Search Results (4,851)

Organic dairy farming has expanded rapidly over the past three decades, driven by regulatory reforms, consumer demand, and growing recognition of its environmental, animal welfare, and potential human health benefits. Despite this growth, evidence comparing organic and conventional dairy systems remains fragmented across genetics, phenomics, animal health, and human health outcomes. This review synthesizes current knowledge through the lens of genotype × environment interactions, integrating evidence from four complementary domains: (1) genomic architecture and breeding strategies; (2) phenotypic performance, including milk production and composition, meat quality, nutrition, and reproductive traits; (3) animal health, disease resistance, antimicrobial use, and welfare; and (4) implications for human health. Holstein–Friesian cattle remain the predominant breed in both systems; however, organic production favors animals with greater robustness, longevity, grazing efficiency, and disease resilience. Genetic studies further demonstrate that highly heritable production traits share similar genetic architecture across production systems, whereas health, fertility, longevity, and other low-heritability functional traits exhibit stronger genotype × environment interactions and more system-specific genomic signatures. These findings suggest that breeding strategies developed for high-input conventional systems are unlikely to maximize performance under organic management. Collectively, the evidence supports a shift from selection focused primarily on milk yield toward genomic improvement of robustness, disease resistance, reproductive resilience, grazing adaptation, and lifetime productivity. We propose Genomically Optimized Organic Dairy (GOOD) as an emerging framework that integrates genomic selection, precision phenotyping, health monitoring, and environmental adaptation to develop dairy cattle better suited to organic production. Full article

Carboxylesterases (CXEs) participate in diverse plant metabolic processes, including isoflavone biosynthesis. However, the soybean GmCXE subfamily remains poorly characterized, especially in relation to root isoflavone accumulation and the response to Fusarium oxysporum. Here, fifty-six putative GmCXE genes were identified in the soybean genome and classified into three major phylogenetic clades. Analyses of gene structure, conserved motifs, protein domains, and promoter cis-elements revealed conserved features as well as potential functional divergence among subfamily members. Collinearity and duplication analyses indicated that segmental duplication was the main driver of GmCXE subfamily expansion. Tissue-specific expression profiling and RT-qPCR validation selected five root-expressed genes as candidates associated with isoflavone accumulation. SNP variation analysis and allelic group analysis of 209 soybean accessions further prioritized GmCXE54 as a candidate gene for root isoflavone accumulation. Allelic groups defined by a putative promoter SNP, Chr.20-rs39215413, showed significant differences in root daidzein and total isoflavone contents, with accessions carrying the C allele exhibiting higher levels of both traits than those carrying the T allele. Functional analysis in soybean hairy roots showed that GmCXE54 overexpression increased daidzein and total isoflavone accumulation. At 3 h after F. oxysporum inoculation, GmCXE2, GmCXE39, and GmCXE54 were induced, with GmCXE54 showing the strongest response in the resistant accession ZD27. These findings clarify GmCXE subfamily evolution and identify GmCXE54 as a candidate gene associated with root isoflavone accumulation and early F. oxysporum response, offering new perspectives for improving soybean isoflavone-related traits and investigating root response mechanisms. Full article

This paper investigates the spatial asymptotic behaviour of solutions to a coupled thermoelastic system of Green–Naghdi Type III in an exterior domain of ${\mathbb{R}}^3$. The system couples elastodynamics with a second-order heat conduction law and contains indefinite cross-coupling terms between mechanical and thermal variables. By constructing a weighted energy functional and deriving a first-order differential inequality in the radial direction, we establish a Phragmén–Lindelöf alternative: for each fixed time, the total energy either grows exponentially or decays exponentially as $r\to \infty$, with an explicit decay rate that depends on the material coefficients and a free parameter $\omega$. This dichotomy itself reveals a fundamental symmetry in the spatial behaviour—growth versus decay—which is intimately linked to the radial symmetry of the exterior geometry and the inherent structure of the coupled system. The result provides a complete characterization of spatial stability for this thermoelastic model in unbounded exterior domains. Full article

(1) Background: This pilot study compared restorative practices, material-selection criteria, digital workflow adoption, and perceptions of hybrid restorative materials among 100 Romanian and foreign dentists; (2) Methods: Participants completed a 15-item questionnaire covering three domains: knowledge and clinical practice, material selection and professional perspectives, and Katana Avencia evaluation. Statistical analysis examined both item-level differences and multivariate response patterns; (3) Results: Although foreign dentists tended to favor zirconia restorations, responses within the knowledge and clinical practice domain were comparable between groups. Within the material selection and professional perspectives domain, professional perceptions of glass-ceramic restorations differed significantly between groups (p = 0.005, V = 0.45). Romanian dentists were more likely to identify translucency and durability as their main advantages, whereas foreign dentists emphasized optical and adhesive performance. Perceived barriers to CAD/CAM adoption also varied significantly (p < 0.001, V = 0.50), with Romanian dentists reporting structural barriers and foreign dentists reporting educational barriers. Significant differences in the perceived role of continuing professional education (p = 0.012, V = 0.38) reflected the greater importance assigned to continuing professional education by foreign dentists. The remaining items in this domain showed no significant differences. Both groups similarly evaluated the clinical reliability and esthetic performance of Katana Avencia restorations. However, they differed significantly in their preferred clinical indications (p < 0.001, V = 0.50), with foreign dentists favoring definitive anterior restorations and Romanian dentists favoring provisional and stress-absorbing applications. Multivariate analysis revealed distinct response profiles, with Romanian dentists associated with structural barriers to digital adoption and foreign dentists associated with continuing professional education and esthetic-oriented practice; (4) Conclusions: These findings suggest broad professional convergence within this pilot cohort, with the observed differences being associated with respondents’ perceptions of practice-related barriers, digital infrastructure, and continuing professional education. Given the exploratory, cross-sectional, and self-reported nature of the study, these associations should not be interpreted as evidence of causal or objectively measured differences between healthcare environments. Full article

Background/Objectives: Male hypogonadism affects 35–50% of men with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and obesity. The relationship between testosterone deficiency and response to incretin-based therapies (GLP-1 and GIP receptor agonists) remains incompletely understood. This systematic literature review, conducted following PRISMA 2020 guidelines, examines whether male hypogonadism represents a risk factor for poor response to incretin therapy or, conversely, whether these agents offer therapeutic benefits for this population. Methods: A comprehensive systematic literature search was conducted on 31 December 2024, across PubMed/MEDLINE, Scopus, and Web of Science using three search domains: (1) hypogonadism and incretin therapy response; (2) testosterone deficiency and GLP-1/GIP receptor agonists; (3) incretin response and testosterone. Eligibility criteria included human studies (randomized controlled trials [RCTs], observational studies, cohort studies, cross-sectional studies, systematic reviews, and meta-analyses) in adult men reporting testosterone levels and/or incretin response. Animal studies, pediatric populations, case reports with n < 5, editorials, and letters without data were excluded. Study selection followed PRISMA 2020 guidelines with independent dual screening. Risk of bias was assessed using the Cochrane Risk-of-Bias 2.0 tool (ROB2) for RCTs, the Newcastle–Ottawa Scale (NOS) for observational studies, and AMSTAR-2 for systematic reviews and meta-analyses. Due to substantial heterogeneity in study designs, populations, interventions, and outcome measures, a meta-analysis was not feasible; therefore, a narrative synthesis was performed. Results: From 326 records identified, 29 studies were included after deduplication and screening (primary studies: 14; systematic reviews/meta-analyses: five; narrative reviews/expert opinion: 10). Risk-of-bias assessment revealed moderate-to-high overall risk: RCTs had small sample sizes (n = 12–42) and short follow-up (12–24 weeks), raising concerns about statistical power; observational studies were of fair-to-good quality (NOS 4–7 stars) but subject to confounding; and systematic reviews were of low-to-moderate confidence (AMSTAR-2). Primary evidence from RCTs and observational studies demonstrates that GLP-1 receptor agonists (GLP-1RAs)—particularly semaglutide and liraglutide—and the dual GIP/GLP-1 receptor agonist tirzepatide significantly increase total testosterone levels in men with obesity-related functional hypogonadism (mean increase 2.5–5.2 nmol/L). This effect is largely mediated by weight loss and improvement of insulin resistance rather than direct androgenic action. Evidence regarding whether baseline hypogonadism impairs glycemic or weight-loss response to incretin therapy is limited and indirect; no adequately powered comparative trials stratified by baseline testosterone status were identified. Conclusions: Incretin-based therapies, particularly GLP-1 receptor agonists and the dual GIP/GLP-1 receptor agonist tirzepatide, appear to improve testosterone levels in men with obesity-related functional hypogonadism, an effect that is largely mediated by weight loss and improvement of insulin resistance rather than a direct androgenic action. However, direct comparative evidence between hypogonadal and eugonadal men regarding glycemic or weight-loss response to incretin therapy remains insufficient to draw firm conclusions. The hypothesis that male hypogonadism does not impair incretin therapy response is biologically plausible but is currently supported only by indirect evidence. Prospective, adequately powered trials stratified by baseline testosterone status are needed to resolve this question. Full article

External resources, digital competence, and psychological characteristics have each been linked to Artificial Intelligence (AI) literacy, but almost always in isolation, so the unique contribution of any one domain remains unknown. Grounded in social cognitive theory, this study models all three domains jointly. Data were collected from 303 undergraduates at a liberal arts university in Hong Kong and analysed using hierarchical multiple regression. Perceived resources and perceived teacher support explained 29% of the variance in AI literacy; prior digital competence added a further 3%; and personal innovativeness, technology anxiety, and growth mindset in technology added a further 6%, with all three being significant in the final model (total R² = 0.39). The external predictors remained significant throughout but attenuated substantially, indicating that institutional provision is necessary but not sufficient. Technology anxiety, which correlated negatively with AI literacy at the zero-order level, emerged as a positive predictor once other determinants were controlled. Analyses of the five AI literacy subdimensions localised this effect to critical evaluation and ethical competence and found no association with the three performance-oriented dimensions, suggesting that anxiety operates through heightened vigilance rather than enhanced operational skill. These findings, which no single-domain design could have produced, indicate that fostering AI literacy requires attention to students’ psychological readiness and foundational digital skills alongside the provision of infrastructure. Full article

Background/Objectives: Retinal imaging has considerable potential for monitoring Alzheimer’s disease (AD) neurodegeneration, as retinal ganglion cell dendritic atrophy within the inner plexiform layer (IPL) is an early event. We tested whether quantitative optical coherence tomography (OCT) speckle texture analysis combined with supervised machine learning could discriminate AD-related IPL alterations without exogenous contrast agents in a mouse model. Methods: Retinal explants from triple-transgenic AD mice (n = 7, aged 12 months) and C57BL/6 controls (n = 3, aged 15 months) were imaged ex vivo using a custom 1040 nm spectral-domain OCT system. Five grey-level co-occurrence matrix (GLCM) features were extracted from IPL volumes of interest (VOIs) and classified using a linear support vector machine (SVM). Results: AD and control IPL textures formed two completely separable clusters in a two-dimensional feature space defined by contrast and entropy (0°), achieving 100% VOI-level classification accuracy (95% CI: 96.4–100%). However, given the small sample size, VOI-level rather than animal-level validation, lack of histological confirmation, non-interleaved image acquisition, and differences in age/strain between groups, these results represent exploratory dataset separability rather than a validated diagnostic test. Conclusions: These findings demonstrate the feasibility of the ligand-free, texture-based OCT discrimination of IPL alterations, indicating a strong underlying optical signal. Adequately powered, in vivo longitudinal studies with matched controls, interleaved acquisition, animal-level cross-validation, and histological validation are required before any clinical translation. Full article

In contrast to foreign nucleic acids, some of our own endogenously synthesized nucleic acids may become immunologically active without being considered “foreign”. For example, abnormalities in chromatin organization, transcription termination, ribonucleic acid (RNA) splicing, and RNA editing, together with damage to mitochondrial integrity, may render normally functional deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and RNA persistently available and aberrantly structured ligands for innate immunity. Z-DNA-binding protein 1 (ZBP1), recently identified as an important component of this innate immune system, recognizes both left-handed DNA (Z-DNA) and left-handed RNA (Z-RNA) using its tandem Z-alpha (Zα) domains and couples recognition of these conformational states to receptor-interacting serine/threonine-protein kinase 1 (RIPK1)-, receptor-interacting serine/threonine-protein kinase 3 (RIPK3)-, and mixed-lineage kinase domain-like pseudokinase (MLKL)-dependent inflammatory and cell-death pathways. More recent studies have also shown that ZBP1 plays a role in recognizing damaged self-nucleic acids associated with tauopathies, Alzheimer’s disease (AD), traumatic brain injury (TBI), and amyloid-associated neuroinflammation. The nucleic-acid forms associated with these conditions include transposable-element activation, extended repeat-containing transcripts, RNA–RNA duplexes or RNA:DNA hybrids, oxidized mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA), and intercellularly transferred nucleic acids, all of which may exhibit substrate structures compatible with Z-form formation. Signaling by ZBP1 does not occur simply based upon nucleic-acid abundance; rather, signaling occurs after prolonged exposure to a nucleic acid when it persists in a structurally competent state, sufficient receptors are present to bind its exposed regions, the receptor proteoforms are competent to participate in signaling, receptor-interacting protein homotypic interaction motif (RHIM)-dependent assembly occurs, and the appropriate adaptor molecules are present. Furthermore, the identity of the cell type expressing ZBP1 determines whether the response produces RIPK3–MLKL-dependent neuronal injury, microglia-mediated inflammation, apoptosis, or mixed cell death. Finally, competition with adenosine deaminase acting on RNA 1 (ADAR1), melanoma differentiation-associated protein 5 (MDA5), double-stranded RNA-dependent protein kinase (PKR), the cyclic guanosine monophosphate–adenosine monophosphate synthase–stimulator of interferon genes (cGAS–STING) pathway, and other nucleic-acid-sensing proteins divides the available pool of endogenous nucleic acids among the outcomes of immune tolerance, type I interferon (IFN-I) signaling, translational inhibition, neuroinflammation, and necroptosis. Full article

Background/Objectives: Interprofessional education (IPE) supports collaborative practice, but educational exposure, self-rated knowledge, and collaboration are distinct constructs. We examined the adjusted associations between self-reported prior IPE experience and single-item self-rated IPE knowledge and perceived collaboration among health professions faculty and educators in Albanian and Italian work contexts. Methods: This quantitative-dominant cross-sectional mixed-methods study included 445 faculty members and educators. Collaboration was assessed using language-matched versions of the 23-item Assessment of Interprofessional Team Collaboration Scale II (AITCS-II). Self-rated IPE knowledge was assessed using a single author-developed 0–100 item. Heteroskedasticity-consistent type 3 standard errors in linear regressions examined adjusted associations and exploratory context interactions. Confirmatory factor analysis and reliability analyses examined preliminary evidence of internal structural validity and internal consistency in this sample. Directed qualitative content analysis with inductive expansion examined 341 responses from 114 participants and was integrated into the aggregate results. Results: A total of 47.2% of participants reported prior IPE experience; the mean single-item self-rated IPE knowledge score was 31.7/100, and the mean overall AITCS-II score was 3.95/5. Cooperation was rated highest and Partnership lowest. In the adjusted model (n = 417), self-reported prior IPE experience was associated with a 0.32-point higher overall AITCS-II score (95% CI 0.18–0.47), while each 10-point increase in the single-item knowledge rating was associated with a 0.03-point higher score (95% CI 0.002–0.058). No country-of-work interaction was statistically supported. The response covariance structure was compatible with the hypothesised three-factor model. Qualitative findings emphasised experiential and longitudinal learning and identified professional silos, hierarchies, curricular rigidity, limited resources, and weak organisational coordination as barriers. Conclusions: Self-reported prior IPE experience showed a clearer and more consistent association with perceived collaboration than did the single-item measure of self-rated IPE knowledge, whose association was small and less consistent across domains. Applied, repeated, and contextually embedded IPE, supported by faculty development and organisational structures, may facilitate collaborative practice. Causal and cross-country conclusions are not warranted. Full article

In recent years, aquaculture, a critical pillar of global food security, has faced challenges including germplasm resource degradation, frequent disease outbreaks, and insufficient environmental adaptability. To address these issues, omics technologies—centered on genomics, transcriptomics, and related fields—are driving the transformation of aquaculture toward precision and intelligence by establishing a three-dimensional “genotype–phenotype–environment” knowledge network. In this review, we outline foundational applications of omics in aquaculture and highlight the characteristics and current applications of distinct omics approaches. Furthermore, we summarize three core application domains of omics in aquaculture: (1) genetic breeding via genomic selection (GS), gene editing, and multi-omics molecular dissection of economic traits; (2) disease prevention through host–pathogen interaction studies and microbial engineering; and (3) environmental assessment through multi-omics characterization of biological and ecological responses. Additionally, we identify challenges in applying omics technologies to aquatic breeding and database development. Overall, this review aims to provide aquaculture practitioners with actionable insights by enhancing understanding of omics-driven innovations in sustainable aquaculture advancement. Full article

Holographic stereograms record large sets of multi-view projection images into elementary hologram units (hogels), and their visual quality is governed primarily by the quality and inter-view consistency of the input multi-view imagery. Conventional photogrammetry-based pipelines for generating such imagery rely on surface meshes and require burdensome post-processing, which limits the fidelity of thin structures and view-dependent reflections. This paper proposes an integrated workflow that replaces the photogrammetric stage with Gaussian splatting and presents a controlled comparison of volumetric 3D Gaussian splatting (3DGS) and surface-aligned 2D Gaussian splatting (2DGS) for hogel-based digital hologram production. Using 397 drone-captured images of a 3 m bronze Pegasus statue, both representations were trained under identical input data, camera poses, and hyperparameters, and 119,808 full-parallax multi-view images (768 × 156 grid; 120° × 52° field of view) were rendered from each model, converted into hogel arrays by an identical ray-tracing transform, and printed onto Ultimate U04 silver halide plates under identical optical conditions. In the digital domain, 3DGS outperformed 2DGS on all three standard novel-view-synthesis metrics (PSNR 32.68 vs. 31.03 dB; SSIM 0.9281 vs. 0.9139; and LPIPS 0.1150 vs. 0.1406) while using approximately 1.67 times more Gaussians. Conversely, 2DGS produced superior results at viewpoints outside the training distribution, on thin structures such as wings and mane, and at the extremes (±60°) of the virtual camera array, and these differences propagated consistently to the printed holograms, whose edge sharpness was higher for 2DGS at every measured viewpoint (mean 39.6 vs. 23.8). Notably, 2DGS achieved this superior printed-output quality while using approximately 40% fewer Gaussians than 3DGS, combining model efficiency with the multi-view consistency that proved decisive for hogel-based printing. The results demonstrate that single-view metrics such as PSNR do not capture the multi-view consistency that dominates hogel-based output quality and provide practical guidance for representation selection in holographic-printing workflows. Full article

Background: Current evidence on diabetes care interventions is either fragmented or focused on specific interventions targeting healthcare professionals or patients. This study aims to categorize diabetes care interventions involving physicians or nurses and their impact on health outcomes for individuals with diabetes. Additionally, it aimed to determine the proportion of favorable findings across healthcare intervention categories. Methods: This scoping review was conducted in primary care settings and guided by a health system framework. We searched articles from inception to June 2022 in databases including CENTRAL, MEDLINE, Embase, PsycINFO, and CINAHL. The classification of healthcare interventions was guided by the Cochrane Effective Practice and Organization of Care taxonomy and health system framework. Results: Results were reported following the PRISMA Extension for Scoping Reviews. From the initial pool of 13,406 articles, 116 met the eligibility criteria and reported interventions conducted across 119 countries or regions, of which 94 were high-level economies. Five healthcare intervention categories were identified: transforming the workforce; service content; re-designing the service delivery system; information and communication technology; and multifaceted. Patient health outcomes were classified into 3 overarching categories with 11 subcategories: clinical outcomes, behavioral outcomes, and psychosocial outcomes. The proportion of statistically significant favorable findings differed across intervention categories and outcome domains. Multifaceted interventions showed relatively higher proportions of favorable findings for clinical outcomes, whereas re-designing the service delivery system interventions showed relatively higher proportions for behavioral outcomes. ICT interventions frequently reported favorable findings related to blood glucose indicators. Conclusions: This study provides a comprehensive overview of healthcare interventions and health outcomes for diabetes in primary care settings. It emphasizes the importance of tailored interventions, delivery methods, and technology integration for effective diabetes management, advocating for a comprehensive approach from individual to societal levels. Full article

Background: Wearable sensing and local wireless communication architectures offer significant potential for accessible rehabilitation technologies. The objective of this exploratory study was to design, implement, and describe an interdisciplinary, wireless inertial sensing platform—the Virtual Therapist Platform (VTP)—for real-time postural monitoring and exergame-based rehabilitation in a controlled laboratory setting. Methods: A laboratory proof-of-concept evaluation was conducted across three integrated domains: (1) technical characterisation of the dual-node ESP-NOW architecture (30-min test at 50 packets/s per node via an ESP32-C6 gateway) for real-time trunk tracking; (2) formative usability and acceptability assessment of the VTP interface across two independent cohorts of fourth-year Physiotherapy students ($n=25$ per cohort; 2024 and 2025) using a standardized protocol; and (3) a descriptive mapping of the four-phase interdisciplinary development process integrating Physiotherapy and Mechatronics Engineering inputs. Results: The two-node ESP-NOW test demonstrated high communication performance (99.68% packet delivery ratio (PDR), 8.03 ms mean latency, 1.98 ms jitter, and 99.68 ± 0.52 packets/s throughput). Subjective usability increased from a median score of 85.0 (IQR: 80.0–92.5) in 2024 to 100.0 (IQR: 100.0–100.0) in 2025. Conclusions: The dual-node architecture provided reliable local ESP-NOW packet transmission, while subjective evaluations demonstrated high system usability and acceptability. This interdisciplinary baseline lays the groundwork for future evaluations in clinical environments. Full article

The spectrum of syndromes associated with chronic urticaria (CU) is broad, ranging from monogenic autoinflammatory diseases (a single gene defect drives disease through dysregulated innate immunity) to multifactorial and acquired conditions (urticaria arises as part of a broader, polygenic or immune-mediated systemic process). Monogenic autoinflammatory conditions presenting with urticaria include cryopyrin-associated periodic syndromes (CAPS)—encompassing familial cold autoinflammatory syndrome (FCAS), Muckle–Wells syndrome (MWS), and neonatal-onset multisystem inflammatory disease (NOMID/CINCA) and the broader group of familial cold urticarias. Monogenic conditions with well-characterized gain-of-function NLR family pyrin domain containing 3 (NLRP3) variants present with recurrent hives, a cardinal feature associated with recurrent fevers. Multifactorial and acquired autoinflammatory or immune-mediated conditions include Schnitzler syndrome, adult-onset Still’s disease, hypereosinophilic syndrome, Gleich syndrome, Wells syndrome, and Sjögren syndrome. Multifactorial conditions, including Schnitzler syndrome and Still’s disease, manifest similarly, with CU as an initial sign and a shared pathogenic mechanism of innate immune dysregulation, with interleukin-1β playing a central, pro-inflammatory role as a major pyrogen. Here, we also present a female patient with clinically established Andersen–Tawil syndrome (ATS) who developed recurrent hives on her extremities within minutes after vigorous exercise. To our knowledge, this is the first report of a co-occurrence of CU and ATS. The hives were successfully attenuated by oral intake of effervescent potassium chloride during physical activity. This observation raises the possibility that chronic inducible urticaria may represent a previously unrecognized cutaneous ATS manifestation and suggests a potential pathophysiological link between potassium-channel dysfunction and mast cell activation. Distinguishing whether hives are an isolated symptom or part of a broader syndrome is critically important, as it might be crucial for the patient outcome. Full article

High-risk industries (HRI) face persistent safety challenges due to complex environments and multi-factor risks. Traditional manual monitoring is inefficient and reactive. While computer vision (CV) and deep learning (DL) have enabled automated risk perception, existing research lacks systematic review of the transition toward risk cognition. This systematic review, following PRISMA 2020 guidelines, searched Web of Science, Scopus, and IEEE Xplore for studies published from January 2021 to December 2025. After two-stage screening, 108 eligible studies were included. These studies span construction, mining, oil and gas, petrochemical, rail, energy, and maritime industries, with perception-layer applications predominating while cognition and early warning layer studies remain limited. We propose a “perception–cognition–early warning” framework to map the evolution from data to information, knowledge, and actionable decisions. Our findings reveal that visual perception technologies (e.g., Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) detection, object tracking) have matured, but significant bottlenecks persist in multimodal information fusion, knowledge reasoning, and decision-making. Achieving a true cognitive leap requires multimodal semantic alignment, scene graph construction, and causal inference. The proposed framework enables practitioners to design cognitive safety vision systems with scene understanding and interpretable decision-making capabilities. Key implementation strategies include addressing challenges in few-shot learning, cross-domain generalization, and human–machine collaboration. By integrating AI-driven perception, cognitive reasoning, and proactive intervention, this review supports the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals. Relevant goals include Goal 3 (health and well-being), Goal 8 (decent work), and Goal 9 (industry and innovation). Full article