Search Results (10,997)

Background: Intraluminal thrombus (ILT) is a recognized complication of aortic arch replacement surgery using a frozen elephant trunk (FET) prosthesis, with a postoperative incidence of around 10%. Risk factors for ILT include aneurysmal aortic disease, central graft positioning, and prothrombotic medical conditions. Perioperative blood product transfusion is frequently required in these patients to correct postoperative coagulopathy following cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB). We hypothesized that there may be an association between (i) intra- and postoperative blood product transfusion volumes and the development of ILT and (ii) whether the use of either aprotinin or tranexamic acid is associated with postoperative ILT formation. Methods: Retrospective analysis was carried out on all non-emergency aortic arch replacement procedures at our institution with FET implantation between January 2017 and June 2025. ILT was defined as the presence of thrombus within the aortic graft identified on postoperative computed tomography (CT). Statistical analysis was performed on transfusion data from anesthesia and intensive care unit records. Secondary analysis compared ILT incidence and blood product transfusion volume between patients receiving aprotinin versus tranexamic acid as antifibrinolytic therapy. Results: Of 162 patients, 10 (6.2%) developed postoperative ILT. All patients received blood product transfusion either intraoperatively or postoperatively. There was no statistically significant difference in the volume of individual blood products (red cells, platelets, fresh frozen plasma, cryoprecipitate, or fibrinogen concentrate) received between the ILT and non-ILT groups. The mean total blood product transfusion was 13.50 units (ILT group) versus 11.10 units (no ILT group), with p = 0.897, indicating no significant association. Among 46 patients receiving aprotinin, only one (2.2%) developed ILT, whereas nine of 114 patients (7.8%) receiving tranexamic acid developed ILT. This difference was not statistically significant (p = 0.232). Conclusions: In this single-centre retrospective cohort study, no statistically significant association was detected between perioperative blood product transfusion volume or choice of antifibrinolytic agent (aprotinin versus tranexamic acid) and intraluminal thrombus formation following non-emergency aortic arch replacement surgery. However, the small number of ILT events (n = 10) limits statistical power, and a clinically meaningful association cannot be excluded. These findings provide preliminary reassurance that correction of intra- and postoperative coagulopathy may not increase ILT risk, though larger multicentre studies with adjustment for confounding variables including postoperative anticoagulation practices are warranted. Full article

Objectives: This study aimed to examine the effects of three different warm-up protocols on performance, physiological, and perceptual responses in high-level water polo players. Methods: Ten international-level athletes (Tier 4; mean ± SD: age 22.4 ± 3.53 years; height 1.78 ± 0.06 m; body mass 75.83 ± 6.44 kg) completed three experimental conditions in a randomized, counterbalanced design: dryland, in-water, and combined warm-up. Following each warm-up condition, participants performed the Water Polo Intermittent Shuttle Test (WIST), while performance (distance covered and average speed), blood lactate concentration ([La⁻]), heart rate (HR), tympanic temperature, and rating of perceived exertion (RPE) were assessed. Statistical significance was set at p ≤ 0.05. Results: Players covered greater distances following the in-water (331.5 ± 151.24 m) and combined (358.5 ± 134.06 m) warm-ups compared to dryland (226.5 ± 129.51 m; p < 0.01; ES = 2.00 and 1.53, respectively), with no significant differences between in-water and combined conditions (p = 0.381; ES = 0.29). Physiological responses following the WIST were largely similar between conditions, although [La⁻] was higher in the dryland condition (12.46 ± 4.46 mmol·L⁻¹) compared to the combined condition at 10 min post-exercise (8.66 ± 2.47 mmol·L⁻¹; p = 0.03; ES = 0.80). No differences were found for HR, tympanic temperature, or RPE. Conclusions: These findings suggest that warm-up protocols including an in-water component are more effective than dryland-only routines for optimizing intermittent performance in water polo players. However, combining dryland and in-water exercises does not appear to provide additional benefits compared to in-water warm-up alone. Full article

Background: Futsal is a high-intensity, intermittent team sport, yet laboratory protocols that reproduce its substitution-based running demands remain scarce. This study examined the physiological, neuromuscular, and perceptual responses to the Futsal Intermittent Treadmill Protocol (FITP), a laboratory-based protocol designed to replicate the intermittent high-intensity running demands of futsal. Methods: Ten male, national-level (Tier 3) futsal players completed four bouts of intermittent running (6–20 km·h⁻¹) reflecting typical substitution patterns. Measurements included oxygen consumption (VO₂), heart rate (HR), blood lactate concentration ([BLa⁻]), rating of perceived exertion (RPE), total quality recovery (TQR), and countermovement jump (CMJ) performance. Responses were analyzed using one-way repeated-measures ANOVA. Results: HR and %HRmax increased significantly across bouts (p < 0.001; η²p = 0.84 for both), reaching values typical of competitive matches. Relative VO₂ and %VO₂max remained stable, while RPE increased and TQR decreased progressively (p < 0.001; η²p = 0.59–0.62). Blood lactate levels and the CMJ mechanical variables showed no significant changes, indicating no systematic neuromuscular fatigue pattern. Conclusions: The FITP induces substantial cardiovascular and perceptual strain that is physiologically comparable to high-intensity futsal, while metabolic and neuromuscular responses remain stable. The protocol may provide a controlled, repeatable method for assessing intermittent running tolerance; however, optimizing its role in physical evaluation, top-up conditioning, and return-to-play monitoring will benefit from future research confirming its ongoing consistency and field application. Full article

Background and Objectives: Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is a prevalent sleep-related breathing disorder associated with increased cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. Continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) is the standard treatment for OSA; however, its effects on cardiovascular outcomes remain incompletely established. This umbrella review synthesized and critically appraised the evidence regarding the effects of CPAP on surrogate, intermediate, and functional cardiovascular outcomes in adults with OSA. Materials and Methods: An umbrella review of systematic reviews and meta-analyses evaluating CPAP therapy in adults with OSA was conducted. A comprehensive literature search was performed in PubMed, Embase, and the Cochrane Library from database inception to 28 February 2026. Eligible reviews assessed cardiovascular outcomes, including blood pressure, cardiac function, autonomic function, cardiovascular biomarkers, and functional cardiovascular measures. Methodological quality was evaluated using AMSTAR 2, and the certainty of evidence for the main outcomes was assessed using the GRADE framework. Results: Thirty-eight systematic reviews and meta-analyses were included. CPAP therapy was consistently associated with reductions in systolic blood pressure (mean difference [MD] −4.8 mmHg) and diastolic blood pressure (MD −3.0 mmHg), with additional improvements in 24 h ambulatory blood pressure. Favorable effects were also observed for left ventricular ejection fraction (MD 3.27), left ventricular diastolic function (weighted mean difference [WMD] 0.22), and sympathetic nervous system activity, reflected by lower circulating noradrenaline levels (standardized mean difference [SMD] −1.10) in randomized controlled trials. Improvements in BNP/NT-proBNP concentrations and New York Heart Association functional class were reported among patients with heart failure, whereas no significant effect was observed on body mass index. The certainty of evidence ranged from low to moderate, and methodological confidence of the included reviews was predominantly moderate, low, or critically low. Conclusions: CPAP therapy was associated with improvements in several surrogate, intermediate, and functional cardiovascular outcomes in adults with OSA, particularly blood pressure, left ventricular function, and sympathetic activity. However, the certainty of evidence ranged from low to moderate, and substantial heterogeneity and methodological limitations warrant cautious interpretation. Current evidence remains insufficient to demonstrate a consistent reduction in major adverse cardiovascular events or cardiovascular mortality. Further high-quality randomized controlled trials with longer follow-up are needed to clarify the long-term cardiovascular impact of CPAP therapy. Full article

Due to the advanced plans for the development of nuclear power plants in Poland, those who are to live around nuclear facilities may have unjustified doubts about their own radiation safety. Moreover, when future power plant workers will be potentially exposed to low, cumulative doses of ionizing radiation, it seems important to develop cytogenetic methods for showing the actual genotoxic effects of environmental or occupational nuclear influences. The method of analyzing the frequency of chromosomal type aberrations in peripheral blood lymphocytes remains one of the most significant possibilities in achieving this goal. Three techniques are used to monitor aberration frequency, i.e., most commonly, Giemsa staining (FPG), FISH, or M-FISH. The types of aberrations determined by Giemsa-staining preparation will be described in detail, and issues with the nomenclature of these aberrations will be discussed. To effectively explore small changes in aberration yields, studies of aberration rates in non-exposed populations are needed. Such a dataset has been generated at the Institute of Nuclear Chemistry and Technology (INCT), Warsaw, Poland. This database would allow for the assessment of the genotoxic impact of planned nuclear facilities, the impact of radon in areas within its increased concentration, or the impact of such a working environment on, for example, medical workers working with radiation. Full article

In human medicine, homocysteine, a sulfur-containing amino acid, is used as a biomarker reflecting endothelial dysfunction, inflammation, thrombogenesis, oxidative stress and cardiovascular disease. An automated enzyme-cycling assay for homocysteine, established for humans, has been validated and reference ranges have been created for horses. In this study the homocysteine assay was further evaluated by assessing short-term stability (whole blood and plasma samples stored at 4 °C and room temperature for 24 h), long-term stability (two years), the effect of different anticoagulants (lithium heparin, sodium citrate, EDTA, no additives) and repeated freeze–thaw cycles (five times). Further, associations between plasma homocysteine concentrations ([HCY]_p) and echocardiographic variables of left heart size, left heart function, and left-sided valve regurgitation were investigated. Homocysteine concentrations remained stable in whole blood at room temperature for at least four hours, or longer when plasma is separated and kept at 4 °C. Samples could be collected in serum blood tubes, lithium heparin (LH), or EDTA without affecting homocysteine concentrations ([HCY]). Plasma [HCY] in frozen samples increased slightly with storage time (years), though up to five freeze–thaw cycles did not affect [HCY]_p. In a cohort of 169 horses with left-sided valvular regurgitation, plasma creatinine concentrations and age were positively associated with higher [HCY]_p, but no association between [HCY]_p and changes in cardiac size, function or severity of valvular regurgitation could be established. Homocysteine is not associated with left-sided valvular heart disease in horses and is not a useful biomarker for structural or functional cardiac changes. Full article

Background: Evidence regarding the impacts of magnesium (Mg) supplementation on cardiometabolic risk factors (CMRFs) remains inconsistent. Objectives: This systematic review and dose–response meta-analysis evaluated effects of Mg supplementation on anthropometric indices, liver and kidney function, lipid and glycemic profiles, blood pressure, and inflammatory biomarkers. Methods: A systematic search of electronic databases up to May 2026 identified 78 eligible randomized controlled trials. Results: Mg supplementation significantly reduced body weight (weighted mean difference [WMD]: −0.70 kg; 95% confidence interval [CI]: −1.30, −0.09), diastolic blood pressure (WMD: −1.58 mmHg; 95% CI: −2.50, −0.65), homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (WMD: −0.48; 95% CI: −0.79, −0.18), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (WMD: −3.21 mg/dL; 95% CI: −5.27, −1.15), fasting blood glucose (WMD: −3.60 mg/dL; 95% CI: −6.13, −1.06), systolic blood pressure (WMD: −2.50 mmHg; 95% CI: −4.08, −0.91), glycated hemoglobin (WMD: −0.15%; 95% CI: −0.26, −0.03), triglycerides (WMD: −9.24 mg/dL; 95% CI: −16.87, −1.61), and interleukin-6 levels (WMD: −1.10 pg/mL; 95% CI: −1.93, −0.27) compared with controls. High-density lipoprotein cholesterol concentrations significantly increased (WMD: 1.45 mg/dL; 95% CI: 0.37, 2.54). No significant effects were identified on hip circumference, alanine aminotransferase, waist circumference, tumor necrosis factor-α, creatinine, C-reactive protein, body mass index, total cholesterol, fasting insulin, body fat percentage, and aspartate aminotransferase. Most RCTs (79.5%) administered Mg doses ≥ 300 mg/day, and 66.7% had intervention durations ≥ 12 weeks; however, evidence from higher-dose (≥500 mg/day) and longer-term (≥25 weeks) interventions remained limited. Conclusions: Mg supplementation was associated with significant improvements in several CMRFs, including body weight, lipid and glycemic profiles, blood pressure, and interleukin-6 levels. However, these effects were generally modest, and their clinical relevance remains uncertain given the variable certainty of evidence across outcomes. Full article

Background: Precise quantification of JAK2 V617F variant allele frequency (VAF) is clinically important in Philadelphia chromosome-negative myeloproliferative neoplasms (MPNs). This study evaluated the analytical performance and clinical utility of a laboratory-developed chip-based real-time digital PCR (dPCR) assay for JAK2 V617F and compared it with a commercial quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR) assay. Methods: Residual DNA extracts from 76 JAK2 V617F-positive clinical specimens collected from patients with suspected MPNs were analyzed using both qPCR and dPCR. Analytical performance was assessed according to CLSI-based approaches, including limit of blank (LoB), limit of detection (LoD), precision, linearity, and method comparison. Associations between VAF and hematologic parameters, as well as diagnostic groups, were also examined. Results: Both methods showed a LoB of 0. The LoD was 0.1167% for qPCR and 0.0846% for dPCR, and dPCR demonstrated lower variability than qPCR across high-, intermediate-, and low-concentration samples, with the largest difference observed at low VAF levels. Linearity was excellent for both assays (R² = 0.988 for qPCR and 0.999 for dPCR), although dPCR showed less low-concentration bias. The two methods were highly correlated (Pearson r = 0.9789, R² = 0.958), but dPCR yielded slightly higher VAF values overall. VAF was significantly higher in polycythemia vera than in essential thrombocythemia, and both qPCR- and dPCR-based VAFs were positively correlated with white blood cell count. Conclusions: The chip-based laboratory-developed dPCR assay showed high concordance with qPCR while providing lower LoD and better precision at low allele burden. These findings support its potential utility as a sensitive alternative for JAK2 V617F quantification in clinical laboratories, particularly in settings requiring accurate low-level detection and follow-up monitoring. Full article

Background and Objective: Maximal oxygen uptake (VO₂max) is a fundamental indicator of cardiorespiratory fitness in sports medicine, essential for athletic profiling and training prescription. However, traditional direct measurements require exhaustive physical testing, which induces considerable physiological stress, limits testing frequency, and increases the risk of injury. To address this problem, this study aimed to eliminate the need for exhaustive protocols by developing a highly precise, non-invasive digital prediction model for VO₂max utilizing readily available anthropometric data and acute metabolic biomarkers (blood glucose and lactate kinetics). Methods: To overcome the limitations of a small initial empirical sample (n = 16) and prevent model overfitting, the original dataset was statistically augmented to create a robust synthetic cohort (n = 200) using Multivariate Normal Distribution and k-Nearest Neighbors (k-NN) algorithms. Three different machine learning models (Multiple Linear Regression [MLR], Random Forest [RF], and Support Vector Regression [SVR]) were trained using such parameters as sex, height, weight, baseline/pre-exercise, and net (Δ) glucose and lactate concentrations. Evaluation of the performance of the models included tenfold cross-validation and Bland–Altman analysis as a measure of clinical agreement. Results: Among the three algorithms used, the highest correlation coefficient (R² = 0.939) was observed for SVR, along with the lowest error metrics (RMSE = 1.442 mL/kg/min, MAPE = 2.78%). Moreover, SVR showed remarkable performance in predicting VO₂max of female (R² = 0.890) and male (R² = 0.702) athletes separately. Also, Bland–Altman analysis proved almost zero-bias estimation with 95% limits of agreement ranging between −4.40 and 4.43 mL/kg/min. In order to bypass the black-box problem of complex algorithms for practical application in the field, the MLR model was used for the development of the Beta-Weighted Lacto-Glycemic Equation (β-LGE). Conclusions: In this work, a unique dual-model approach was introduced, with the SVR algorithm serving as a high-performance backend of a digital tool for sport technologists and Beta-Weighted LGE providing a practical calculation formula for coaches. This innovative approach allowed for a completely non-exhaustive profiling of an athlete’s VO₂max using only minimally invasive metabolic measurements. Full article

Background: Capillary blood sampling may improve access to multi-cancer early detection (MCED) by enabling less invasive and more decentralized specimen collection. However, its paired-specimen measurement agreement with conventional venous blood for protein biomarker-based MCED testing requires validation. Objective: The objective of this study was to evaluate agreement between capillary and venous blood specimens for OneTest protein biomarkers and to assess the exact risk category agreement of the OneTest Premium algorithm outputs generated from both specimen types. Methods: This two-stage study compared paired venous and capillary blood specimens. Study 1 enrolled 143 Taiwanese adults undergoing clinically indicated biomarker testing to evaluate paired-specimen measurement agreement. Study 2 involved an exploratory paired-specimen evaluation in 13 asymptomatic U.S. volunteers using an upper arm capillary blood collection device. Biomarker concentrations were compared using paired statistical testing, correlation analysis, and Bland–Altman analysis. OneTest Premium risk categories and cancer type prediction outputs were compared between specimen types. Results: In Study 1, no statistically significant differences were observed between capillary and venous specimens for any evaluated biomarker. Descriptive scatterplots showed strong linear associations between paired capillary and venous biomarker measurements across the observed concentration ranges. Bland–Altman analysis showed mean biases close to zero for most biomarkers, with biomarker-specific limits of agreement. In Study 2, all 12 biomarkers were successfully measured in all 13 participants. OneTest Premium risk categorization was concordant in 11 of 13 participants; discordant cases involved adjacent low-risk and mild-risk categories, with no major or very major classification errors. Given the small sample size, these findings are descriptive and preliminary. Conclusions: Capillary blood specimens showed paired measurement agreement with venous specimens in Study 1. The exploratory findings from Study 2 suggest that capillary-derived measurements may support the generation of OneTest Premium outputs. Full article

Background/Objectives: This study aimed to compare the effects of two distinct dietary protein sources, soybean meal (SBM, 454 g CP/kg dry matter [DM]) and fermented protein source (FPS, 635 g CP/kg DM), on milk yield (MY), milk quality traits, and serum biochemistry in crossbred dairy cows. Methods: This study employed a randomized complete block design with four groups (n = 6 per group): Control (120 g/kg SBM), FPS30 (30 g/kg FPS and 75 g/kg SBM), FPS40 (40 g/kg FPS and 60 g/kg SBM), and FPS50 (50 g/kg FPS and 45 g/kg SBM). Results: After 66 days (21-day adaptation period and 45-day feeding trial), DM intake, milk protein content, and milk density did not differ significantly across groups. However, MYs were significantly higher in the FPS50 group (p = 0.043). Additionally, milk fat (p = 0.021), DM (p = 0.013), solids-non-fat (SNF, p = 0.047), and lactose content (p = 0.007) were significantly higher in the FPS groups. Although serum biochemistry did not differ across groups on day 0, blood urea nitrogen (BUN, p = 0.044) and serum Ca (p = 0.041), P (p = 0.039), and Mg (p = 0.041) concentrations were significantly lower in the FPS groups on day 66. Moreover, FPS intake correlated positively with MY (R = 0.680), milk DM (R = 0.706), fat (R = 0.665), SNF (R = 0.566), lactose content (R = 0.653), and fat-to-protein ratio (R = 0.507) and negatively with milk density (R = −0.429) and mineral content (R = −0.271). Conclusions: These findings indicate that FPS is effective in increasing productivity and improving/maintaining milk quality traits in cows fed diets substituting specific amounts of SBM with FPS. The induced reduction in BUN can be interpreted as increased protein utilization. Full article

Background: The preservation of intrinsic capacity (IC) is a global public health priority, and digital health technologies offer promising avenues for managing functional decline. However, the longitudinal impact of specific smart monitoring devices on IC trajectories remains underexplored, and theoretical debates persist regarding whether digital interventions exacerbate health inequalities (the “digital divide”) or mitigate them (the “compensatory effect”). Methods: Using a balanced panel of 2432 older adults from the China Longitudinal Aging Social Survey (CLASS 2020–2023), we conducted wave-specific latent profile analyses based on five standardized WHO intrinsic-capacity domains. Modal class assignment and cross-wave profile matching were subsequently used to describe profile stability and transitions. The longitudinal protective association of baseline smart blood pressure (BP) monitor use with IC trajectories was evaluated using multinomial logistic regression with Inverse Probability Weighting (IPW). Exploratory structural path analysis was conducted to examine a potential mediating pathway. Results: The baseline latent profile analysis identified three profiles: Robust Capacity (80.2%), Cognitively Impaired (10.9%), and Sensory Impaired (8.8%). The Sensory Impaired class exhibited strong path dependence, with 62.79% of participants remaining in the same state over three years. Baseline estimates revealed that smart BP monitor usage was significantly associated with a reduced relative risk of transitioning into or remaining in the Sensory Impaired profile (RRR = 0.557, 95% CI: 0.325–0.955). The IPW analysis yielded a directionally consistent estimate (RRR = 0.696), although the association was attenuated and was not statistically significant (p = 0.162). Subgroup and pathway analyses yielded non-significant but suggestive findings, indicating that protective associations might be concentrated among vulnerable groups, particularly women and individuals with lower educational attainment. Conclusions: Smart physiological monitoring interventions demonstrate a longitudinal protective association against the persistence of physical frailty. Rather than definitively bridging the digital divide, targeted medical-grade digital tools may serve as compensatory resources for specific vulnerable subpopulations. These observational associations highlight the need for further quasi-experimental testing before integrating specific digital interventions into community-based chronic care ecosystems. Full article

Bovine milk contains bioactive proteins and encrypted peptide sequences whose abundance and availability may change during mammary or systemic inflammation. This narrative review critically evaluates evidence associated with subclinical mastitis, lameness-causing claw disorders, and periparturient metabolic disorders. Direct milk-level evidence is strongest for mastitis: increased somatic cell count and intramammary inflammation are generally associated with higher concentrations of milk haptoglobin, milk serum amyloid A (including mammary-associated serum amyloid A3, when isoform-resolved), lactoferrin, cathelicidins, and immunoglobulins, together with accelerated casein proteolysis. For lameness and metabolic disorders, evidence is substantially weaker and derives mainly from systemic acute-phase responses, broad milk metabolomic or compositional changes, and mechanistic hypotheses involving blood–milk barrier permeability and protease regulation. The review explicitly separates direct disease-defined milk evidence from systemic, broad omics, and mechanistic evidence. These alterations may influence biomarker performance, whereas processing consequences are best-established for mastitic milk. Their persistence after processing and digestion, and their biological effects in human consumers, remain largely unresolved. Future studies should combine diagnosis-specific cow health monitoring with milk proteomics and peptidomics. They should also assess the stability, bioaccessibility, and functionality of altered proteins and peptides during processing and digestion. Full article

In ovo supplementation of bioactive substances represents an effective nutritional intervention for enhancing broiler development from the embryonic stage through market age. This study investigates the impact of injecting graded levels of in ovo BGB on the physiological and developmental trajectories of broiler chicks. The investigation spans from embryonic development to a 35-day post-hatch period, assessing hatchability characteristics, chick quality, physiological indices, and growth performance. Based on the results, BGB improved chick quality at hatch by increasing body weight (p = 0.0484), Pasgar score (p = 0.0296), and several blood biochemical indicators, such as serum protein (p = 0.0005) and thyroid hormone concentrations (T3, p = 0.0001), while reducing blood glucose levels (p = 0.0180). Most notably, BGB promoted substantial improvements in intestinal morphology, including greater villus height (p = 0.0001), villus surface area (p = 0.0001), and villus-to-crypt ratio (p = 0.0020), indicating enhanced digestive and absorptive capacity. These physiological and intestinal benefits translated into superior post-hatch growth performance, characterized by higher body weight gain (p = 0.0001) and improved feed conversion efficiency (p = 0.0001). Notably, dressing percentage was significantly affected by a quadratic response (p = 0.0448), where the 0.30% BGB concentration yielded the highest dressing yield (81.1%). Furthermore, humoral immunity was strongly enhanced; immunoglobulin G (IgG) levels demonstrated a highly significant quadratic response (p = 0.0004), maximizing at 11.23 mg/mL in the 0.30% BGB group. Overall, the findings demonstrate that in ovo BGB administration, particularly at the 0.30% level, acts as a powerful developmental programming strategy that supports intestinal maturation, metabolic function, immune response, carcass traits, and long-term growth performance in broiler chickens. Full article

Background: Classical phenylketonuria (PKU) requires the lifelong dietary restriction of phenylalanine-containing foods. In this study, we aimed to evaluate the effects of a phenylalanine-restricted diet on carnitine, amino acid, vitamin, and mineral status in children with classical PKU. Methods: This case–control study included 30 children with classical PKU and 30 age- and sex-matched healthy controls. Dietary adherence was categorized as good, moderate, or poor according to blood phenylalanine concentrations during the preceding year. Dried blood spot amino acid and acylcarnitine profiles combined with serum micronutrient and hematological parameters were analyzed. Results: No significant differences were observed between the PKU and control groups regarding tyrosine, free carnitine (C0), acetyl carnitine (C2), valine, or methionine concentrations (p > 0.05). Arginine levels were significantly lower in the PKU group than in controls (40.14 ± 29.89 vs. 48.25 ± 16.08 µmol/L, p = 0.008). Vitamin B12, folate, 25-hydroxyvitamin D, and mean corpuscular volume were significantly higher in patients with PKU (all p < 0.05). Dietary adherence exhibited a strong negative correlation with phenylalanine concentrations (r = −0.86, p < 0.001), a moderate negative correlation with the phenylalanine-to-tyrosine ratio (r = −0.56, p = 0.001), and a moderate negative correlation with body mass index (r = −0.55, p = 0.002). Conclusions: Children with classical PKU receiving long-term dietary treatment maintained adequate carnitine and micronutrient status. Reduced arginine concentrations observed in treated children with classical PKU warrant further investigation, although their clinical significance remains uncertain. Full article