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Keywords = crushed clay brick

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10 pages, 7610 KiB  
Proceeding Paper
Prediction of the Characteristics of Concrete Containing Crushed Brick Aggregate
by Marijana Hadzima-Nyarko, Miljan Kovačević, Ivanka Netinger Grubeša and Silva Lozančić
Eng. Proc. 2024, 68(1), 24; https://doi.org/10.3390/engproc2024068024 - 8 Jul 2024
Viewed by 791
Abstract
The construction industry faces the challenge of conserving natural resources while maintaining environmental sustainability. This study investigates the feasibility of using recycled materials, particularly crushed clay bricks, as replacements for conventional aggregates in concrete. The research aims to optimize the performance of both [...] Read more.
The construction industry faces the challenge of conserving natural resources while maintaining environmental sustainability. This study investigates the feasibility of using recycled materials, particularly crushed clay bricks, as replacements for conventional aggregates in concrete. The research aims to optimize the performance of both single regression tree models and ensembles of regression trees in predicting concrete properties. The study focuses on optimizing key parameters like the minimum leaf size in the models. By testing various minimum leaf sizes and ensemble methods such as Random Forest and TreeBagger, the study evaluates metrics including Root Mean Squared Error (RMSE), Mean Absolute Error (MAE), Mean Absolute Percentage Error (MAPE), and the coefficient of determination (R2). The analysis indicates that the most influential factors on concrete characteristics are the concrete’s age, the amount of superplasticizer used, and the size of crushed brick particles exceeding 4 mm. Additionally, the water-to-cement ratio significantly impacts the predictions. The regression tree models showed optimal performance with a minimum leaf size, achieving an RMSE of 4.00, an MAE of 2.95, an MAPE of 0.10, and an R2 of 0.96. Full article
(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 10th International Conference on Time Series and Forecasting)
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17 pages, 14563 KiB  
Article
Characteristics of Lightweight Concrete Fabricated with Different Types of Strengthened Lightweight Aggregates
by Laith Mohammed Ridha Mahmmod, Anmar Dulaimi, Luís Filipe Almeida Bernardo and Jorge Miguel de Almeida Andrade
J. Compos. Sci. 2024, 8(4), 144; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcs8040144 - 12 Apr 2024
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 1922
Abstract
The vast majority of different waste building units have negative environmental impacts around the world. Crushed building units can be recycled and utilized in the concrete industry to solve these problems and maintain natural resources. This study investigated the feasibility of employing crushed [...] Read more.
The vast majority of different waste building units have negative environmental impacts around the world. Crushed building units can be recycled and utilized in the concrete industry to solve these problems and maintain natural resources. This study investigated the feasibility of employing crushed autoclaved aerated concrete (CAAC) and crushed clay brick (CCB) as a lightweight aggregate (LWA) to fabricate environmentally friendly recycled lightweight concrete (LWC). In addition, a lightweight expanded clay aggregate (LECA) was also used as an LWA, namely to study how the high porosity of an LWA can adversely affect the properties of LWC. Through the experimental program, all types of LWAs were pre-treated and strengthened with two cementitious grouts, and then the performance of the produced LWC was assessed by determining the slump of fresh concrete, the dry density, the unconfined compressive strength, and the splitting tensile strength at ages of 3, 7, 28, and 56 days. The laboratory results revealed that both CCB and CAAC can be reused as full substitutions for normal-weight coarse aggregate to manufacture LWC with appropriate properties. The obtained data show that the properties of an LECA, CCB, and CAAC were improved, and the porous structure can be strengthened by pre-treatment and coating with grouts. In the same way, the mechanical performance of produced LWC is also enhanced. Full article
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20 pages, 12543 KiB  
Article
Influence of Steel and Polypropylene Fibers on the Structural Behavior of Sustainable Reinforced Lightweight Concrete Beams Made from Crushed Clay Bricks
by Esraa A. Elsherbiny, Mohamed Mortagi, Osama Youssf, Mohamed Abd Elrahman and Mohamed E. El Madawy
Sustainability 2023, 15(19), 14570; https://doi.org/10.3390/su151914570 - 8 Oct 2023
Cited by 7 | Viewed by 1701
Abstract
Structural lightweight concrete is preferred over traditional concrete due to its ability to reduce the dead load, minimize the size of load-bearing structural members, and provide more economical solutions for foundation deteriorations. This research sheds light on sustainable lightweight concrete using waste crushed [...] Read more.
Structural lightweight concrete is preferred over traditional concrete due to its ability to reduce the dead load, minimize the size of load-bearing structural members, and provide more economical solutions for foundation deteriorations. This research sheds light on sustainable lightweight concrete using waste crushed clay bricks (CCB) as a lightweight aggregate. To reduce micro-crack propagation of the developed concrete, two types of fiber were implemented and investigated. Steel fibers (SF) with amounts of 0.5% and 1.0% by volume of concrete, and polypropylene fibers (PPF) with amounts of 0.1% and 0.2% by volume of concrete, were employed. Five reinforced concrete beams were made and tested in order to precisely evaluate the structural behavior of the proposed lightweight CCB concrete. Additionally, ABAQUS software for nonlinear finite element analysis has been utilized to simulate the tested beams and compare the numerical model predictions with the experimental findings. The findings revealed that the addition of SF and PPF exhibited a notable influence on enhancing the mechanical characteristics of lightweight CCB concrete. Adding 0.2% PPF increased the ultimate load and deformation capacity at failure by approximately 16% and 24%, respectively. Furthermore, after 28 days, the addition of 0.5% and 1.0% SF enhanced the compressive strength by around 11.7% and 17.6%, respectively. Moreover, a significant level of consistency between the results obtained from the numerical model and the experimental findings was observed. In general, the use of SF and PPF in CCB concrete successfully produced high-quality lightweight concrete with interesting results for use in reinforced concrete beams. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Sustainable Engineering and Science)
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17 pages, 4992 KiB  
Article
Effects of the In-Plane Flexural Behavior Modeling Choices for Hollow Clay Masonry Brickwork with Horizontal Holes
by Simone Labò, Stefano Cademartori and Alessandra Marini
Buildings 2023, 13(10), 2438; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings13102438 - 25 Sep 2023
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1185
Abstract
Buildings with load-bearing structures made of hollow clay blocks with horizontal holes and cement-based mortar are quite common in Italy, yet the current design standards do not consider specific modeling issues to be addressed by practicing engineers. In the absence of peculiar specifications, [...] Read more.
Buildings with load-bearing structures made of hollow clay blocks with horizontal holes and cement-based mortar are quite common in Italy, yet the current design standards do not consider specific modeling issues to be addressed by practicing engineers. In the absence of peculiar specifications, the prescriptions given for ordinary masonry walls are thus commonly adopted. However, experimental tests proved that walls built with hollow brick masonry performed quite differently from ordinary masonry walls. Considering the in-plane flexural behavior under horizontal loads, unlike ordinary masonry walls that exhibit some ductility, this construction typology performs quite poorly, showing very little deformation capacity and ductility. In recent experimental campaigns, a brittle collapse mechanism was observed due to the toe crush, which entailed the inability of the wall to further withstand the vertical loads. In this paper, the effects of incorrect modeling choices on the characterization of the in-plane behavior of this construction typology and the consequences related to overestimating ductility are discussed; the effects of the reduced ductility on the reliability of the assessment of an existing building as well as on the conceptual design of possible structural retrofit measures are investigated. From the critical discussion, the need emerged to accurately model the in-plane flexural behavior and to update the code provisions to explicitly consider masonry walls with hollow clay bricks with horizontal holes. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Maintenance, Repair and Rehabilitation of Building Structures)
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41 pages, 5123 KiB  
Review
The Use of Recycled Tire Rubber, Crushed Glass, and Crushed Clay Brick in Lightweight Concrete Production: A Review
by Sherif H. Helmy, Ahmed M. Tahwia, Mohamed G. Mahdy, Mohamed Abd Elrahman, Mohammed A. Abed and Osama Youssf
Sustainability 2023, 15(13), 10060; https://doi.org/10.3390/su151310060 - 25 Jun 2023
Cited by 51 | Viewed by 7596
Abstract
Worldwide, vast amounts of waste are produced every year and most waste is sent directly to landfills or burnt, which has severe and harmful impacts on the environment. Recycling waste materials is considered the most visible solution to protect the environment. Using scraps [...] Read more.
Worldwide, vast amounts of waste are produced every year and most waste is sent directly to landfills or burnt, which has severe and harmful impacts on the environment. Recycling waste materials is considered the most visible solution to protect the environment. Using scraps in concrete production is a proper method for getting rid of wastes, improving the characteristics of concrete, reducing the consumption of natural aggregates, and can be used as cementitious materials that decrease cement production so that the CO2 that is produced during cement manufacturing decreases. This review paper summarizes the use of recycled waste materials, including rubber tires, crushed glass, and crushed clay brick in concrete, as a fractional replacement of aggregates, cement, etc., to develop eco-friendly lightweight construction materials. It has been concluded that the dry density of sustainable concrete decreased to 4, 21.7, and 31.7% when crushed glass, clay brick, and rubber tire were incorporated into the concrete instead of traditional aggregate, respectively. Waste rubber has good results in sulfate, thermal, and impact resistance, while glass powder and finely crushed clay brick helped to improve mechanical properties by increasing reach by 33% for glass and a slight increase for crushed clay brick, as well as thermal resistance compared to normal concrete. Moreover, due to the low particle density of these waste materials compared to that of normal-weight aggregates, these materials can be utilized efficiently to produce lightweight concrete for structural and non-structural applications such as road engineering, flooring for mounting machinery, highway and rail crash barriers, permeable pavement, interlocking bricks, insulation, filling concrete, and bearing walls. Full article
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14 pages, 4034 KiB  
Article
Utilization of Different Forms of Demolished Clay Brick and Granite Wastes for Better Performance in Cement Composites
by Jeonghyun Kim, Donwoo Lee, Alena Sičáková and Namho Kim
Buildings 2023, 13(1), 165; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings13010165 - 9 Jan 2023
Cited by 21 | Viewed by 3113
Abstract
Clay brick and granite waste are part of the waste generated by construction and demolition activities. The amount of these wastes generated is enormous, but on the one hand, they can be used as a raw material for cement mixtures; thus, it is [...] Read more.
Clay brick and granite waste are part of the waste generated by construction and demolition activities. The amount of these wastes generated is enormous, but on the one hand, they can be used as a raw material for cement mixtures; thus, it is important to find ways to utilize them efficiently. In this study, clay brick and granite waste were crushed and screened into two size fractions (0.15–2.36 mm for sand replacement and smaller than 0.15 mm for cement replacement), and a total of four different forms of recycled materials were obtained (recycled brick aggregate, recycled brick powder, recycled granite aggregate and recycled granite powder) and used in cement mortar. Various properties (workability, mechanical strength and drying shrinkage) of the mortars were assessed according to standardized test methods. The results showed that the various material forms had different effects on the various properties of cement mortar. At replacement ratios of 10% and 20%, recycled granite showed better workability when used as powder, whereas recycled brick used as aggregate had higher workability. In common, using recycled brick and recycled granite in the form of aggregate was advantageous for the strength development of mortar, while using them in the form of powder helped to mitigate drying shrinkage. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Cement Composite Materials)
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25 pages, 8562 KiB  
Article
Experimental Investigation and Modeling of the Sulfur Dioxide Abatement of Photocatalytic Mortar Containing Construction Wastes Pre-Treated by Nano TiO2
by Xue-Fei Chen and Chu-Jie Jiao
Catalysts 2022, 12(7), 708; https://doi.org/10.3390/catal12070708 - 28 Jun 2022
Cited by 6 | Viewed by 1827
Abstract
A photocatalytic mortar containing recycled clay brick powder (RCBP), recycled fine aggregate (RFA), recycled glass (RG), and nanoscale titanium dioxide (NT) was fabricated to degrade low-concentration sulfur dioxide. Instead of intermixing or dip-coating, NT was firstly loaded onto the surface of carriers (RFA [...] Read more.
A photocatalytic mortar containing recycled clay brick powder (RCBP), recycled fine aggregate (RFA), recycled glass (RG), and nanoscale titanium dioxide (NT) was fabricated to degrade low-concentration sulfur dioxide. Instead of intermixing or dip-coating, NT was firstly loaded onto the surface of carriers (RFA and RG) using a soaking method to prepare composite photocatalysts (CPs) denoted as NT@RFA and NT@RG. The prepared CPs can both take full advantage of the intrinsic characteristics of construction wastes, namely, the high porosity and alkalinity of RFA and the light-transmitting property of RG, and can significantly reduce the cost of using NT. RG in high dosage potentially triggers alkali–silica reaction (ASR) in cement-based materials, which affects the durability of the prepared mortar. RCBP, another typical construction waste sourced from crushed clay bricks, was proven to be a pozzolan similar to grade II fly ash. The combined use of RCBP and RG in photocatalytic mortar is expected to simultaneously improve durable performance and further raise the upper content limit of construction wastes. Results exhibit that 70% cement plus 30% RCBP as cementitious material can sufficiently control ASR to an acceptable level. The filling effect and the pozzolanic reaction caused by RCBP result in a decline in porosity and lessened alkalinity, which decreases sulfur dioxide removal. The paper uses both response surface methodology (RSM) and an artificial neural network (ANN) to model photocatalytic efficiency with various initial concentrations and flow rates and finds the ANN to have a better fitting and prediction performance. Full article
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18 pages, 9920 KiB  
Article
Improving Stress-Strain Behavior of Waste Aggregate Concrete Using Affordable Glass Fiber Reinforced Polymer (GFRP) Composites
by Kittipoom Rodsin, Nazam Ali, Panuwat Joyklad, Krisada Chaiyasarn, Ahmed W. Al Zand and Qudeer Hussain
Sustainability 2022, 14(11), 6611; https://doi.org/10.3390/su14116611 - 28 May 2022
Cited by 12 | Viewed by 2174
Abstract
Several studies have highlighted the potential of crushed brick aggregates in non-structural concrete. This is because crushed brick aggregates offer substandard mechanical properties in comparison to natural stone aggregates. Synthetic Fiber Reinforced Polymer (FRP) sheets have been known to overcome this issue. However, [...] Read more.
Several studies have highlighted the potential of crushed brick aggregates in non-structural concrete. This is because crushed brick aggregates offer substandard mechanical properties in comparison to natural stone aggregates. Synthetic Fiber Reinforced Polymer (FRP) sheets have been known to overcome this issue. However, enormous costs associated with synthetic FRPs may limit their use in several low-budget applications. This study recognizes this issue and propose a cost-effective solution in the form of low-cost glass fiber (LC-GFRP) sheets. Two types of brick aggregates (i.e., solid-clay and hollow-clay brick aggregates) were used to fabricate concrete by replacing 50% of natural aggregates. Experimental results of 32 non-circular specimens were reported in this study. To overcome the substandard mechanical properties of recycled brick aggregate concrete (RBAC), specimens were strengthened with 2, 4, and 6 layers of LC-GFRP sheets. Noticeable improvements in ultimate compressive stress and corresponding strain were observed and were found to correlate positively with the number of LC-GFRP sheets. It was found that 4 and 6 layers of LC-GFRP sheets imparted significant axial ductility irrespective of the brick aggregate type and inherent concrete strength. Several existing stress-strain models for confined concrete were considered to predict ultimate confined compressive stress and corresponding strain. Accuracy of existing models was assessed by mean of the ratio of analytical to experimental values and associated standard deviations. For ultimate stress predictions, the lowest mean value of the ratio of analytical to experimental ultimate compressive stress was 1.07 with a standard deviation of 0.10. However, none of the considered models was able to provide good estimates of ultimate strains. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Composites and Sustainability)
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2 pages, 280 KiB  
Abstract
Development of Geopolymer Binders with Mixed Construction and Demolition Waste-Based Materials
by Gurkan Yildirim, Ashraf Ashour, Emircan Ozcelikci, Muhammed Faruk Gunal and Behlul Furkan Ozel
Eng. Proc. 2022, 17(1), 4; https://doi.org/10.3390/engproc2022017004 - 2 May 2022
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1492
Abstract
As a consequence of the ever-increasing urban population and continuous development of industrialization and economies of the countries around the world, the construction and demolition industry has gained eye-catching popularity, although it is also considered one of the largest producers of solid wastes [...] Read more.
As a consequence of the ever-increasing urban population and continuous development of industrialization and economies of the countries around the world, the construction and demolition industry has gained eye-catching popularity, although it is also considered one of the largest producers of solid wastes globally. In an effort to counteract the negative effects of the growing construction and demolition waste (CDW) issue, the current study focuses on the utilization of mixed CDW-based materials such as hollow brick (HB), red clay brick (RCB), roof tile (RT), glass (G) and concrete (C) in the production of geopolymer binders. These materials were acquired from demolished residential buildings in an urban transformation area and then subjected to an identical two-step crushing–milling procedure to reach sufficient fineness for geopolymerization. In the first stage of the study, these materials were used singly in the production of geopolymer binders to analyse the effects of material characteristics (e.g., fineness, chemical composition and crystalline nature) on the geopolymerization performance. Thereafter, these materials were used altogether in a quinary mixture to produce geopolymer binders with the purpose of better simulating the real-life conditions where CDWs are obtained altogether and are time-/energy-consuming to separate. In order to characterize the performance of different CDW-based materials, several mixture designs were made using sodium hydroxide (NaOH) as the alkali activator. After applying thermal curing to the geopolymer pastes, compressive strength tests were performed in addition to microstructural analyses. The results showed that compressive strength values of up to 55 MPa could successfully be achieved depending on the mixture proportions. While RT was found to be the most effective material in terms of the mechanical performance of CDW-based geopolymer binders, G and C exhibited poor performances due to relatively coarse particle size distribution and an inadequate chemical composition of SiO2 and Al2O3, which is a necessity for effective geopolymerization. In-depth microstructural analyses identified that geopolymer pastes with higher compressive strengths had denser and more homogeneous microstructures. The main reaction products of the geopolymer binders were mostly sodium aluminosilicate hydrate (N-A-S-H) gels with zeolite-like structures, as well as some calcium aluminosilicate hydrate (C-A-S-H) gels that arose from the use of C with a high CaO content. Our results prove that CDW-based materials can successfully be used in the production of geopolymers, and can be regarded as promising alternatives to traditional systems based on Portland cement. Full article
(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 1st International Online Conference on Infrastructures)
15 pages, 4021 KiB  
Article
Preliminary Feasibility Investigation on Reutilization of Recycled Crushed Clay Bricks from Construction and Demolition Waste for Cement-Stabilized Macadam
by Dongxing Wu, Wenchao Chu, Longlin Wang, Wensheng Wang, Haoyun Wang, Xuanhao Shangguan and Xiang Cui
Materials 2022, 15(9), 3171; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma15093171 - 27 Apr 2022
Cited by 9 | Viewed by 1817
Abstract
Utilizing recycled crushed clay brick (RCB) from C&D waste in road engineering construction as the substitute for natural aggregates has attracted a lot of attention, which would be a promising step forward towards sustainable development and green construction. The objective of this study [...] Read more.
Utilizing recycled crushed clay brick (RCB) from C&D waste in road engineering construction as the substitute for natural aggregates has attracted a lot of attention, which would be a promising step forward towards sustainable development and green construction. The objective of this study is to assess the feasibility of cement-stabilized macadam (CSM), incorporating various RCB fine aggregate substitution ratios. For this purpose, the physical and chemical properties of RCB fine aggregate was tested, and RCB exhibited a porous surface micro-morphology, high water absorption and pozzolanic activity. Subsequently, a comprehensive experimental investigation of modified CSM with RCB has been carried out based on laboratory tests concerning the mechanical and shrinkage properties. Results showed that higher RCB fine aggregate substitution ratio resulted in lower unconfined compressive strength, and the negative influence of RCB on unconfined compressive strength would decrease gradually, varying curing time; however, the higher the RCB substitution ratio was, the larger the indirect tensile strength at 90 d curing time of the late curing period was. CSM containing RCB had an overall increasing accumulative water loss rate, accumulative strain of dry shrinkage and average coefficient of dry shrinkage, except that 20% RCB resulted in an excellent dry shrinkage property. Moreover, RCB with pozzolanic activity reacted very slowly mainly at later ages, enhancing the interfacial transition zone. Full article
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17 pages, 6170 KiB  
Article
The Effect of Finely-Grinded Crushed Brick Powder on Physical and Microstructural Characteristics of Lightweight Concrete
by Hussein Al-kroom, May M. Atyia, Mohamed G. Mahdy and Mohamed Abd Elrahman
Minerals 2022, 12(2), 159; https://doi.org/10.3390/min12020159 - 27 Jan 2022
Cited by 13 | Viewed by 4464
Abstract
The utilization of waste crushed clay brick (CB) in concrete reduces its harmful impacts on the environment as it can be found in many places around the world. This research studies the possibility of using clay brick powder (CBP) as a filler material [...] Read more.
The utilization of waste crushed clay brick (CB) in concrete reduces its harmful impacts on the environment as it can be found in many places around the world. This research studies the possibility of using clay brick powder (CBP) as a filler material to produce lightweight concrete as it has been exposed to high temperatures during manufacturing of the bricks, which increases its pozzolanic reactivity. The effect of using an air-entraining agent (AEA) for additional pore formation on concrete performance was evaluated. Eight mixtures were prepared and examined to achieve the research objectives. Concrete flowability, dry density, compressive strength, ultrasonic pulse velocity, thermal conductivity, sorptivity, and porosity were measured. Additionally, scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, thermo-gravimetric analysis, and mercury intrusion porosimetry were used to analyze the microstructure characteristics of the concrete. The results indicate that the use of CBP as filler material enhances the mechanical and durability characteristics of the concrete. In contrast, adding an AEA has negative effects on concrete’s mechanical and durability properties, but on the other hand, its use enhances the thermal properties of the concrete. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Clays and Engineered Mineral Materials)
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14 pages, 3162 KiB  
Article
Recycling Crushed Waste Beer Bottle Glass in Fired Clay Bricks
by Yuecheng Xin, Halenur Kurmus, Abbas Mohajerani, Yasmin Dallol, Yunsha Lao, Dilan Robert, Biplob Pramanik and Phuong Tran
Buildings 2021, 11(10), 483; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings11100483 - 17 Oct 2021
Cited by 11 | Viewed by 5062
Abstract
Waste glass is a readily available domestic material. Each year, around 257,000 tonnes of glass waste are produced in Victoria, and the majority is glass packings. Typically, mixed waste glass cullet is deposited in landfills due to the limited recycling techniques. As a [...] Read more.
Waste glass is a readily available domestic material. Each year, around 257,000 tonnes of glass waste are produced in Victoria, and the majority is glass packings. Typically, mixed waste glass cullet is deposited in landfills due to the limited recycling techniques. As a result, landfills are facing a growing issue. Therefore, this study investigates the addition of waste beer bottle glass (BG) in fired clay bricks and examines the effects of varying firing temperatures on the physical and mechanical properties of the manufactured samples. Clay bricks containing 10% BG at a firing temperature of 950 °C depicted similar compressive strength results (41 MPa) to the control samples (42 MPa). The results of all tested bricks were found to be below the water absorption limit of 17%. The thermal conductivity of the bricks incorporating BG was investigated, and it was found that the thermal performance improved with the decreasing firing temperature. Moreover, an initial rate of absorption (IRA), XRD, and XRF analysis was conducted. The experimental results have been discussed and compared with the recommended acceptable properties for standard bricks. Full article
(This article belongs to the Collection Sustainable and Green Construction Materials)
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12 pages, 1209 KiB  
Article
Recycling Construction and Demolition Residues in Clay Bricks
by Chiara Zanelli, Elena Marrocchino, Guia Guarini, Alice Toffano, Carmela Vaccaro and Michele Dondi
Appl. Sci. 2021, 11(19), 8918; https://doi.org/10.3390/app11198918 - 24 Sep 2021
Cited by 16 | Viewed by 3468
Abstract
In recent years, the management of construction and demolition residues (CDRs) has become a major challenge for the construction industry due to the increasing volume of waste produced and its associated environmental impact. The aim of this article is to assess the effect [...] Read more.
In recent years, the management of construction and demolition residues (CDRs) has become a major challenge for the construction industry due to the increasing volume of waste produced and its associated environmental impact. The aim of this article is to assess the effect of fine-grained fractions (<0.125 mm–0.6–0.125 mm) of construction and demolition residues, obtained by industrial sorting in a CDR processing plant in Rovigo (Italy), on the technological behavior and technical performance of clay bricks. Simulating the brickmaking process on a laboratory scale, it was appraised whether the CDR additions determined any change in the main properties of both fired and unfired bricks, taking a CDR-free brick body as a reference. The results indicated that the use of CDR is technologically feasible. It is possible to obtain, through proper crushing and sorting operations, grain-sized fractions with quite homogenous chemical and mineralogical composition. The residues did affect the compositional properties, porosity and water absorption of the clay bricks. Nevertheless, the characterization of the residual-added semi-finished and fired products highlighted their good technological and mechanical properties, which allowed them to provide performances similar to those of standard bricks manufactured with raw natural materials. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Eco-Compatible Materials in Buildings)
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11 pages, 3061 KiB  
Article
Influence of Gypsum Waste Utilization on Properties and Leachability of Fired Clay Brick
by Nur Jannah Abdul Hamid, Aeslina Abdul Kadir, Nurul Nabila Huda Hashar, Paweł Pietrusiewicz, Marcin Nabiałek, Izabela Wnuk, Marcek Gucwa, Paweł Palutkiewicz, Azini Amiza Hashim, Noor Amira Sarani, Amos Anak Nio, Norazian Mohamed Noor and Bartłomiej Jez
Materials 2021, 14(11), 2800; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14112800 - 24 May 2021
Cited by 10 | Viewed by 2808
Abstract
Wastewater treatment activities in the chemical industry have generated abundant gypsum waste, classified as scheduled waste (SW205) under the Environmental Quality Regulations 2005. The waste needs to be disposed into a secure landfill due to the high heavy metals content which is becoming [...] Read more.
Wastewater treatment activities in the chemical industry have generated abundant gypsum waste, classified as scheduled waste (SW205) under the Environmental Quality Regulations 2005. The waste needs to be disposed into a secure landfill due to the high heavy metals content which is becoming a threat to the environment. Hence, an alternative disposal method was evaluated by recycling the waste into fired clay brick. The brick samples were incorporated with different percentages of gypsum waste (0% as control, 10, 20, 30, 40 and 50%) and were fired at 1050 °C using 1 °C per minute heating rate. Shrinkage, dry density, initial rate of suction (IRS) and compressive strength tests were conducted to determine the physical and mechanical properties of the brick, while the synthetic precipitation leaching procedure (SPLP) was performed to scrutinize the leachability of heavy metals from the crushed brick samples. The results showed that the properties would decrease through the incorporation of gypsum waste and indicated the best result at 10% of waste utilization with 47.5% of shrinkage, 1.37% of dry density, 22.87% of IRS and 28.3% of compressive strength. In addition, the leachability test highlighted that the concentrations of Fe and Al was significantly reduced up to 100% from 4884 to 3.13 ppm (Fe) and from 16,134 to 0.81 ppm (Al), respectively. The heavy metals content in the bricks were oxidized during the firing process, which signified the successful remediation of heavy metals in the samples. Based on the permissible incorporation of gypsum waste into fired clay brick, this study promised a more green disposing method for gypsum waste, and insight as a potential towards achieving a sustainable end product. Full article
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14 pages, 3622 KiB  
Article
Potential Activity of Recycled Clay Brick in Cement Stabilized Subbase
by Chunyu Liang, Ying Wang, Wenzhu Song, Guojin Tan, Yanling Li and Youmeng Guo
Appl. Sci. 2019, 9(23), 5208; https://doi.org/10.3390/app9235208 - 29 Nov 2019
Cited by 12 | Viewed by 3109
Abstract
Construction waste is one of the products in the process of urbanization. From the perspective of economy and environmental protection, this study used crushed construction waste clay brick to replace the fine aggregate of cement stabilized macadam subbase in certain proportions, and the [...] Read more.
Construction waste is one of the products in the process of urbanization. From the perspective of economy and environmental protection, this study used crushed construction waste clay brick to replace the fine aggregate of cement stabilized macadam subbase in certain proportions, and the optimum proportion was obtained according to the unconfined compressive strength of 7 days (d), 28 d, and 90 d. The “modified EDTA titration experiment" was also used to explain how the potential activity of construction waste clay brick works in cement stabilized macadam. The result obtained is that an optimal replacement ratio of 50% exists when using construction waste clay brick to replace the fine aggregate of cement stabilized macadam, and its unconfined compressive strength is higher than that of the 0% replacement ratio specimens; that is, the potential activity of the construction waste clay brick contributes the most to the unconfined compressive strength of the specimens at this proportion. According to the blending method and proportion obtained in this study, the application of construction waste clay bricks in a practical project can maximize environmental protection in road engineering and economic benefits simultaneously. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Low Binder Concrete and Mortars)
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