University Hospital of Regensburg, between June 2016 and December 2020, representing the initial cohort of the ongoing RDTR. Data were recorded in a standardized way using a REDCap-based electronic case report form. Descriptive analyses were performed at both the case and tooth levels. Results: The cohort comprised 1000 cases (61.6% male, 38.4% female; median age 13 years [IQR: 7–26]), with a total of 1904 permanent and 528 primary teeth affected. A total of 84.1% presented within 24 h of injury. The age distribution of presenting cases peaked at 2–4 and 7–9 years, irrespective of sex. The relative distributions were similar among children aged ≤3 years. Age groups between 4 and 27 years accounted for larger proportions of male than female registry cases, whereas age groups ≥28 years accounted for larger proportions of female than male registry cases. Falls were the leading cause of injury (67.8%), with cycling being the most common activity at the time of trauma (18.6%). Maxillary central incisors were the most frequently affected teeth in both dentitions (58.7% primary; 54.9% permanent). Luxation injuries predominated in primary teeth (92.8%) compared with permanent teeth (69.8%), whereas fractures were more common in permanent teeth (57% vs. 14.2%). Avulsion injuries affected 202 teeth (139 permanent, 63 primary). Among cases involving at least one avulsed permanent tooth, dry storage was documented in 40.9% of cases. The most frequent initial treatments were splinting (36.5%), restoration or coverage of fractured surfaces (27.0%), and repositioning (11.3%). Conclusions: Standardized registry-based documentation can provide a comprehensive basis for understanding the clinical presentation and management of traumatic dental injuries and for identifying opportunities to improve trauma care. The RDTR establishes a framework for systematic data collection that can support quality improvement, comparative research, and longitudinal evaluation of treatment outcomes. Its continued development and expansion across centers may contribute to a more robust evidence base for the management of TDIs. Full article

Background: The historical fracture between biomedical positivism and social constructivism has perpetuated an epistemic schizophrenia, reducing the human body either to a molecular machine (Körper) or to a discursive epiphenomenon, thus obscuring the structural roots of illness. This study establishes a rigorous metatheoretical framework to overcome this fragmentation. Methods: We employ a dialectical-transdisciplinary epistemological matrix—integrating Peircean abduction and negative dialectics as vectors of conceptual translation—to map the intersection between natural/medical sciences and social theories without falling into reductionisms. Results: The analysis demonstrates that health and illness constitute stratified complex wholes where structural violence and biological somatization (such as allostatic load) co-determine one another. Likewise, it deconstructs the technocratic neutrality of the medical model, proving that clinical practice must reintegrate the lived body (Leib). Conclusions: We propose an innovative paradigm—Transdisciplinary Enactive Realism—that bridges empirical evidence and hermeneutic meaning, providing a holistic, critical, and humanized foundation for contemporary sociosanitary ecosystems. Full article

Background/Objectives: Sacral fractures are clinically important injuries that may be occult at presentation and may occur after both low-energy falls and higher-energy trauma. National emergency department data describing temporal trends, mechanisms, associated fractures, and disposition remain limited. Methods: A retrospective cross-sectional study was performed using the National Electronic Injury Surveillance System from 2003 to 2022. Sacral fracture emergency department visits were identified using diagnosis and body-part codes with narrative confirmation of sacral involvement. National estimates were generated using NEISS survey weights. The primary outcome was population-based ED visits per 100,000 United States population, overall and stratified by sex. Secondary outcomes included mechanism category, injury location, concurrent vertebral or hip fracture, and emergency department disposition. Results: A total of 1747 sacral fracture emergency department visits were identified, representing an estimated 72,215 national visits. Low-energy falls accounted for 67.9% of presentations. Mean age was 61.1 years, and 70.0% of patients were female. Injuries most commonly occurred at home (50.5%). Annual ED visit rate increased from 2003 to 2022, with a steeper rise among females than males. Disposition varied by mechanism. Motor vehicle or transport-related injuries had the highest admission or hospitalization proportion (54.6%), whereas high-energy falls had the highest treated-and-released proportion (62.0%). In survey-aware multinomial regression, increasing age was associated with lower odds of high-energy falls, motor vehicle or transport injuries, and non-fall other injuries compared with low-energy falls. Male sex was associated with motor vehicle or transport mechanism. Conclusions: National emergency department presentations for sacral fractures increased from 2003 to 2022 and were dominated by low-energy falls among older female patients. However, transport-related and higher-energy mechanisms showed distinct demographic and disposition patterns. These findings supported trauma-system awareness, mechanism-informed co-injury screening, and orthopedic or spine referral pathways for sacral fracture presentations. Full article

Background: Falls in older women are multifactorial events driven by the complex interaction of age-related loss of physiological reserve, frailty, sarcopenia, chronic low-grade inflammation, multimorbidity, and medication exposure. Older women represent a substantial proportion of fall-related injuries and fractures, yet available evidence is highly heterogeneous. Since many studies focus on mixed-sex cohorts, we must differentiate women-specific findings from general geriatric data. Methods: A structured narrative review was conducted to integrate biological, clinical, and pharmacological evidence on falls in older women, focusing particularly on primary care. The initial literature search covered PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and Embase from January 2000 to March 2025. To ensure the integration of recent high-level evidence, a supplementary search and backward citation tracking were subsequently executed through 31 August 2026, aligning with peer-review recommendations. Women-specific evidence was prioritized over mixed-sex cohorts. Given that the review aims for an interpretive synthesis rather than quantitative effect estimation, a meta-analysis and formal risk-of-bias assessments were omitted. Discussion: Frailty and sarcopenia are consistently associated with falls and functional decline in older adults. In contrast, inflammaging and metabolic dysregulation are more strongly supported as contributors to frailty, sarcopenia, and functional vulnerability than as independently established causal determinants of falls. Medication-related fall susceptibility may arise through several mechanisms, including sedation, impaired attention and psychomotor function, orthostatic hypotension, bradycardia, electrolyte and glucose disturbances, gait impairment, and adverse skeletal effects. Psychotropic agents, anticholinergic drugs, opioids, selected cardiovascular drugs, and other fall-risk-increasing drugs warrant particular attention in patients with reduced physiological reserve. Medication review and appropriate deprescribing should be considered components of multidomain fall-prevention strategies rather than stand-alone interventions. Conclusions: The principal contribution of this review is not the identification of new individual fall-risk factors, but the integration of established biological vulnerability, functional impairment, and pharmacological burden within a sex-sensitive primary-care framework. This approach may help clinicians consider frailty, medication exposure, and women-specific modifiers simultaneously during fall-risk assessment. The proposed framework is hypothesis-generating and should not be interpreted as a prospectively validated mechanistic or prediction model. Full article

Objectives: Comprehensive epidemiological data on orbital fractures from large full-spectrum series remain scarce. We describe the demographics, mechanisms, fracture anatomy, CT-derived defect morphometry, and clinical findings at presentation of orbital fractures managed at a level 1 trauma center. Methods: We retrospectively analyzed 1489 consecutive CT-confirmed orbital fracture records managed at Rambam Health Care Campus, Haifa, Israel, between September 2001 and November 2023. Demographics, mechanism, fracture location, laterality, CT-derived defect dimensions, orbital content herniation, inferior rectus muscle (IRM) involvement on CT, diplopia, concomitant facial fractures, and timing of repair were analyzed. The analysis was planned as descriptive; a single pre-specified comparison (age between sexes) was tested, and no inferential modelling of treatment decisions or outcomes was undertaken. Results: The cohort was 78.6% male (M:F 3.7:1), with a mean age of 36.5 ± 20.0 years; patients aged 18–29 years predominated (33.5%). Females were older than males (46.3 ± 24.6 vs. 33.9 ± 17.7 years; p < 0.001). Falls (33.0%) and assault (26.1%) were the principal mechanisms. The orbital floor was involved in 87.7% of fractures (isolated in 58.6%); mean sagittal and coronal defect diameters were 13.7 ± 6.1 and 13.3 ± 5.1 mm. Content herniation was present in 55.1%, IRM involvement on CT in 14.7%, and diplopia in 17.6%; concomitant facial fractures occurred in 27.9%, and 72.9% underwent repair, at a median of 2 days. Conclusions: In one of the largest single-center orbital fracture cohorts reported, a young-adult male, floor-dominant profile predominated. Herniation, radiological muscle involvement, diplopia, and associated facial fractures were common, indicating the functional and diagnostic complexity of this injury pattern. These descriptive findings characterize the population presenting to a level 1 center; they do not evaluate management strategies and should not be read as establishing surgical indications, thresholds, or optimal timing. Full article

Background: Population aging has been accompanied by an increased incidence of falls, fractures, and functional disability, representing a major global public health challenge. In this context, virtual reality (VR)-based rehabilitation has emerged as an innovative therapeutic strategy providing multimodal sensory and motor stimulation, facilitating motor learning, and enhancing treatment adherence through gamified, interactive environments. Objective: To investigate the effectiveness of VR-based rehabilitation on postural balance training in older adults through a systematic review. Methods: This systematic review was conducted in accordance with PRISMA 2020 and prospectively registered in PROSPERO (CRD420261303119). Comprehensive literature searches were performed in PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, LILACS, and SciELO to identify studies published between 2015 and 2026. Randomized and non-randomized clinical trials evaluating VR rehabilitation in adults aged 60 years and older, with postural balance as the primary outcome, were eligible. Methodological quality was assessed using the PEDro Scale, and certainty of evidence was evaluated using GRADE. Data were synthesized using a qualitative, descriptive approach. Results: Nine clinical trials of moderate-to-good methodological quality were included, evaluating non-immersive commercial exergames, semi-immersive, and immersive rehabilitation-dedicated systems. Overall, findings indicated that VR was associated with improvements in static and dynamic balance and functional mobility. Between-group analyses showed no statistically significant differences between VR and conventional rehabilitation in several trials, whereas superior effects for VR were reported in others, alongside greater participant engagement and adherence. Conclusions: VR-based rehabilitation is an effective intervention for improving static and dynamic balance and functional mobility in older adults. As a complementary strategy in geriatric physiotherapy, VR has the potential to reduce fall risk, preserve functional independence, and enhance rehabilitation outcomes. Nevertheless, additional high-quality randomized controlled trials with standardized protocols and long-term follow-up are warranted to strengthen the current evidence. Full article

Background/Objectives: Fracture liaison services (FLSs) typically use fragility fractures as triggers to identify patients for osteoporosis care. Patients undergoing elective orthopedic surgery who already have osteoporosis documented on a preoperative densitometry report fall outside this trigger. This study compared recorded initiation of osteoporosis treatment after elective operations with that after operations performed for a fracture. A secondary, exploratory objective was to describe how preoperative T-score relates to subsequent fractures in patients without recorded treatment. Methods: A retrospective cohort study (2015–2025) was performed at a tertiary center in Taiwan. The source population was the institutional densitometry cohort (all patients with at least one DXA examination at the hospital), within which five index operations were identified: vertebroplasty/kyphoplasty, hip fracture internal fixation, hip arthroplasty (hemi- or total), lumbar spinal fusion, and total knee arthroplasty. Operations in patients already receiving osteoporosis therapy were excluded. The primary outcome was recorded initiation of anti-osteoporosis therapy, defined as the first dispensing at the study hospital within 365 days of surgery. Odds ratios were estimated by logistic regression with patient-clustered standard errors. Results: Among 6171 operations in 5739 patients, recorded one-year initiation was 28.4% overall: 46.9% after vertebroplasty, 43.1% after hip fracture fixation, 33.0% after hip arthroplasty, 17.4% after lumbar fusion, and 7.2% after total knee arthroplasty. Adjusted odds ratios versus fusion ranged from 3.16 (95% CI: 2.69–3.72) for vertebroplasty to 0.28 (0.21–0.37) for knee arthroplasty. Within hip arthroplasty, initiation was 43.9% after hemiarthroplasty, which is performed for femoral neck fracture, and 6.7% after total hip arthroplasty. Across all operations, an accompanying fracture diagnosis was associated with initiation (adjusted OR: 6.19, 5.26–7.29). The contrast persisted among the 871 operations with osteoporosis documented before surgery (48.2% after vertebroplasty, 7.5% after knee arthroplasty). In the exploratory analysis of 1971 operations without recorded treatment (99 fractures), each one-unit lower T-score was associated with a higher hazard of major osteoporotic fracture (adjusted HR: 1.25, 1.04–1.49). The estimate for the T ≤ −2.5 dichotomy was less precise (HR: 1.33, 0.83–2.12). Conclusions: In this selected single-center densitometry cohort, preliminary findings indicate that recorded initiation of osteoporosis treatment after orthopedic surgery followed whether the operation was performed for a fracture rather than the patient’s documented bone density, including among patients whose osteoporosis was already documented. A national reimbursement rule that requires a fracture in addition to low bone density probably contributes. Treatment outside the study hospital was not captured, so initiation proportions are lower bounds. Whether an FLS entry point keyed to existing densitometry results would close this gap remains to be tested. Full article

(1) Background: Neurological and cognitive disorders increase with age, raising risks of falls, poor bone health, and hip fractures. While previous studies found increased complications of hip arthroplasty in neurologic disorders in general, no studies have specifically focused on hip hemiarthroplasty (HA) for femoral neck fractures in patients with epilepsy. This retrospective study aimed to evaluate the outcomes of HA in hip fracture patients with epilepsy. (2) Methods: After IRB approval, all HA cases performed in our multi-hospital health system were reviewed. Included were patients who underwent HA for hip fracture and had a documented diagnosis of epilepsy. Cases with missing follow-up data or secondary epilepsy due to associated neurological conditions were excluded. A total of 69 cases (68 patients) were included. (3) Results: The cohort included 43 females and 25 males, with a mean age of 73.7 years. After a mean follow-up of 58.1 months, complications included prosthetic joint infections (8.7%), periprosthetic fractures (8.7%), acetabular erosion (1.45%), and dislocation (1.45%). Mortality rates were 4.4% at 3 months, 16.18% at 12 months, and 38.24% at 3 years. Given the retrospective, non-comparative design and small sample size, these findings are descriptive and do not establish causality between epilepsy and complication risk. (4) Conclusions: Periprosthetic fractures and prosthetic joint infections were the most common complications after HA in patients with epilepsy. Larger multicenter studies are recommended. Full article

Background/Objectives: The injury patterns of older patients who reach rehabilitation after a fall-related fracture are rarely described. We aimed to describe these patients and to examine how age, sex, recorded chronic conditions, osteoporosis and previous fractures relate to the mechanism of injury and the fracture site. Methods: In this retrospective observational study, the records of 255 patients aged 65 years and over who entered a rehabilitation programme at a Croatian rehabilitation hospital after a fall-related fracture between 1 January 2024 and 31 December 2025 were extracted from the hospital information system and analysed using the chi-square test, the Mann–Whitney U test, the Kruskal–Wallis test and Spearman rank correlation. Results: Women accounted for 74.9% of the sample and hip fracture was the most frequent site (52.9%). Ground-level falls caused 78.8% of fractures overall, 95.2% of those in patients aged 85 years and over, and 86.7% of hip fractures; the mechanism of injury differed by sex, age group and fracture site (all p ≤ 0.005). Cardiovascular disease was recorded in 78.0% of patients but osteoporosis in only 19.2%. Both osteoporosis (p = 0.041) and having two or more recorded chronic conditions (p = 0.012) were associated with the mechanism of injury, but not with the fracture site. Conclusions: Hip fractures and ground-level falls predominated, particularly in the oldest patients. The findings support systematic nursing assessment of fall circumstances, chronic disease burden, bone health and fracture history after a fall. Full article

Background: Pediatric horse-related trauma ranges from minor soft-tissue injuries to potentially fatal trauma. Existing studies often focus on hospitalized patients or selected injury patterns, while broader clinical data remain limited. This study aimed to characterize injury mechanisms, patterns, treatment requirements, and outcomes. Methods: This retrospective cohort study included patients younger than 19 years treated at a Level I trauma center between 2002 and 2023. Demographics, injury mechanisms, injury patterns, treatment, hospitalization, and outcomes were analyzed. Results: A total of 593 patients with 650 injury events were included (mean age at first presentation, 13.0 ± 3.8 years; 90.9% female). Falls predominated (69.8%), followed by kicks (15.2%) and bites (4.6%). Contusions were most frequent (38.5%), followed by fractures (24.5%) and head injuries (16.6%). Injury mechanism was significantly associated with injury pattern (p < 0.001; Cramér’s V = 0.43), and age differed across major injury categories (p < 0.001). Hospital admission was required in 17.4% of events and operative treatment in 5.2%. Fractures (aOR, 5.43; p < 0.001) and head injuries (aOR, 8.85; p < 0.001) were independently associated with hospital admission. Follow-up beyond the initial presentation was documented in 236 of 650 events (36.3%). Among the 234 non-fatal events with documented follow-up, 83.3% were free of complaints; these outcome data should be interpreted as conditional on follow-up availability and subject to potential attrition bias. Two of 593 patients (0.3%) died following atlanto-occipital dislocations after falls involving stirrup entrapment and dragging. Conclusions: Pediatric horse-related trauma comprises distinct mechanism-specific injury patterns. Although most injuries were managed without hospitalization or surgery, fractures and head injuries accounted for a disproportionate treatment burden, while rare complex mechanisms resulted in fatal craniocervical trauma. Full article

Background/Objectives: Bone mineral density (BMD) is fundamental to osteoporosis assessment, but fracture risk is also shaped by fracture history, falls, frailty, secondary causes, age, sex, and treatment context. This narrative review examines clinically relevant information that modifies adult endocrine decision-making beyond the T-score. Methods: PubMed/MEDLINE was searched through 28 June 2026; recent guidelines, consensus statements, systematic reviews, meta-analyses, and pivotal fracture-endpoint trials were prioritized. The exact search strings, filters, eligibility criteria, selection process, and prioritized guidance documents are provided in PubMed MEDLINE search strategies. Results: BMD should be interpreted with fracture history and clinical risk factors, while the applicability of T-scores differs by age and sex. FRAX, vertebral imaging, and trabecular bone score can refine assessment in selected patients. Very-high-risk patients may warrant early osteoanabolic or dual-action therapy followed by antiresorptive treatment, whereas antiresorptives remain appropriate for many high-risk patients. Denosumab requires planned continuity and a follow-on strategy; advanced chronic kidney disease requires particular attention to mineral metabolism and hypocalcemia risk. Conclusions: Contemporary osteoporosis care expands rather than replaces densitometry. Endocrine management should integrate valid DXA interpretation, fracture-risk urgency, reversible contributors, drug-specific safety, treatment feasibility, monitoring, and the next treatment phase. Full article

Longhushan UNESCO Global Geopark (UGGp) of Southeast China is characterized by a well-developed red-bed rock landscape with outstanding geoheritage value and diverse geomorphological features. However, a systematic quantitative assessment of its geodiversity has yet to be conducted, constraining spatially explicit strategies for geoheritage conservation and sustainable management. This study developed an eight-indicator assessment framework integrating geology, geomorphology, hydrology and pedology and integrated field survey data with GIS-based spatial analysis. Principal component analysis (PCA) was used to derive objective indicator weights, and a geodiversity index (GI) was calculated for 1 km × 1 km grid cells and classified into five levels using natural breaks. Very high and high GI areas account for 22.30% of the total area and are concentrated mainly in Xianshuiyan, Xiangshan, Guifeng, and Yingtianshan, whereas low and very low GI areas together account for 50.22% and are distributed mainly in the central and northwestern parts and peripheral plains of the geopark; the remaining 27.48% falls within the moderate class, transitional between the two patterns. High GI areas broadly coincide with representative rock landforms and are associated primarily with topographic differentiation, lithological diversity, and fractures. Based on the GI pattern, Longhushan UGGp is divided into core conservation and utilization zone, key conservation and utilization zone, and ecological conservation buffer zone. This first quantitative geodiversity assessment of Longhushan UGGp provides a spatial basis for geoconservation, geotourism planning, and sustainable management of comparable red-bed conglomerate terrains in Southeast China. Full article

Background and Objectives: Vitamin D deficiency is common in older adults with hip fracture and has been associated with adverse postoperative outcomes. However, heterogeneity in deficiency thresholds, outcome definitions, and patient populations has complicated the interpretation and clinical application of existing evidence. This narrative review aimed to summarize current evidence regarding perioperative vitamin D status, its associations with postoperative complications, mortality, functional recovery, and secondary fracture, and the role of vitamin D supplementation after hip fracture. Materials and Methods: Relevant studies were identified through PubMed searches and manual screening of reference lists. Cohort studies, randomized controlled trials, systematic reviews, meta-analyses, and clinical guidelines addressing vitamin D status, supplementation, hip fracture outcomes, fracture prevention, or postoperative recovery in older adults were narratively synthesized. Results: Low serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D was associated with selected early medical complications, mortality, impaired functional recovery, and secondary hip fracture, although these associations varied across outcomes. The strongest prognostic associations with mobility were observed in patients with severe deficiency (approximately ≤10–12 ng/mL), whereas mild insufficiency showed less consistent associations. Heterogeneity among studies reflected differences in deficiency thresholds, sampling timing, outcome definitions, follow-up duration, study populations, and adjustment for frailty and comorbidity. Vitamin D supplementation consistently increased serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentrations but did not consistently improve gait, postoperative complications, mortality, or recurrent fracture. Favorable outcomes reported with exercise- and nutrition-based multimodal interventions could not be attributed to vitamin D supplementation alone. Conclusions: Vitamin D deficiency should be interpreted within the broader context of frailty, nutritional status, muscle function, and skeletal health after hip fracture. Vitamin D assessment and correction should be integrated into comprehensive post-fracture care alongside osteoporosis treatment, adequate calcium and protein intake, rehabilitation, and fall prevention. However, clinical benefits of supplementation beyond correction of deficiency remain uncertain, and future studies should focus on patients with severe deficiency and clinically meaningful, patient-centered outcomes. Full article

Background: Traumatic brain injury is a major cause of morbidity in children. This study evaluates pediatric patients with skull fractures in the emergency department to determine independent factors associated with neurosurgical intervention. Methods: This single-center retrospective study included 133 patients under 18 years old with CT-confirmed skull fractures following head trauma. Demographics, trauma mechanisms, neurological status, fracture characteristics, and intracranial injuries were recorded. Firth penalized logistic regression examined factors associated with surgery. Results: The mean age was 4.47 years, and falls were the most common trauma mechanism (63.9%). Pneumocephalus and intracranial hemorrhage were each present in 24.8% of patients. In total, 12 patients (9.0%) required neurosurgical intervention. In univariate analyses, depressed fractures, comminuted fractures, pneumocephalus, and intracranial hemorrhage were strongly associated with intervention. In the multivariable model, age, intracranial hemorrhage and depressed fracture were the factors retaining statistical significance (p = 0.017, p = 0.022, p = 0.013). Conclusions: Intracranial hemorrhage showed the strongest independent statistical association with neurosurgical intervention. Although depressed, comminuted fractures and pneumocephalus were associated with surgery in univariate analyses, their independent contributions could not be reliably established due to limited surgical events. Clinical decisions must integrate neurological status and fracture characteristics. Full article

Background: Because falls can lead to loss of autonomy in individuals with post-tuberculosis lung disease (iwPTLD), assessing fall risk is crucial for reducing the likelihood of fractures and preventing the decline of physical function. This cross-sectional study aimed to evaluate balance control (BC) in iwPTLD and correlate it with functional capacity during exertion (FCE), pulmonary function, muscle strength, and fatigue. Methods: This cross-sectional study assessed BC in iwPTLD using the Berg Balance Scale (BBS), the Tinetti Balance Scale (TBS), and the Timed “Up and Go” Test (TUGT). Participants also underwent assessments of pulmonary function, respiratory muscle strength, handgrip strength (HGS), quadricep strength (QMS), general fatigue, and functional capacity during exertion (FCE) using the six-minute step test (6MST). Results: Of the 50 individuals with iwPTLD, 66%, 38%, and 46% had a BBS, TBS, and TUGT, respectively, indicating a moderate/high risk of falls. The degree of agreement between BC classifications was weak to poor (Kappa between 0.15 and 0.35). The BBS and TBS exhibited weak-to-moderate correlations with the QMS and 6MST. The TUGT, however, showed strong correlations with the QMS, the 6MST, and residual volume/total lung capacity ratio. Conclusions: Impaired BC appears to be common in iwPTLD, with alterations observed in up to two-thirds of cases. For these individuals, there are significant correlations of BC with peripheral muscle strength, FCE, and static pulmonary hyperinflation, especially when the TUGT is used to assess BC. Thus, the TUGT may be a tool with potential clinical applications for identifying balance impairment in patients with PTLD. However, it requires prospective validation. The BBS and TBS should be reserved for comprehensive assessments of patients with abnormal TUGT results. Full article