Search Results (4)

Photosynthetic eukaryotes have shaped the Earth’s biosphere by producing oxygen and organic compounds using light energy in specialized organelles called plastids. Plastids evolved from free-living cyanobacteria ingested by heterotrophic unicellular eukaryotes. Two such independent engulfment processes, called cyanobacterial endosymbioses, have been reported. The first gave rise to primary plastids and three Archaeplastida lineages: glaucophytes, red algae, and green algae with land plants, whereas the second resulted in chromatophores in the rhizarian amoeba Paulinella. Importantly, Archaeplastidans donated their plastids to many protist groups, further spreading photosynthesis across the tree of life. To reveal complex plastid evolution, we performed comprehensive phylogenetic and molecular clock analyses using new fossil calibrations and the largest number yet of plastid-encoded proteins from 108 taxa, representing diverse photosynthetic organisms. Our results indicate that primary plastids evolved prior to 2.1–1.8 Ga, i.e., before glaucophytes diverged from other Archaeplastidans, and Paulinella chromatophores were likely before 292–266 Ma. Red and green algae were engulfed by cryptophyte and chlorarachniophyte ancestors between 1.7–1.4 Ga and 1.1–1.0 Ga, respectively; the former subsequently triggered plastid transfers to other eukaryotes. We also examined the impact of molecular clocks and calibration sets on age estimates, showing that clocks are the main source of variation. Full article

Carbonic anhydrases (CAs) are a family of ubiquitous enzymes that catalyze the interconversion of CO₂ and HCO₃⁻. The “iota” class (ι-CA) was first found in the marine diatom Thalassiosira pseudonana (tpι-CA) and is widespread among photosynthetic microalgae and prokaryotes. The ι-CA has a domain COG4875 (or COG4337) that can be repeated from one to several times and resembles a calcium–calmodulin protein kinase II association domain (CaMKII-AD). The crystal structure of this domain in the ι-CA from a cyanobacterium and a chlorarachniophyte has been recently determined. However, the three-dimensional organization of the four domain-containing tpι-CA is unknown. Using biophysical techniques and 3-D modeling, we show that the homotetrameric tpι-CA in solution has a flat “drone-like” shape with a core formed by the association of the first two domains of each monomer, and four protruding arms formed by domains 3 and 4. We also observe that the short linker between domains 3 and 4 in each monomer confers high flexibility, allowing for different conformations to be adopted. We propose the possible 3-D structure of a truncated tpι-CA containing fewer domain repeats using experimental data and discuss the implications of this atypical shape on the activity and metal coordination of the ι-CA. Full article

Our knowledge of the diversity and evolution of the virosphere will likely increase dramatically with the study of microbial eukaryotes, including the microalgae within which few RNA viruses have been documented. By combining total RNA sequencing with sequence and structural-based homology detection, we identified 18 novel RNA viruses in cultured samples from two major groups of microbial algae: the chlorophytes and the chlorarachniophytes. Most of the RNA viruses identified in the green algae class Ulvophyceae were related to the Tombusviridae and Amalgaviridae viral families commonly associated with land plants. This suggests that the evolutionary history of these viruses extends to divergence events between algae and land plants. Seven Ostreobium sp-associated viruses exhibited sequence similarity to the mitoviruses most commonly found in fungi, compatible with horizontal virus transfer between algae and fungi. We also document, for the first time, RNA viruses associated with chlorarachniophytes, including the first negative-sense (bunya-like) RNA virus in microalgae, as well as a distant homolog of the plant virus Virgaviridae, potentially signifying viral inheritance from the secondary chloroplast endosymbiosis that marked the origin of the chlorarachniophytes. More broadly, these data suggest that the scarcity of RNA viruses in algae results from limited investigation rather than their absence. Full article

DNA replication in plastids and mitochondria is generally regulated by nucleus-encoded proteins. In plants and red algae, a nucleus-encoded enzyme called POP (plant and protist organellar DNA polymerase) is involved in DNA replication in both organelles by virtue of its dual localization. POPs are family A DNA polymerases, which include bacterial DNA polymerase I (PolI). POP homologs have been found in a wide range of eukaryotes, including plants, algae, and non-photosynthetic protists. However, the phylogeny and subcellular localizations of POPs remain unclear in many algae, especially in secondary and tertiary plastid-bearing groups. In this study, we report that chlorarachniophytes possess two evolutionarily distinct POPs, and fluorescent protein-tagging experiments demonstrate that they are targeted to the secondary plastids and mitochondria, respectively. The timing of DNA replication is different between the two organelles in the chlorarachniophyte Bigelowiella natans, and this seems to be correlated to the transcription of respective POP genes. Dinoflagellates also carry two distinct POP genes, possibly for their plastids and mitochondria, whereas haptophytes and ochrophytes have only one. Therefore, unlike plants, some algal groups are likely to have evolved multiple DNA polymerases for various organelles. This study provides a new insight into the evolution of organellar DNA replication in complex plastid-bearing organisms. Full article