Search Results (30)

The main objective of the current work is to evaluate the effect of adding biochar obtained by pyrolysis of a mixture of greenhouse waste to agricultural soil, measuring its effectiveness as an amendment. A mixture of broccoli, zucchini, and tomato plant residues was pyrolyzed in a lab-scale reactor at 450 °C, obtaining a biochar yield of 35.6%. No carrier gas was used in the process. A thorough characterization of the biochar obtained was performed, including elemental and proximal analysis, density, pH, electrical conductivity, cation exchange capacity, surface area, and metal content. Since the raw material had a high percentage of ash (approximately 20%), the resulting biochar contained around 50% inorganic matter, with potassium and calcium being the major metals detected (10–11%). This biochar had a 29% fixed carbon content, a high heating value of 11.5 MJ kg⁻¹, a cation exchange capacity of 477 mmol kg⁻¹, and an electrical conductivity of 16 mS cm⁻¹.The biochar was mixed with greenhouse soil and fertilizer to form a substrate to grow bean seeds, the crop selected for the study. Different experiments were carried out, varying the biochar, fertilizer, and soil percentages. By adding 0.5% biochar to a substrate containing 1% fertilizer, the bean production was increased by 24.5%. It is worth noting that by adding only 0.5% biochar to soil, the bean production reached higher values than when adding 1% fertilizer. Biochar produced from the studied biomass improved the productivity of agricultural soils. The avoidance of selective collection by farmers as well as the non-use of carrier gas in the pyrolysis process made the implementation of the pyrolysis system in situ easier. Consequently, this research has great potential for practical application in modest agricultural areas. Full article

The widespread presence of antibiotic residues, particularly norfloxacin (NFX), in food products and the environment has raised concern, underscoring the need for sensitive and selective detection methods. In this study, a novel broccoli-derived nitrogen-doped carbon quantum dots (N-CQDs) was synthesized via a green hydrothermal approach, 4-dimethylaminopyridine (DMAP) as both a nitrogen dopant and a functionalizing agent. The synthesized N-CQDs exhibit an average diameter of approximately ~4.2 nm and emit bright blue fluorescence, with a maximum emission at 445 nm upon excitation at 360 nm. A “Turn-ON” response toward NFX was achieved with a detection limit of 0.30 nM, attributed to hydrogen bonding and π–π stacking interactions that suppressed non-radiative decay. Moreover, the sensor demonstrates high selectivity for NFX, effectively distinguishing it from common interfering substances, including other antibiotics, organic acids, and biomolecules. The N-CQDs also exhibit excellent stability under diverse conditions, such as varying pH levels, high ionic strength, and prolonged irradiation. Finally, the practical applicability of the developed sensor was validated by detecting NFX in spiked broccoli extract and milk samples, with recovery rates ranging from 98.2% to 100.1% and relative standard deviations of less than 2.0%. This work presents a sustainable and efficient N-CQD-based fluorescent sensing platform, offering significant potential for rapid and reliable detection of NFX in food safety and environmental monitoring. Full article

Fertilization strategies are pivotal in sustainable agriculture, affecting both soil health and crop quality. This study investigated the impact of a circular fertilization approach based on agro-industrial residues—specifically, a blend of sulfur bentonite and orange processing waste (RecOrgFert PLUS)—on soil physicochemical and biological properties, as well as the nutritional and nutraceutical quality of broccoli (Brassica oleracea var. italica) grown in Mediterranean conditions (Condofuri, Southern Italy). The effects of RecOrgFert PLUS were compared with those of a synthetic NPK fertilizer, an organic fertilizer (horse manure), and an unfertilized control. Results demonstrated that RecOrgFert PLUS significantly improved soil organic carbon (3.37%), microbial biomass carbon (791 μg C g⁻¹), and key enzymatic activities, indicating enhanced soil biological functioning. Broccoli cultivated under RecOrgFert PLUS also exhibited the highest concentrations of health-promoting compounds, including total phenols (48.87 mg GAE g⁻¹), vitamin C (51.93 mg ASA 100 g⁻¹), and total proteins (82.45 mg BSA g⁻¹). This work provides novel evidence that combining elemental sulphur with orange processing waste not only restores soil fertility but also boosts the nutraceutical and nutritional value of food crops. Unlike previous studies focusing on soil or plant yield alone, this study uniquely integrates soil health indicators with bioactive compound accumulation in broccoli, highlighting the potential of circular bio-based fertilization in functional food production and Mediterranean agroecosystem sustainability. Full article

The aim of this study was to evaluate the agronomic performance and physicochemical characteristics of broccoli grown under different doses and sources of special phosphorus (P) fertilizers and their residual effect on the soil, in Cerrado mineiro. A randomized block design arranged in a split-plot scheme was employed, where three P sources—T1 = Conventional monoammonium phosphate (CMP); T2 = Polymerized monoammonium phosphate (PCMP); T3 = Granulated organomineral fertilizer (GOF)—along with four P₂O₅ rates—1–0 (No P); 2–50% (200 kg ha⁻¹ P₂O₅); 3–75% (300 kg ha⁻¹ P₂O₅); and 4–100% (400 kg ha⁻¹ P₂O₅)—were assessed. Evaluations included the number of leaves (NL), head fresh (HFM) and dry mass (HDM), yield (YLD), soil fertility at harvest, plant nutritional status, and the physicochemical quality of the harvested broccoli. It was observed that GOF provided the best agronomic performance (HFM, HDM and YLD) of the broccoli and the greatest residual effect in the soil compared to PCMP and CMP. The moisture, ash, protein, lipid, total titratable acid and ascorbic acid contents were not significantly (p < 0.05) affected by the fertilizers used, on the other hand, total soluble solids and hydrogen potential showed the highest and lowest values, respectively, with CMP. The best agronomic performance, the highest phosphorus content in the soil and plant and the best physical–chemical quality of the broccoli occurred at a dose of 100% (400 kg ha⁻¹ of P₂O₅) of the recommendation for the crop in all three fertilizers evaluated. Full article

This study aimed to evaluate the agronomic performance and yield of broccoli grown under different sources and rates of specialty phosphorus (P) fertilizers in Uberaba, Minas Gerais, Brazil. The experiment was conducted in a randomized block design arranged in a split-plot scheme, testing three P sources: (1) conventional monoammonium phosphate (CMP); (2) polymer-coated monoammonium phosphate (PCMP); and (3) organomineral fertilizer (Org). Four application rates were evaluated: 0 (no P applied), 50% (200 kg ha⁻¹ of P₂O₅), 75% (300 kg ha⁻¹ of P₂O₅), and 100% (400 kg ha⁻¹ of P₂O₅) of the recommended phosphorus rate for broccoli, with four replications. The parameters assessed included plant nutritional status, soil fertility at harvest, number of leaves (NL), fresh head weight (FHW), dry head weight (DHW), and broccoli yield (YLD). In the first growing cycle, broccoli showed the highest NL (24), FHW (1.05 kg plant⁻¹), DHW (0.27 kg plant⁻¹), and YLD (18.81 Mg ha⁻¹) values when PCMP was applied, which was 5, 25, 8 and 23% higher than Org and 20, 25, 14 and 34% higher than CMP. In the second cycle, broccoli showed higher values of NL (23), FHW (1.85 kg plant⁻¹), DHW (0.26 kg plant⁻¹), and YLD (33.01 Mg ha⁻¹) where Org was applied, which was 4, 15, 8 and 5% higher than CMP and 2, 24, 4 and 14% higher than PCMP, respectively. All the variables evaluated showed the highest values at the 100% dose. Broccoli yield in the same area was 124%, 153%, and 115% higher in the second cycle compared to the first for CMP, PCMP, and Org, respectively. The greatest residual effect on soil fertility was observed in the area treated with the Org. Full article

Food waste is a global challenge, with broccoli stalks (~58% of the head’s mass) often discarded despite being rich in fiber, fatty acids, organic acids, sugars, phenolic compounds, and glucosinolates. Pretreatments like microwaving are gaining interest for enhancing nutrient availability and microbial activity by modifying biomass structure and improving fermentation. This study explores microwave pretreatment (2, 4, 6, 9 W/g for 4–7 min) to enhance 24 h fermentation of pasteurized ground broccoli stalks using Lactiplantibacillus plantarum. Analyses included reducing sugars, total phenolics, microbial growth, Cryo-FESEM, and FTIR. Optimal microbial proliferation and preservation of key compounds were achieved at 4 W/g for 5 min. This condition was then compared to pasteurization, freezing/thawing, and autoclaving over a 96 h fermentation. pH, microbial population, and antioxidant properties were measured at 24 h intervals. Pasteurization, with or without microwaving, resulted in faster acidification and microbial growth. Microwaved samples retained the highest phenolic content, while autoclaved ones exhibited the highest flavonoid levels and antioxidant activity. Fermentation did not enhance antioxidant properties; phenolics and DPPH activity decreased after 24 h, while flavonoids and ABTS remained stable. Overall, pretreatments significantly influenced fermentation outcomes of broccoli stalks; microwaving post-pasteurization favored phenolic preservation and microbial proliferation, whereas autoclaving enhanced flavonoids and antioxidant potential. Full article

Developing processes that contribute to the valorization of vegetable wastes is of great importance since these residues are characterized by being of high quality, having a huge potential for valorization. However, upcycling vegetables residues and defining specific applications for the value-added products obtained might be a challenge, and they should be tackled by means of different and complementary innovations. In the present study, broccoli and white cabbage discards were transformed into powdered products by means of selected techniques and conditions, which have been explored for applications in the agri-food sector. The obtained brassica powders were rich in bioactive compounds such as phenolics and isothiocyanates. Their antioxidant properties in response to in vitro digestion were evaluated to assess the potential of the products as functional food ingredients. On the other hand, brassica powders were tested as bioherbicides. For that purpose, inhibition tests on weed germination and growth of weeds from agricultural soil seedbank and selected species (Lolium rigidum, Papaver rhoeas, Portulaca oleracea, and Echicnochloa crus-galli) were performed under controlled greenhouse conditions. In vitro simulated digestion studies demonstrated that bioactive constituents of powders were progressively released during digestion, and consequently, a part of them could be finally absorbed and, thus, provide their beneficial effect. Brassica bioproducts significantly reduced the germination of weeds from the agricultural soil seedbank, and the selected weed species tested, namely L. rigidum, P. rhoeas, P. oleracea, and E. crus-galli. Powders also showed a negative effect on the root weight and length of dicotyledonous weeds from the soil seedbank and L. rigidum, whereas a stimulatory effect was observed on the spring–summer species, E. crus-galli and P. oleracea. The results of this work contribute to extending the range of applications for brassica industrialization wastes. Full article

Fruit and vegetable industrialisation is a major contributor to food waste; thus, its integral transformation into functional powders has gained attention. Pretreatments can be incorporated into valorisation processes to generate structural or biochemical changes that improve powders’ characteristics. This study deepens into the impact of biological (fermentation, FERM) and thermophysical (autoclaving, AUTO; microwaves, MW; ultrasound, US; and pasteurisation, PAST) pretreatments, combined with dehydration (hot air-drying, HAD; or freeze-drying, FD) on the characteristics of powdered products obtained from broccoli stems. The impact of pretreatments on physicochemical (moisture, water activity, total soluble solids) and antioxidant properties (phenols, flavonoids, antioxidant capacity by ABTS and DPPH) on residue and powdered products was studied, together with their impact on plant tissue structure (Cryo-SEM) and the powders’ phenolic profile (HPLC). Probiotic viability was also determined on the fermented samples. The pretreatments applied, particularly the ultrasound, improved the antioxidant properties of the broccoli stems compared to the unpretreated samples, in line with microscopic observations. Dehydration did also improve the antioxidant attributes of the broccoli wastes, especially drying at 60 °C. However, pretreatments combined with dehydration did not generally lead to an improvement in the antioxidant properties of the powders. Probiotic properties were preserved in the freeze-dried products (>10⁷ CFU/g). In conclusion, pretreatments may be applied to enhance the antioxidant attributes of broccoli wastes, but not necessarily that of dried powdered products. Full article

The present study investigates the interactions between eight glucosinolate hydrolysis products (GHPs) sourced from broccoli by-products and the detoxifying enzymes of Botrytis cinerea, namely eburicol 14-alpha-demethylase (CYP51) and glutathione-S-transferase (GST), through in silico analysis. Additionally, in vitro assays were conducted to explore the impact of these compounds on fungal growth. Our findings reveal that GHPs exhibit greater efficacy in inhibiting conidia germination compared to mycelium growth. Furthermore, the results demonstrate the antifungal activity of glucosinolate hydrolysis products derived from various parts of the broccoli plant, including inflorescences, leaves, and stems, against B. cinerea. Importantly, the results suggest that these hydrolysis products interact with the detoxifying enzymes of the fungus, potentially contributing to their antifungal properties. Extracts rich in GHPs, particularly iberin and indole-GHPs, derived from broccoli by-products emerge as promising candidates for biofungicidal applications, offering a sustainable and novel approach to plant protection by harnessing bioactive compounds from agricultural residues. Full article

Large amounts of agri-food waste are generated and discarded annually, but they have the potential to become highly profitable sources of value-added compounds. Many of these are lignin-rich residues. Lignin, one of the most abundant biopolymers in nature, offers numerous possibilities as a raw material or renewable resource for the production of chemical products. This study aims to explore the potential revalorization of agricultural by-products through the extraction of lignin and subsequent depolymerization. Different residues were studied; river cane, rice husks, broccoli stems, wheat straw, and olive stone are investigated (all local wastes that are typically incinerated). Traditional soda extraction, enhanced by ultrasound, is applied, comparing two different sonication methods. The extraction yields from different residues were as follows: river cane (28.21%), rice husks (24.27%), broccoli (6.48%), wheat straw (17.66%), and olive stones (24.29%). Once lignin is extracted, depolymerization is performed by three different methods: high-pressure reactor, ultrasound-assisted solvent depolymerization, and microwave solvolysis. As a result, a new microwave depolymerization method has been developed and patented, using for the first time graphene nanoplatelets (GNPs) as new promising carbonaceous catalyst, achieving a 90.89% depolymerization rate of river cane lignin and yielding several building blocks, including guaiacol, vanillin, ferulic acid, or acetovanillone. Full article

The study determined the impacts of dietary fermented residues’ (FBR) inclusion on growth, nutrient utilization, carcass characteristics, and meat properties in fattening pigs. Seventy-two robust pigs were randomly assigned to two experimental groups (Duroc × Landrace × Yorkshire, thirty-six pigs each). Each group was subjected to a 52-day trial, during which they received either a corn–soybean meal-based diet or diet enhanced with a 10% addition of FBR. Consequently, adding 10% FBR caused a significant decrease in the digestive utilization of crude dietary components in fattening pigs (p < 0.05) but showed no significant impact on the growth performance. Additionally, FBR inclusion increased the marbling scores (p < 0.05) and total antioxidant functions (p < 0.05) of muscle tissues, indicating improved meat quality. Gender affected backfat depth, with barrows showing thicker backfat depth. In conclusion, dietary supplementation with 10% FBR in finishing pigs influenced the meat quality by improving the marbling score and antioxidant performance while reducing digestibility without compromising growth performance. Full article

Sulforaphane (SFN) is a natural isothiocyanate derived from cruciferous vegetables such as broccoli, Brussels sprouts, and cabbage. SFN plays a crucial role in maintaining redox homeostasis by interacting with the active cysteine residues of Keap1, leading to the dissociation and activation of NRF2 in various diseases. In this study, our objective was to investigate the impact of SFN on oxidative stress and pyroptosis in Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb)-infected macrophages. Our findings demonstrated that Mtb infection significantly increased the production of iNOS and ROS, indicating the induction of oxidative stress in macrophages. However, treatment with SFN effectively suppressed the expression of iNOS and COX-2 and reduced MDA and ROS levels, while enhancing GSH content as well as upregulating NRF2, HO-1, and NQO-1 expression in Mtb-infected RAW264.7 macrophages and primary peritoneal macrophages from WT mice. These results suggest that SFN mitigates oxidative stress by activating the NRF2 signaling pathway in Mtb-infected macrophages. Furthermore, excessive ROS production activates the NLRP3 signaling pathway, thereby promoting pyroptosis onset. Further investigations revealed that SFN effectively suppressed the expression of NLRP3, Caspase-1, and GSDMD, IL-1β, and IL-18 levels, as well as the production of LDH, suggesting that it may exhibit anti-pyroptotic effects through activation of the NRF2 signaling pathway and reductions in ROS production during Mtb infection. Moreover, we observed that SFN also inhibited the expression of NLRP3, ASC, Caspase1, and IL-1β along with LDH production in Mtb-infected primary peritoneal macrophages from NFR2^−/− mice. This indicates that SFN can directly suppress NLRP3 activation and possibly inhibit pyroptosis initiation in an NRF2-independent manner. In summary, our findings demonstrate that SFN exerts its inhibitory effects on oxidative stress by activating the NRF2 signaling pathway in Mtb-infected macrophages, while it may simultaneously exert anti-pyroptotic properties through both NRF2-dependent and independent mechanisms targeting the NLRP3 signaling pathway. Full article

Isothiocyanates (ITCs) belong to a group of natural products that possess a highly reactive electrophilic −N=C=S functional group. They are stored in plants as precursor molecules, glucosinolates, which are processed by the tyrosinase enzyme upon plant tissue damage to release ITCs, along with other products. Isolated from broccoli, sulforaphane is by far the most studied antioxidant ITC, acting primarily through the induction of a transcription factor, the nuclear factor erythroid 2–related factor 2 (Nrf2), which upregulates downstream antioxidant genes/proteins. Paradoxically, sulforaphane, as a pro-oxidant compound, can also increase the levels of reactive oxygen species, a mechanism which is attributed to its anticancer effect. Beyond highlighting the common pro-oxidant and antioxidant effects of sulforaphane, the present paper was designed to assess the diverse anti-inflammatory mechanisms reported to date using a variety of in vitro and in vivo experimental models. Sulforaphane downregulates the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines, chemokines, adhesion molecules, cycloxyhenase-2, and inducible nitric oxide synthase. The signalling pathways of nuclear factor κB, activator protein 1, sirtuins 1, silent information regulator sirtuin 1 and 3, and microRNAs are among those affected by sulforaphane. These anti-inflammatory actions are sometimes due to direct action via interaction with the sulfhydryl structural moiety of cysteine residues in enzymes/proteins. The following are among the topics discussed in this paper: paradoxical signalling pathways such as the immunosuppressant or immunostimulant mechanisms; crosstalk between the oxidative and inflammatory pathways; and effects dependent on health and disease states. Full article

The management of vegetable waste and byproducts is a global challenge in the agricultural industry. As a commonly consumed vegetable crop, cruciferous vegetables marked higher amounts of wastage during their supply chain processes, with a significant contribution from cabbage, cauliflower, and broccoli. Therefore, the sustainable and resource-efficient utilization of discarded materials is crucial. This review explores potential applications of cruciferous vegetable waste and byproducts, spotlighting cabbage, cauliflower, and broccoli in food, medicinal, and other industries. Their significance of being utilized in value-added applications is addressed, emphasizing important biomolecules, technologies involved in the valorization process, and future aspects of practical applications. Cabbage, cauliflower, and broccoli generate waste and low-processing byproducts, including leaves, stems, stalks, and rot. Most of them contain high-value biomolecules, including bioactive proteins and phytochemicals, glucosinolates, flavonoids, anthocyanins, carotenoids, and tocopherols. Interestingly, isothiocyanates, derived from glucosinolates, exhibit strong anti-inflammatory and anticancer activity through various interactions with cellular molecules and the modulation of key signaling pathways in cells. Therefore, these cruciferous-based residues can be valorized efficiently through various innovative extraction and biotransformation techniques, as well as employing different biorefinery approaches. This not only minimizes environmental impact but also contributes to the development of high-value-added products for food, medicinal, and other related industries. Full article

The phrase “Let food be thy medicine…” means that food can be a form of medicine and medicine can be a form of food; in other words, that the diet we eat can have a significant impact on our health and well-being. Today, this phrase is gaining prominence as more and more scientific evidence suggests that one’s diet can help prevent and treat disease. A diet rich in fruits, vegetables, whole grains, and lean protein can help reduce the risk of heart disease, cancer, diabetes, and other health problems and, on the other hand, a diet rich in processed foods, added sugars, and saturated fats can increase the risk of the same diseases. Electrophilic compounds in the diet can have a significant impact on our health, and they are molecules that covalently modify cysteine residues present in the thiol-rich Keap1 protein. These compounds bind to Keap1 and activate NRF2, which promotes its translocation to the nucleus and its binding to DNA in the ARE region, triggering the antioxidant response and protecting against oxidative stress. These compounds include polyphenols and flavonoids that are nucleophilic but are converted to electrophilic quinones by metabolic enzymes such as polyphenol oxidases (PPOs) and sulfur compounds present in foods such as the Brassica genus (broccoli, cauliflower, cabbage, Brussel sprouts, etc.) and garlic. This review summarizes our current knowledge on this subject. Full article