Search Results (129)

Background/Objectives: Acute pancreatitis (AP) is a highly variable inflammatory condition that can lead to severe complications and high mortality, particularly in its severe forms. Early risk stratification is essential; however, the delayed availability of traditional scoring systems often limits its effectiveness. This study aimed to evaluate the clinical utility of systemic inflammation indices as early predictors of severity in patients with acute pancreatitis. Methods: A retrospective, observational study was conducted among patients diagnosed with acute pancreatitis, classified according to the revised Atlanta criteria. Upon admission, systemic inflammation indices were calculated from complete blood count parameters, including neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR), monocyte-to-lymphocyte ratio (MLR), systemic immune-inflammation index (SII), systemic inflammation response index (SIRI), and aggregate index of systemic inflammation (AISI). Severity was assessed using the APACHE II score. Statistical analysis involved Kruskal–Wallis tests, Dunn’s post hoc comparisons, ROC curve analysis, logistic regression for odds ratios (ORs), and Spearman correlations. Results: SII, NLR, MLR, SIRI, and AISI showed statistically significant associations with AP severity (p < 0.05). MLR and SIRI exhibited the highest predictive performance (AUC = 0.74). ORs for severe pancreatitis were: MLR = 19.10, SIRI = 7.50, NLR = 7.33, AISI = 5.12, and SII = 4.10. All four indices also demonstrated moderate positive correlations with APACHE II scores. Conclusions: Systemic inflammation indices are simple, cost-effective, and accessible tools that can aid in the early identification of patients at high risk for severe acute pancreatitis. Their integration into clinical practice may enhance early decision-making and improve patient outcomes. Full article

Acute pancreatitis (AP) is among the most frequent gastroenterology emergencies, with hospital admission rates on the rise in recent decades. However, a specific treatment for this condition is still lacking. Mitochondrial damage induced by oxidative stress is regarded as the key event in the pathophysiology and initiation of cellular damage in AP. In the early stages of AP, the oxidant–antioxidant balance changes rapidly, and there are significant data regarding the reduced serum levels of antioxidants, with this event being correlated with the clinical severity of pancreatitis. Therefore, addressing oxidative stress could represent a potential therapeutic target in AP. In this comprehensive review, we aimed to provide an update on current evidence regarding clinical and experimental data on antioxidant use in AP, focusing on human studies investigating the effects of single and combined antioxidant supplementation. Although a multitude of animal studies demonstrated that antioxidant therapy has beneficial effects in experimental AP by reducing oxidative injury, inflammatory markers, and ameliorating histological outcomes, human trials showed predominantly conflicting results, with some studies suggesting benefit while others showed no effect, or even potential harm, when antioxidants were administered in high doses or in combination. Moreover, some antioxidants with beneficial results in experimental settings did not show the same efficacy when translated to human studies, which may be a consequence of either inappropriate dosage, route of administration and duration of therapy, or altered pharmacodynamics in vivo. In conclusion, oxidative stress plays a key role in the pathophysiology of AP by enhancing acinar cell injury, inflammation, and systemic complications. Future studies should be centered on optimized dosing strategies, early administration protocols, targeted patient selection, and delivery methods of proper pharmaceutical forms. Full article

Background and Objectives: Visceral arterial pseudoaneurysms (VAPAs) are rare vascular lesions characterized by the disruption of partial disruption of the arterial wall, most commonly involving the intima and media. They have an estimated incidence of 0.1–0.2%, with the splenic artery most commonly affected. Their management poses unique challenges due to the high risk of rupture. Timely recognition is crucial, as unmanaged pseudoaneurysms have a mortality rate of 90%. This narrative review aims to synthesize current knowledge regarding the epidemiology, etiology, clinical presentation, diagnostic methods, and management strategies for VAPAs. Materials and Methods: A literature search was performed across Pubmed for articles reporting on VAPAs, including case reports, review articles, and cohort studies, with inclusion of manuscripts that were up to (date). VAPAs are grouped by embryological origin—foregut, midgut, and hindgut. Results: Chronic pancreatitis is a primary cause of VAPAs, with the splenic artery being involved in 60–65% of cases. Other causes include acute pancreatitis, as well as iatrogenic trauma from surgeries, trauma, infections, drug use, and vascular diseases. VAPAs often present as abdominal pain upon rupture, with symptoms like nausea, vomiting, and gastrointestinal hemorrhage. Unruptured pseudoaneurysms may manifest as pulsatile masses or bruits but are frequently asymptomatic and discovered incidentally. Diagnosis relies on both non-invasive imaging techniques, such as CT angiography and Doppler ultrasound, and invasive methods like digital subtraction angiography, which remains the gold standard for detailed evaluation and treatment. A range of management options exists that are tailored to individual cases based on the aneurysm’s characteristics and patient-specific factors. This encompasses both surgical and endovascular approaches, with a growing preference for minimally invasive techniques due to lower associated morbidity. Conclusions: VAPAs are a critical condition requiring prompt early recognition and intervention. This review highlights the need for ongoing research to improve diagnostic accuracy and refine treatment protocols, enhancing patient outcomes in this challenging domain of vascular surgery. Full article

Background: The stress hyperglycemia ratio (SHR) has emerged as a promising biomarker for assessing stress-induced hyperglycemia (SH) but has not been evaluated in patients with acute pancreatitis (AP). This study investigates the role of the SHR in predicting adverse clinical outcomes in patients with AP. Methods: Adult patients with AP who were admitted within 72 h of the onset of abdominal pain were screened in the database. Eligible patients with glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) and blood glucose were analyzed. The SHR was calculated using admission blood glucose and HbA1c levels. Patients were categorized into four groups: SHR1 (≤1.03), SHR2 (1.04–1.25), SHR3 (1.26–1.46), and SHR4 (≥1.47). The primary outcome was persistent organ failure (POF). The secondary outcomes included acute peripancreatic fluid collection (APFC) and high-dependency unit/intensive care unit (HDU/ICU) admission. Restricted cubic spline (RCS) analysis was used to assess nonlinear associations and identify SHR threshold values. Univariable and multivariable logistic regression models were used to adjust for potential confounders and evaluate the relationship between the SHR and clinical outcomes. Results: A total of 486 patients with AP were included in this study, comprising 85 with POF and 401 without POF. SHR levels and severity were significantly correlated, with the highest quartile in the greatest proportion of severe acute pancreatitis (SAP). Higher SHR levels were significantly associated with an increased risk of POF, APFC, and HDU/ICU admission. RCS analysis revealed a nonlinear relationship between the SHR and APFC (p = 0.009). Based on the RCS and quartile analysis, SHR > 1.25 was identified as the threshold for increased risk. After adjusting for confounders, SHR > 1.25 remained independently associated with higher risks of POF (OR: 2.49, 95% CI: 1.39–4.46, p = 0.002), APFC (OR: 2.85, 95% CI: 1.92–4.24, p < 0.001), and ICU admission (OR: 1.74, 95% CI: 1.12–2.69, p = 0.013). Conclusions: The SHR is independently associated with adverse clinical outcomes in AP, including POF, APFC, and HDU/ICU admission. These findings suggest that the SHR may serve as a valuable biomarker for risk stratification and early intervention in AP management. Full article

Background/Objectives: Ultrasonography is a diagnostic modality characterized by high sensitivity in detecting hepato-biliary pathology, particularly intrahepatic biliary duct dilation. This study compares the sonographic findings obtained by a radiographer/sonographer in a Basic Emergency Service (BES) using Point-of-Care Ultrasonography (POCUS) in Portugal with the sonographic findings from the same patients acquired by radiologists at a referral hospital (RH) for suspected intrahepatic biliary dilatation. Methods: Nineteen patients presenting with right upper quadrant (RUQ) pain and suspected abdominal pathology underwent sonographic screening using POCUS in the BES. Subsequently, the same patients were referred to the RH, where a radiologist performed a comprehensive ultrasound. Both examinations were compared to determine whether the findings obtained in the BES were confirmed by radiologists in the RH. Results: Cholestasis, cholangitis, lithiasis, pancreatitis, peri-ampullary lithiasis, and neoplasms were observed in association with intrahepatic biliary dilation in this study sample. All six variables showed a strong association between the BES and RH findings (Cramer’s V > 0.6; p < 0.006). A strong kappa measure of agreement between the radiographer and radiologist findings was obtained in “cholelithiasis/sludge/gallbladder acute sonographic changes” (k = 0.802; p = 0.000). A moderate kappa value was obtained for the variable “abdominal free fluid”, (k = 0.706; p = 0.001). Conclusions: In this study, all patients referred from the BES to the RH required hospitalization for treatment and additional imaging exams. Although pre-hospital screening ultrasound is not intended for definitive diagnoses, the early detection of intrahepatic biliary tract dilatation through screening sonography played a significant role in the clinical referral of patients, with a sensitivity of 94% and specificity of 75%. Full article

Background/Objectives: Acute pancreatitis (AP) is an illness that requires prompt diagnosis and treatment since it has the potential to become life-threatening. The American College of Gastroenterology 2024 (ACG24) guidelines offer a framework for diagnosis, severity, and treatment criteria. To assess Google Gemini application of ACG24 guidelines to Medical Information Mart for Intensive Care-III AP cases for risk, nutrition, and complication management. Methods: This observational cross-sectional study was based on 512 patients with AP who were treated in the Medical Information Mart for Intensive Care-III database from 2001 to 2012. The study compared the efficiency of Gemini in relation to the ACG24 guidelines in the three main areas of risk stratification, enteral nutrition timing, and necrotizing pancreatitis management. Enteral nutrition, according to the ACG24 guidelines, should be started within 48 h for patients who are capable, and antibiotics should only be used for confirmed infected necrosis. Results: The study included 512 patients who were divided into two groups: 213 patients with mild pancreatitis (41.6%) and 299 patients with severe pancreatitis (58.4%). The model achieved 85% accuracy for mild cases and 82% accuracy for severe cases of pancreatitis. The Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation II and Ranson scores matched the predictions of Gemini for both mild cases (p = 0.28 and p = 0.33, respectively) and severe cases (p = 0.31 and p = 0.27, respectively). The recommendations for early enteral nutrition and delayed feeding in mild cases were correct for 78% of patients, but the system suggested oral intake prematurely in 8% of severe cases. The antibiotic guideline compliance reached 82% among 156 patients with necrotizing pancreatitis, and the procedure for draining infected necrosis was correct 85% of the time. Conclusions: The Gemini model achieved 78–85% accuracy in determining pancreatitis severity and adherence to treatment guidelines but showed lower accuracy in nutrition timing compared to other parameters. Core Tip: This study evaluated the Google Gemini model in applying the American College of Gastroenterology 2024 guidelines for acute pancreatitis across 512 Medical Information Mart for Intensive Care-III cases. Results demonstrated 85% accuracy in severity classification, precise prediction of Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation II and Ranson scores, and 78–85% compliance with nutritional and necrotizing pancreatitis management guidelines. These findings suggest that artificial intelligence-based clinical decision support systems can provide rapid, consistent, and guideline-concordant recommendations, which are particularly valuable in settings with limited specialist expertise. Full article

Background and Clinical Significance: Diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) is a serious and potentially life-threatening condition, often triggered by infections or undiagnosed diabetes. Spontaneous pneumomediastinum (SPM) and pneumothorax are rare but recognized complications of DKA, possibly due to alveolar rupture from increased respiratory effort or vomiting. Sometimes, acute pancreatitis (AP) may further complicate DKA, but the co-occurrence of these three conditions remains exceptionally rare. Case Presentation: We describe the case of a 60-year-old woman without a known history of diabetes who arrived at the emergency department with abdominal pain, fatigue, vomiting, and altered mental status. Initial laboratory findings showed metabolic acidosis, hyperglycemia, and elevated anion gap, consistent with DKA. Imaging revealed spontaneous pneumomediastinum and subsequently a left-sided pneumothorax, without evidence of trauma or esophageal rupture. Epigastric pain, along with elevated serum lipase and CT findings, also confirmed acute pancreatitis. Despite the complexity of her condition, the patient responded well to supportive treatment, including oxygen therapy, fluid resuscitation, insulin infusion, and antibiotics. She was discharged in good condition after 28 days, with a confirmed diagnosis of type 2 diabetes, without further complications. Conclusions: This case highlights an unusual combination of DKA complicated by spontaneous pneumomediastinum, pneumothorax and acute pancreatitis in a previously undiagnosed diabetic patient. Because prompt intervention can lead to favorable outcomes even in complex, multisystem cases, early recognition of atypical DKA complications is critical in order to avoid misdiagnosis. Full article

Background/Objectives: Prediabetes is characterized by insulin resistance and systemic inflammation, which may increase susceptibility to acute pancreatitis (AP). However, limited data exist on how prediabetes influences in-hospital outcomes in AP patients. This study aimed to evaluate the prevalence and clinical outcomes of hospitalized AP patients with prediabetes using the National Inpatient Sample (NIS) database. Methods: We conducted a retrospective cohort study using NIS data from 2016 to 2018, identifying adult patients hospitalized with a primary diagnosis of AP. Patients were stratified based on the presence or absence of prediabetes; those with type 1 or 2 diabetes were excluded. The primary outcome is the association of prediabetes with developing acute pancreatitis and its influence on in-hospital mortality, length of stay, and total hospital cost. Results: Among 193,617 patients hospitalized with AP, 1639 had prediabetes. No statistically significant difference was found in in-hospital mortality, length of stay, or hospitalization costs between patients with or without prediabetes. The in-hospital mortality was 1.22% in prediabetic patients versus 2.01% in non-prediabetic patients (p = 0.0225). The length of stay was shorter in prediabetic patients (4.93 vs. 5.37 days, p = 0.0021), and hospitalization costs were similar (USD55,351.56 vs. USD57,106.83, p = 0.195). Furthermore, prediabetes was not an independent predictor of mortality (OR 0.50, 95% CI 0.31–0.82, p = 0.0063). Significant predictors of mortality included acute kidney injury (OR 12.98, 95% CI 11.96–14.09, p < 0.001) and severe sepsis with shock (OR 5.89, 95% CI 5.27–6.59, p < 0.001). Conclusions: Prediabetes was not associated with an increased in-hospital mortality in AP patients. However, complications such as AKI and septic shock significantly predicted mortality, underscoring the importance of early recognition and management. Full article

Ionizing radiation at early stages leads to radiation-induced death of Langerhans islet cells and acinar cells, resulting in the development of acute/subacute pancreatitis. Conducting studies on radiation-induced changes in the pancreas following electron beam irradiation appears to be of great interest, and the evaluation of radioprotective agents for safeguarding normal tissues from radiation is equally important. The aim of this study was to preclinically investigate the antioxidant properties of N-Acetylcysteine in an animal model of radiation-induced pancreatitis over a three-month period. In this study, it was proven for the first time that even electrons can lead to characteristic signs of radiation-induced pancreatitis, the degree of which was assessed based on the levels of insulin, glucose, and amylase. Thus, conducting electron therapy also increases the risks of insulin resistance, as well as X-ray and gamma radiation. For the first time, a comprehensive analysis of biochemical, morphological, and immunohistochemical markers in the pancreas of a large cohort of electron-irradiated animals was conducted, including both acute and delayed effects of electron exposure. The crucial role of interleukins in shaping both the cellular and vascular components of the inflammatory response was identified. Additionally, the radioprotective properties of N-Acetylcysteine during electron irradiation of the pancreas were evaluated for the first time, and its effectiveness in reducing both acute and late complications of electron therapy was demonstrated. Thus, it can be concluded that N-Acetylcysteine is capable of effectively suppressing the inflammatory response in the pancreas. Full article

Acute pancreatitis (AP) is one of the gastrointestinal pathologies that most frequently requires hospital admission; about half of all deaths occur within the first two weeks and are caused by multi-organ failure. Predicting the degree of severity of AP before 48 h is a challenge. Background/Objectives: Having an early marker, before 48 h after admission, could be useful to avoid or diagnose early complications such as organ failure (OF). A few sentences could place the question addressed in a broader context and highlight the purpose of the study. Methods: A retrospective study conducted in a third-level hospital, during the period from August 2019 to June 2021. Patients aged >18 years, with a diagnosis of PA, who had a complete clinical history and complete biochemical and imaging data were included. The scores of the APACHE II, BISAP, revised Atlanta classification, and modified Marshall scales were recorded. Results: Of the 103 patients included, 60% were women, the mean age was 47.76 years, and the hospital stay was 8 days (IQR 6–12); the most frequent etiology was biliary in 46 (44.7%) patients; the most frequent BMI was overweight with 34 (33%) patients; and 38 (36.9%) patients had a systemic inflammatory response at admission. Hypoalbuminemia was observed in 34 (33%) of the 103 patients at admission; of these, 42 (40.8%) had an APACHE II score > 8 points, 17 (16.3%) a BISAP score > 2, 57 (54.8%) patients were classified as moderate AP according to the revised Atlanta classification, and 54 patients had a score according to the modified Marshall score > 2. A statistically significant difference in the development of death was observed between patients with hypoalbuminemia versus those with normal serum albumin levels. Conclusions: In this study, we show the usefulness of hipoalbuminemia (<3.5 g/dL) at hospital admission in patients with AP, as a severity and mortality indicator. With the results obtained, we conclude that low albumin levels are a good predictor of severity and are useful for establishing timely treatment and close follow-up. Full article

(1) Acute pancreatitis (AP) is a medical emergency associated with high mortality rates. Early and accurate prognosis assessment during admission is crucial for optimizing patient management and outcomes. This study seeks to develop robust radiomics-based machine learning (ML) models to classify the severity of AP using contrast-enhanced computed tomography (CECT) scans. (2) Methods: A retrospective cohort of 287 AP patients with CECT scans was analyzed, and clinical data were collected within 72 h of admission. Patients were classified as mild or moderate/severe based on the Revised Atlanta classification. Two radiologists manually segmented the pancreas and peripancreatic regions on CECT scans, and 234 radiomic features were extracted. The performance of the ML algorithms was compared with that of traditional scoring systems, including Ranson and Glasgow-Imrie scores. (3) Results: Traditional severity scoring systems produced AUC values of 0.593 (Ranson, Admission), 0.696 (Ranson, 48 h), 0.677 (Ranson, Cumulative), and 0.663 (Glasgow-Imrie). Using LASSO regression, 12 radiomic features were selected for the ML classifiers. Among these, the best-performing ML classifier achieved an AUC of 0.876 in the training set and 0.777 in the test set. (4) Conclusions: Radiomics-based ML classifiers significantly enhanced the prediction of AP severity in patients undergoing CECT scans within 72 h of admission, outperforming traditional severity scoring systems. This research is the first to successfully predict prognosis by analyzing radiomic features from both pancreatic and peripancreatic tissues using multiple ML algorithms applied to early CECT images. Full article

Acute pancreatitis (AP) presents a significant clinical challenge due to its wide range of severity, from mild cases to life-threatening complications such as severe acute pancreatitis (SAP), necrosis, and multi-organ failure. Traditional scoring systems, such as Ranson and BISAP, offer foundational tools for risk stratification but often lack early precision. This review aims to explore the transformative role of artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning (ML) in AP management, focusing on their applications in diagnosis, severity prediction, complication management, and treatment optimization. A comprehensive analysis of recent studies was conducted, highlighting ML models such as XGBoost, neural networks, and multimodal approaches. These models integrate clinical, laboratory, and imaging data, including radiomics features, and are useful in diagnostic and prognostic accuracy in AP. Special attention was given to models addressing SAP, complications like acute kidney injury and acute respiratory distress syndrome, mortality, and recurrence. AI-based models achieved higher AUC values than traditional models in predicting acute pancreatitis outcomes. XGBoost reached an AUC of 0.93 for early SAP prediction, higher than BISAP (AUC 0.74) and APACHE II (AUC 0.81). PrismSAP, integrating multimodal data, achieved the highest AUC of 0.916. AI models also demonstrated superior accuracy in mortality prediction (AUC 0.975) and ARDS detection (AUC 0.891) AI and ML represent a transformative advance in AP management, facilitating personalized treatment, early risk stratification, and allowing resource utilization to be optimized. By addressing challenges such as model generalizability, ethical considerations, and clinical adoption, AI has the potential to significantly improve patient outcomes and redefine AP care standards globally. Full article

Background and Objectives: Severe acute pancreatitis carries a substantial risk of complications and death. Prompt identification of prognostic factors is crucial to optimize management and reduce mortality. This study aims to compare inflammatory scores, laboratory markers, and clinical outcomes between survivors and non-survivors with severe acute pancreatitis, drawing on data from 179 patients admitted between 2017 and 2024. Methods: We conducted a retrospective cohort study of 179 patients diagnosed with severe acute pancreatitis. Of these, 55 patient records were extracted from an existing database, and an additional 124 were included from hospital archives (2017–2024). We divided participants into survivors (n = 121) and non-survivors (n = 58). Clinical data were obtained from medical records, including demographic information, comorbidities, laboratory markers (neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR) and platelet-to-lymphocyte ratio (PLR)), and severity scores (Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation (APACHE), Computed Tomography Severity Index (CTSI), and Ranson). Results: Non-survivors had significantly higher ages (mean of 66.4 vs. 52.7 years, p = 0.002), elevated inflammatory markers (median NLR of 14.2 vs. 10.3, p = 0.031), and more frequent multiorgan failure (75.9% vs. 31.4%, p < 0.001). The timing of intervention before 28 days was associated with higher mortality (p = 0.004). Chronic kidney disease and advanced cardiovascular comorbidities independently predicted worse survival (p = 0.009). The mortality rate in this cohort was 32.4%. Logistic regression identified age >60 years with an odds ratio (OR = 2.9), multiple organ failure (OR = 4.1), and high severity scores as primary contributors to mortality. Conclusions: Advanced age, comorbidities, elevated inflammatory markers, and multiple organ failure significantly impact mortality in severe acute pancreatitis. Delaying major interventions when feasible, optimizing perioperative care, and early recognition of high-risk patients may improve outcomes. Further research should explore targeted management strategies for high-risk groups and refine the role of delayed or minimally invasive approaches in severe acute pancreatitis management. Full article

Background/Objectives: Acute pancreatitis (AP) is an inflammatory condition with diverse origins, often resulting in significant morbidity and mortality due to systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS) and multiorgan failure. Fluid resuscitation is pivotal in early management, and it is aimed at preventing hypovolemia-induced ischemia and necrosis. This review evaluates fluid therapy strategies in AP, including fluid types, resuscitation rates, and clinical outcomes. Methods: This systematic review was conducted in January 2025 using databases such as PubMed, Medline, and Google Scholar, focusing on studies published between 2010 and 2024. Search terms included “acute pancreatitis”, “fluid resuscitation”, and related keywords. Studies involving adults with AP were analyzed to compare the outcomes of crystalloid and colloid use, aggressive vs. moderate fluid resuscitation, and administration timings. The primary outcomes were mortality and severe complications, while secondary outcomes included organ failure, SIRS, and length of hospital stay. Results: Crystalloids, particularly Ringer’s lactate (RL), are superior to normal saline in reducing SIRS, organ failure, and intensive care unit stays without significantly affecting mortality rates. Colloids were associated with adverse events such as renal impairment and coagulopathy, limiting their use. Aggressive fluid resuscitation increased the risk of fluid overload, respiratory failure, and acute kidney injury, particularly in severe AP, while moderate hydration protocols achieved comparable clinical outcomes with fewer complications. Conclusions: Moderate fluid resuscitation using RL is recommended for managing AP, balancing efficacy with safety. Further research is needed to establish optimal endpoints and protocols for fluid therapy, ensuring improved patient outcomes while minimizing complications. Full article

Pancreatitis is a prominent and severe type of inflammatory disorder that has grabbed a lot of scientific and clinical interest to prevent its onset. It should be detected early to avoid the development of serious complications, which occur due to long-term damage to the pancreas. The accurate measurement of biomarkers that are released from the pancreas during inflammation is essential for the detection and early treatment of patients with severe acute and chronic pancreatitis, but this is sub-optimally performed in clinically relevant practices, mainly due to the complexity of the procedure and the cost of the treatment. Clinically available tests for the early detection of pancreatitis are often time-consuming. The early detection of pancreatitis also relates to disorders of the exocrine pancreas, such as cystic fibrosis in the hereditary form and cystic fibrosis-like syndrome in the acquired form of pancreatitis, which are genetic disorders with symptoms that can be correlated with the overexpression of specific markers such as creatinine in biological fluids like urine. In this review, we studied how to develop a minimally invasive system using hydrogel-based biosensors, which are highly absorbent and biocompatible polymers that can respond to specific stimuli such as enzymes, pH, temperature, or the presence of biomarkers. These biosensors are helpful for real-time health monitoring and medical diagnostics since they translate biological reactions into quantifiable data. This paper also sheds light on the possible use of Ayurvedic formulations along with hydrogels as a treatment strategy. These analytical devices can be used to enhance the early detection of severe pancreatitis in real time. Full article