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Keywords = closed die forming

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19 pages, 6037 KiB  
Article
Study on the Choice of a Suitable Material Model for the Numerical Simulation of the Incremental Forming Process of Polymeric Materials
by Nicolae Rosca, Sherwan Mohammed Najm, Eugen Avrigean, Mihaela Oleksik, Tomasz Trzepieciński and Valentin Oleksik
Appl. Sci. 2025, 15(13), 7094; https://doi.org/10.3390/app15137094 - 24 Jun 2025
Viewed by 260
Abstract
The aim of this paper is to identify the most suitable material model for the numerical simulation of the incremental forming of polymeric materials using the finite element method. The analysis program used was Ls-Dyna, and two material models, namely material 24 (Piecewise [...] Read more.
The aim of this paper is to identify the most suitable material model for the numerical simulation of the incremental forming of polymeric materials using the finite element method. The analysis program used was Ls-Dyna, and two material models, namely material 24 (Piecewise Linear Plasticity) and material 89 (Plasticity Polymer), were chosen for comparison from the library of the program. A comparison was made between two polymeric materials, polyamide PA 6.6 and polyethylene HDPE 1000, with the following dimensions of the forming tools: punch diameter, Dp = 6 mm; die length, Ld = 190 mm; die radius, Rd = 5 mm; die corner radius, Rcorner = 10 mm; and blankholder length, Lbl = 190 mm. The simulation using the finite element method was performed with the Ls-Dyna software, and the experimental research was carried out using the Kuka KR210-2 robot. The strains were measured with the Aramis 2M optical system. Experimental investigations were carried out simultaneously, and the results obtained were compared in terms of main strains, thickness reduction, and forces on three directions. Close results were obtained between theoretical and experimental research for both material models. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Materials Science and Engineering)
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22 pages, 2595 KiB  
Article
Optimization of Process Parameters for Advanced High-Strength Steel JSC980Y Automotive Part Using Finite Element Simulation and Deep Neural Network
by Aekkapon Sunanta and Surasak Suranuntchai
J. Manuf. Mater. Process. 2025, 9(6), 197; https://doi.org/10.3390/jmmp9060197 - 12 Jun 2025
Viewed by 554
Abstract
In the stamping process of automotive parts, springback is a major problem when using Advanced High-Strength Steel (AHSS). This phenomenon significantly impacts the shape accuracy of products and is difficult to control. This study aims to optimize process parameters such as blank holder [...] Read more.
In the stamping process of automotive parts, springback is a major problem when using Advanced High-Strength Steel (AHSS). This phenomenon significantly impacts the shape accuracy of products and is difficult to control. This study aims to optimize process parameters such as blank holder force (BHF), die clearance, and blank width to minimize springback in the workpiece. Using optimal process parameters will enhance the efficiency of die compensation processes. The study uses the Finite Element Method (FEM) simulation to predict forming behavior. The case study, Reinforcement-CTR PLR, is made from AHSS grade JSC980Y with a thickness of 1 mm. Four material model combinations were evaluated against actual experiment results to select the most accurate springback prediction model. A full factorial design was used for experiments with varied process parameters. The optimization process used regression and various Artificial Neural Networks (ANNs). From the result, a Deep Neural Network (DNN) with two hidden layers performed with the highest accuracy compared to the other models. The optimal process parameters were identified as 27.62 tons BHF, 1 mm die clearance, and a 290 mm blank width. These optimal results achieved 98.05% of the part area within a displacement tolerance of −1 to 1 mm, closely matching FEM-based validation. Full article
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14 pages, 4931 KiB  
Article
State-of-the-Art VCO with Eight-Shaped Resonator-Type Transmission Line
by Sheng-Lyang Jang, Zi-Jun Lin and Miin-Horng Juang
Electronics 2025, 14(12), 2322; https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics14122322 - 6 Jun 2025
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 533
Abstract
A closed-loop transmission line (TL) coupled to an LCR resonator is used in this study for a fully-integrated CMOS rotary traveling wave oscillator (RTWO) based on the rotary traveling wave principle. A technique for the suppression of magnetic coupling noise is presented with [...] Read more.
A closed-loop transmission line (TL) coupled to an LCR resonator is used in this study for a fully-integrated CMOS rotary traveling wave oscillator (RTWO) based on the rotary traveling wave principle. A technique for the suppression of magnetic coupling noise is presented with eight-shaped inductors. The design and measurement of an 8.53 GHz oscillator in the TSMC 0.18 μm CMOS technology are discussed. The fully-integrated chip occupies a die area of 1.2 × 1.2 mm2. The oscillator consists of four sub-oscillators and uses four 1:1 symmetric twisted transformers, with the secondary inductors connected to form a twisted closed-loop transmission line for coupling the sub-oscillators. The transformers are configured as eight-shaped structures to minimize the far-field magnetic field radiation from each transformer and the whole transformer. At a supply voltage of 1.7 V, the power consumption is 5.84 mW. The free-running oscillation frequency of the RTWO is tunable from 8.53 GHz to 10.0 GHz. The measured phase noise at a 1 MHz frequency offset is −122.4 dBc/Hz at an oscillation frequency of 8.53 GHz, and the figure of merit (FOM) of the proposed VCO with a specific inductor layout is −193.4 dBc/Hz, surpassing other similar RTWOs. The FOM with a tuning range (FOMT) is −195.96 dBc/Hz. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Frontend Electronics for Millimeter-Wave Systems)
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18 pages, 3900 KiB  
Article
Mechanism of Isotropic Behavior in Titanium Alloy Plates Formed by Axial Closed Die Rolling
by Jungang Nan, Dong Liu, Yonghao Zhang, Yu Zhang and Jianguo Wang
Materials 2025, 18(11), 2528; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma18112528 - 27 May 2025
Viewed by 369
Abstract
The torsional behavior during the deformation process of the axial closed die rolling the axial closed rolling (ACDR) forming is studied in this paper using a numerical simulation technique on TC11 titanium alloy. The axial and radial pinch angles, as well as the [...] Read more.
The torsional behavior during the deformation process of the axial closed die rolling the axial closed rolling (ACDR) forming is studied in this paper using a numerical simulation technique on TC11 titanium alloy. The axial and radial pinch angles, as well as the degree of specimen torsion, increased with the amount of deformation. The orientation distribution function (ODF) maps of the α-phase and β-phase were obtained by Electron Back Scatter Diffraction (EBSD) treatment of the TC11 titanium alloy. It can be noticed that there were different types of texture with different strengths in the ACDR samples, and in the xz and yz planes, textures in the direction of the column were predominantly of {0001} <21¯1¯0> and {011¯0} <21¯1¯0>; the weaker the texture was, the closer to the edge of the sample. In the xy plane, the texture structure was mainly distributed along the cone direction, and the textures were {1¯21¯0} <101¯0> and {011¯0} <21¯1¯0>. However, the closer to the edge position of the specimen, the higher the intensity of the texture, and the texture was {12¯12¯} <12¯16>. The β-phase is mainly distributed as {001} <100>, {110} <11¯0>, and {110} <001> textures within the specimen, and the texture strength is about 8.5 times. However, owing to the small proportion of the β-phase content in the specimen, the distribution pattern of its texture has a weak impact on the texture distribution of the overall specimen. A high degree of isotropy in the radial and tangential tensile properties, with a strength isotropy of over 99 percent and a plasticity isotropy of over 95 percent, resulted from the distribution of texture types with varying strengths and orientations within the ACDR specimens, which weakened the TC11 discs’ overall orientation. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Metals and Alloys)
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18 pages, 3490 KiB  
Article
Controlling Product Properties in Forming Processes Using Reinforcement Learning—An Application to V-Die Bending
by Ciarán-Victor Veitenheimer, Dirk Alexander Molitor, Viktor Arne and Peter Groche
Appl. Sci. 2025, 15(10), 5483; https://doi.org/10.3390/app15105483 - 14 May 2025
Viewed by 512
Abstract
Uncertainty is unavoidable in forming processes due to fluctuating properties in the semi-finished product, the tool system and the environment. For this reason, numerous scientists have addressed this issue by developing control approaches like self-optimizing machine tools or the control of product properties. [...] Read more.
Uncertainty is unavoidable in forming processes due to fluctuating properties in the semi-finished product, the tool system and the environment. For this reason, numerous scientists have addressed this issue by developing control approaches like self-optimizing machine tools or the control of product properties. Machine learning algorithms, in particular reinforcement learning (RL) methods, show promising results for controlling production processes in this way. In this paper, the application of RL is demonstrated on an industrially commonly used process, V-die bending. For this purpose, first a flexible tool system is developed that allows the bending angle to be adjusted continuously between 80 and 110°. The developed tool is initially simulated through an FEM model in order to create a sufficient database for the training of an RL agent for springback compensation. The pre-trained agent is then used to control the springback in the real process. To close the resulting sim-to-real gap, it is then retrained on the experimentally generated data. It is shown that the springback can be significantly reduced compared to the uncontrolled case in both the simulative and the experimental process. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Digital Design and Intelligent Manufacturing)
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19 pages, 17957 KiB  
Article
Study of Microstructure and Mechanical Properties by Torsional Behavior in Axial Closed Die Rolling Forming
by Jungang Nan, Dong Liu, Haodong Rao, Yu Zhang, Jun Wu and Jianguo Wang
Metals 2024, 14(12), 1418; https://doi.org/10.3390/met14121418 - 11 Dec 2024
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 827
Abstract
The impact of the torsional component on the microstructure and mechanical characteristics of a titanium alloy is examined in this work using a combination of numerical simulation and experimental validation. During the axial closed die rolling (ACDR) forming, the combined effects of compressive [...] Read more.
The impact of the torsional component on the microstructure and mechanical characteristics of a titanium alloy is examined in this work using a combination of numerical simulation and experimental validation. During the axial closed die rolling (ACDR) forming, the combined effects of compressive and torsional deformation cause a significant increase in the specimen’s cumulative strain. The specimen’s shear strain changes most significantly at the height of H/2. The α-phase has a greater propensity to slip on the conical surface, followed by the cylindrical surface, according to SEM and EBSD analyses. The basal surface has the highest resistance to slip. The formation of a fine isometric α-phase occurs when the compressive component causes the α-phase to become more prone to breakage and fracture. A larger α-phase will form because of the torsional component’s influence, which increases the likelihood that the α-phase will slip and exhibit bending and twisting. With a difference in strength of less than 1 percent and a difference in plasticity between the tangential and radial directions of less than 5 percent, the mechanical properties of the TC11 disks formed by the ACDR show a greater degree of isotropy. The specimens show a tough fracture mode, with radial performance outperforming tangential performance, according to fracture morphology analysis. Full article
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12 pages, 1323 KiB  
Article
Analytical Analysis of Power-Constrained Repeaters’ Insertion in Large-Scale CMOS Chips
by Luigi Gaioni
Electronics 2024, 13(22), 4368; https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics13224368 - 7 Nov 2024
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 933
Abstract
As the die area of CMOS integrated circuits continues to increase, interconnects will become dominant in determining the performance of the circuits from the standpoint of speed and power consumption. Uniform repeater insertion is an effective method used to reduce the propagation delay [...] Read more.
As the die area of CMOS integrated circuits continues to increase, interconnects will become dominant in determining the performance of the circuits from the standpoint of speed and power consumption. Uniform repeater insertion is an effective method used to reduce the propagation delay of a signal in long resistive-capacitive lines. However, non-optimal repeaters’ insertion yields non-optimal circuit performance. In this work, we provide a mathematical treatment for optimal repeater insertion with power consumption constraints. In particular, a closed-form expression for the optimum number and size of repeaters is given for a two-stage buffer used as a repeater. The validation of the analytical solution is assessed by means of circuit simulations, by comparing the theoretical optimal number and size of the repeaters to be placed in the long resistive-capacitive line with the simulated values. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Low Power Circuit and System Design and Applications)
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18 pages, 7248 KiB  
Article
Research and Prediction of Wear Characteristics of Alfalfa Densification Die Based on the Discrete Element Method
by Haijun Du, Hailong Du, Yanhua Ma, He Su, Chuanzong Xuan and Jing Xue
Agriculture 2024, 14(8), 1260; https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture14081260 - 31 Jul 2024
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1168
Abstract
In this study, the wear characteristics of the die were tested and analyzed through compaction tests, and the distribution of wear depth along the direction toward the extrusion outlet was obtained. A discrete element method (DEM) model of the die’s wear process was [...] Read more.
In this study, the wear characteristics of the die were tested and analyzed through compaction tests, and the distribution of wear depth along the direction toward the extrusion outlet was obtained. A discrete element method (DEM) model of the die’s wear process was established. The results show that the severe wear area is located near the stop position of the compression rod, forming a plow-shaped wear area along the extrusion direction, accompanied by fatigue peeling. The wear depth gradually decreases towards the extrusion outlet. The DEM model partially reveals the occurrence of the wear phenomenon, but the particle motion speed deviates from the actual situation. The maximum compression force value range during the DEM compression stage is within the actual maximum compression force value range, and the relative error range of the average maximum compression force is less than 2%. By verifying the formula to calibrate the model, the calibrated model is compared with the actual mold wear, and the predicted value is close to the actual test result. The DEM can be used to explore the wear mechanism and predict the die’s wear failure process, laying the foundation for optimizing die wear resistance design. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Agricultural Technology)
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15 pages, 7292 KiB  
Article
A 3D Non-Linear FE Model and Optimization of Cavity Die Sheet Hydroforming Process
by Arun Achuthankutty, Ajith Ramesh and Ratna Kishore Velamati
Metals 2024, 14(4), 478; https://doi.org/10.3390/met14040478 - 19 Apr 2024
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 1464
Abstract
Cryo-rolled aluminum alloys have a much higher strength-to-weight ratio than cold-rolled alloys, which makes them invaluable in the aerospace and automotive industries. However, this strength gain is frequently accompanied by a formability loss. When uniformly applied to the blank surface, hydroforming provides a [...] Read more.
Cryo-rolled aluminum alloys have a much higher strength-to-weight ratio than cold-rolled alloys, which makes them invaluable in the aerospace and automotive industries. However, this strength gain is frequently accompanied by a formability loss. When uniformly applied to the blank surface, hydroforming provides a solution by generating geometries with constant thickness, making it possible to produce complex structures with “near-net dimensions”, which are difficult to achieve with conventional approaches. This study delves into the cavity die sheet hydroforming (CDSHF) process for high-strength cryo-rolled AA5083 aluminum alloy, focusing on two primary research questions. Firstly, we explored the utilization of a nonlinear 3D finite-element (FE) model to understand its impact on the dimensional accuracy of hydroformed components within the CDSHF process. Specifically, we investigated how decreasing fluid pressure and increasing the holding time of peak fluid pressure can be quantitatively assessed. Secondly, we delved into the optimization of process parameters—fluid pressure (FP), blank holding force (BHF), coefficient of friction (CoF), and flange radius (FR)—to achieve dimensional accuracy in hydroformed square cups through the CDSHF process. Our findings reveal that our efforts, such as reducing peak fluid pressure to 22 MPa, implementing a 30 s holding period, and utilizing an unloading path, enhanced component quality. We demonstrated this with a 35 mm deep square cup exhibiting a 16.1 mm corner radius and reduced material thinning to 5.5%. Leveraging a sophisticated nonlinear 3D FE model coupled with response surface methodology (RSM) and multi-objective optimization techniques, we systematically identified the optimal process configurations, accounting for parameter interactions. Our results underscore the quantitative efficacy of these optimization strategies, as the optimized RSM model closely aligns with finite-element (FE) simulation results, predicting a thinning percentage of 5.27 and a corner radius of 18.64 mm. Overall, our study provides valuable insights into enhancing dimensional accuracy and process optimization in CDSHF, with far-reaching implications for advancing metal-forming technologies. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Metal Casting, Forming and Heat Treatment)
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15 pages, 5732 KiB  
Article
Microstructure Effects on Anodizing High-Silicon Aluminium Alloy AlSi12Cu1(Fe) under Various Surface Conditions and Power Modes
by Emel Razzouk, Dániel Koncz-Horváth and Tamás I. Török
Crystals 2024, 14(4), 352; https://doi.org/10.3390/cryst14040352 - 9 Apr 2024
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2046
Abstract
This study investigates the impact of the surface characteristics and the inner close-to-surface characteristics of die-cast Al-Si-Cu alloy on the anodizing process under steady-state voltage and current modes. Samples of industrial-pressure die-cast aluminium–silicon alloy AlSi12Cu1(Fe) underwent anodization in as-die-cast surface conditions and after [...] Read more.
This study investigates the impact of the surface characteristics and the inner close-to-surface characteristics of die-cast Al-Si-Cu alloy on the anodizing process under steady-state voltage and current modes. Samples of industrial-pressure die-cast aluminium–silicon alloy AlSi12Cu1(Fe) underwent anodization in as-die-cast surface conditions and after surface-grinding operations with material removal of 0.1, 0.5, and 1 mm. After surface grinding operations, the anodic layer thickness was significantly greater when subjected to a steady-state voltage of 35 V compared to that formed under a steady-state voltage of 20 V, showing an increase in the range of 2 to 2.5 times more than the thickness at 20 V. Additionally, anodizing under steady-state current mode (1.6 A·dm−2) yielded thicker layers compared to steady-state voltage mode (35 V, 1.6 A·dm−2 max) across all surface states (as-cast, ground). SEM-EDS analysis with element mapping revealed the subsequent effects of element distribution on anodic layer growth and structure. Grinding prior to anodization resulted in larger cavity sizes and lengths, attributed to microstructural variations induced by grinding. Grinding also exposed areas with slower solidification rates, fostering a homogeneous Al phase that facilitated enhanced oxide growth. Moreover, the formation of oxide was directly correlated with the presence of alloying elements, particularly silicon particles, which influenced the presence of the unanodized aluminium regions. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Metal Oxide Thin Films, Nanomaterials and Nanostructures)
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13 pages, 13477 KiB  
Article
Semi-Solid Slurries for Rheocasting of Hypoeutectic Al-Si-X Alloys Produced by Self-Stirring in Serpentine Channels
by Hernández Alfredo, Chávez José Federico, Hernández Aldo and Suárez Miguel Ángel
Metals 2024, 14(4), 413; https://doi.org/10.3390/met14040413 - 30 Mar 2024
Viewed by 2646
Abstract
Nowadays it is common to see the production of complex and critical automotive and aeronautical components reduced in weight for energy efficiency using light alloys with improved microstructural and mechanical properties. The casting processes involved in this trend are strong; in this study, [...] Read more.
Nowadays it is common to see the production of complex and critical automotive and aeronautical components reduced in weight for energy efficiency using light alloys with improved microstructural and mechanical properties. The casting processes involved in this trend are strong; in this study, an optimized design of a vertical serpentine channel and a novel design of a horizontal serpentine channel to produce semi-solid slurry (S2S) with thixotropic behavior by self-stirring for rheocasting of A380 and A356 alloys are tested. Simultaneously, chilling during solidification, flow development, and shearing on the alloys to improve the performance of solid fractions and self-stirring at high shear rate are applied. The effects of these conditions on the modification of the morphology transition of the α(Al) phase from dendrite to equiaxed grain are discussed. The results suggest the ability of the mentioned processes to promote the morphological transition of the primary solid due to the produced equiaxed grains of α(Al) phase having sizes between 25–50 µm from A380 alloy processed by vertical self-stirring. On the other hand, the treatment of the A356 alloy using the new horizontal serpentine channel produces equiaxed grains with an average size of 39 µm. Unexpected Si crystals, trapped in the α(Al) phase using both methods with both alloys, are detected. The applied operation parameters were aided by gravity-pouring close to the liquidus temperature, and the obtained microstructural results show the ability for S2S to form alongside thixotropic behavior and non-dendritic solidification by mean of self-stirring in the serpentine channels, suggesting the potential for further experiments under die-casting conditions. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Casting Alloy Design and Characterization)
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14 pages, 4641 KiB  
Article
Residual Stress Engineering for Wire Drawing of Austenitic Stainless Steel X5CrNi18-10 by Variation in Die Geometries—Effect of Drawing Speed and Process Temperature
by René Selbmann, Jens Gibmeier, Nicola Simon, Verena Kräusel and Markus Bergmann
Materials 2024, 17(5), 1174; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma17051174 - 2 Mar 2024
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1961
Abstract
As a result of conventional wire-forming processes, the residual stress distribution in wires is frequently unfavorable for subsequent forming processes such as bending operations. High tensile residual stresses typically occur in the near-surface region of the wires and can limit further application and [...] Read more.
As a result of conventional wire-forming processes, the residual stress distribution in wires is frequently unfavorable for subsequent forming processes such as bending operations. High tensile residual stresses typically occur in the near-surface region of the wires and can limit further application and processability of the semi-finished products. This paper presents an approach for tailoring the residual stress distribution by modifying the forming process, especially with regard to the die geometry and the influence of the drawing velocity as well as the wire temperature. The aim is to mitigate the near-surface tensile residual stresses induced by the drawing process. Preliminary studies have shown that modifications in the forming zone of the dies have a significant impact on the plastic strain and deformation direction, and the approach can be applied to effectively reduce the process-induced near-surface residual stress distributions without affecting the diameter of the product geometry. In this first approach, the process variant using three different drawing die geometries was established for the metastable austenitic stainless steel X5CrNi18-10 (1.4301) using slow (20 mm/s) and fast (2000 mm/s) drawing velocities. The residual stress depth distributions were determined by means of incremental hole drilling. Complementary X-ray stress analysis was carried out to analyze the phase-specific residual stresses since strain-induced martensitic transformations occurred close to the surface as a consequence of the shear deformation and the frictional loading. This paper describes the setup of the drawing tools as well as the results of the experimental tests. Full article
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14 pages, 3850 KiB  
Article
Influence of Lowering the pH Value on the Generation of Fibrous Structures of Protein Gels with Different Network Types
by Felix Ellwanger, Melanie Fuhrmann, Heike P. Karbstein and Gabriela Itziar Saavedra Isusi
Gels 2024, 10(3), 173; https://doi.org/10.3390/gels10030173 - 29 Feb 2024
Cited by 6 | Viewed by 3219
Abstract
High-moisture extrusion of plant proteins to create meat-like structures is a process that has met with increasing attention in the recent past. In the process, the proteins are thermomechanically stressed in the screw section of the extruder, and the resulting protein gel is [...] Read more.
High-moisture extrusion of plant proteins to create meat-like structures is a process that has met with increasing attention in the recent past. In the process, the proteins are thermomechanically stressed in the screw section of the extruder, and the resulting protein gel is structured in the attached cooling die. Various protein sources, notably soy protein isolate (SPI) and wheat gluten, are used to form gels with different networks: SPI creates a physical, non-covalent network, while gluten forms a chemical, covalent one. The food industry frequently adds weak acids to modify taste and shelf life. However, it is known that a change in pH affects the gelation behavior of proteins because the repulsive forces within and between the proteins change. The research reported here was carried out to investigate for the two proteins mentioned the influence of pH modification by the addition of citric acid and acetic acid on gel formation and the meat-like structures produced. For this purpose, materials and parameters were screened using a closed cavity rheometer, followed by extrusion trials at pH 7.36–4.14 for SPI and pH 5.83–3.37 for gluten. The resulting extrudates were analyzed optically and mechanically, and protein solubility was tested in a reducing buffer. For both protein systems, the addition of acid results in less pronounced meat-like structures. At decreasing pH, the complex viscosity of SPI increases (from 11,970 Pa·s to 40,480 Pa·s at 100 °C), the generated gel becomes stronger (strain decreased from 0.62 to 0.48 at 4.5 × 105 Pa), and the cross-linking density grows. For gluten, a decreasing pH results in altered reaction kinetics, a more deformable resulting gel (strain increased from 0.7 to 0.95 at 4.5 × 105 Pa), and a decreased cross-linking density. Solubility tests show that no additional covalent bonds are formed with SPI. With gluten, however, the polymerization reaction is inhibited, and fewer disulfide bonds are formed. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Food Gels and Edible Gels)
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16 pages, 19166 KiB  
Article
Deep Container Fabrication by Forging with High- and Low-Density Wood
by Hinako Uejima, Takashi Kuboki, Soichi Tanaka and Shohei Kajikawa
J. Manuf. Mater. Process. 2024, 8(1), 30; https://doi.org/10.3390/jmmp8010030 - 6 Feb 2024
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2181
Abstract
This paper presents a method for applying forging to high-density wood. A cylindrical container was formed using a closed die, and the appropriate conditions for temperature and punch length were evaluated. Ulin, which is a high-density wood, and Japanese cedar, which is a [...] Read more.
This paper presents a method for applying forging to high-density wood. A cylindrical container was formed using a closed die, and the appropriate conditions for temperature and punch length were evaluated. Ulin, which is a high-density wood, and Japanese cedar, which is a low-density wood and widely used in Japan, were used as test materials. The pressing directions were longitudinal and radial based on wood fiber orientation, and the shape and density of the resulting containers were evaluated. In the case of ulin, cracks decreased by increasing the temperature, while temperature had little effect on Japanese cedar. Containers without cracks were successfully formed by using a punch of appropriate length. The density of the containers was uniform in the punch length l = 20 and 40 mm in the L-directional pressing and l = 20 mm in the R-directional pressing when using ulin, with an average density of 1.34 g/cm3. This result indicates the forging ability of ulin is high compared to that of commonly used low-density woods. In summary, this paper investigated the appropriate parameters for forging with ulin. As a result, products of more uniform density than products made by cutting were obtained. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Material Forming)
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22 pages, 8979 KiB  
Article
Effect of Texture on the Ductile–Brittle Transition Range and Fracture Mechanisms of the Ultrafine-Grained Two-Phase Ti-6Al-4V Titanium Alloy
by Iuliia M. Modina, Grigory S. Dyakonov, Alexander V. Polyakov, Andrey G. Stotskiy and Irina P. Semenova
Metals 2024, 14(1), 36; https://doi.org/10.3390/met14010036 - 28 Dec 2023
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2086
Abstract
In this work, the technique of equal-channel angular pressing (ECAP) that enables producing bulk billets was used to form a UFG structure in Ti-6Al-4V alloy. A subsequent warm upsetting simulates die forging and the production of a part. We studied the evolution of [...] Read more.
In this work, the technique of equal-channel angular pressing (ECAP) that enables producing bulk billets was used to form a UFG structure in Ti-6Al-4V alloy. A subsequent warm upsetting simulates die forging and the production of a part. We studied the evolution of the UFG alloy’s crystallographic texture in the process of deformation during the production of a semi-product and/or a part, as well as its effect on the ductile–brittle transition region in the temperature range from −196 °C to 500 °C and the material’s fracture mechanisms. To test Charpy impact strength, standard samples of square cross-section with a V-shape notch were used (KCV). It was found that the impact toughness anisotropy is caused by textural effects and has a pronounced character at temperatures in the ductile–brittle transition range. Up to 100 °C the KCV values are close in the specimens processed by ECAP and ECAP+upsetting (along and perpendicularly to the upsetting axis—along the Z-axis and along the Y-axis, respectively), while a large difference is observed at test temperatures of 200 °C and higher. At a temperature of 500 °C, the impact toughness of the UFG Ti-6Al-4V alloy after ECAP reaches a level of that after ECAP+upsetting in the fracture direction along the Z-axis (1.60 and 1.77 MJ/m2, respectively). Additionally, an additional ECAP upsetting after ECAP decreases the ductile–brittle transition temperature of the UFG Ti-6Al-4V alloy, which increases the temperature margin of the toughness of the structural material and reduces the risk of the catastrophic failure of a product. The fractographic analysis of the fracture surface of the specimens after Charpy tests in a wide temperature range revealed the features of crack propagation depending on the type of the alloy’s microstructure and texture in the fracture direction. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Metal Failure Analysis)
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