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Keywords = biodiesel CPO

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29 pages, 11983 KB  
Review
Computational and Experimental Studies on the Behavior of Sprays with Different Orifice Characteristics and Fuel Properties of Biodiesel Crude Palm Oil (CPO) on a Premix Injector—A Comprehensive Review
by Djamal Hissein Didane, Ronny Yii Shi Chin and Amir Khalid
Processes 2024, 12(12), 2907; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr12122907 - 19 Dec 2024
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2300
Abstract
Large-scale industrial burners are essential components in various industries including power generation and chemical processing. Enhancing their energy efficiency and reducing emissions, particularly nitrogen oxides (NOx), requires a combination of experimental research and computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations. While there exist numerous emission [...] Read more.
Large-scale industrial burners are essential components in various industries including power generation and chemical processing. Enhancing their energy efficiency and reducing emissions, particularly nitrogen oxides (NOx), requires a combination of experimental research and computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations. While there exist numerous emission control techniques, the main focus of the present review study was the passive control technique. The result of this review indicates that biodiesel fuel crude palm oil (CPO) was found to reduce emission components, particularly carbon components and particulate matter (PM). Moreover, it also mitigates cavitation within the injector’s orifice, reducing wear and tear. Although cavitation enhances spray atomization and creates finer droplets for improved combustion, it can damage injector orifices. Optimizing the orifice design, such as by adopting conical orifices over cylindrical ones, can significantly reduce cavitation and its adverse effects. Furthermore, innovations such as swirling fuel–air premixing within injectors enhance combustion efficiency and lower emissions by improving fuel–air mixing. However, spray characteristics, particularly the Sauter mean diameter (SMD), remain critical for predicting combustion performance. Further investigations into spray fineness and its impact on combustion dynamics are essential for advancing emission control and performance optimization. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Intelligent Monitoring and Fault Diagnosis of Complex Industrial Processes or Equipment)
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16 pages, 944 KB  
Article
Characteristics of Biodiesel Produced from Crude Palm Oil through Non-Alcohol Synthesis Route Using Dimethyl Carbonate and Immobilized Eco-Enzyme Catalyst
by Reza Nageubri Balfas, Azhari Muhammad Syam, Muhammad Muhammad, Adi Setiawan and Herman Fithra
Energies 2024, 17(7), 1551; https://doi.org/10.3390/en17071551 - 24 Mar 2024
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 5815
Abstract
Biodiesel, an alternative to traditional diesel, is essential for the sustainability of long-term energy supplies and often synthesized through a non-alcoholic route called interesterification. The described synthesis method facilitates the modification of oil and fat by exchanging acyl radical groups between triglyceride and [...] Read more.
Biodiesel, an alternative to traditional diesel, is essential for the sustainability of long-term energy supplies and often synthesized through a non-alcoholic route called interesterification. The described synthesis method facilitates the modification of oil and fat by exchanging acyl radical groups between triglyceride and alcoholic acid (alcoholysis), fat (acidolysis), or ester (transesterification). Therefore, this research aimed to determine the effect of the reactant ratio between crude palm oil (CPO) and dimethyl carbonate (DMC), along with the use of an eco-enzyme catalyst, on biodiesel characteristics. The CPO:DMC ratio was 1:1.5, 1:2, 1:2.5, and 1:3, while the immobilized eco-enzyme catalyst was 2%, 3%, 4%, 5%, and 6% of CPO mass. The results showed that interesterification with a 1:3 reactant ratio using a 4%wt catalyst was the best procedure, producing biodiesel yield of 73.65%, density of 0.860 g/mL, viscosity of 4.63 mm2/s (cSt), flash point of 113 °C, calorific value of 34.454 MJ/kg, and cetane number of 70.6%. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biodiesel and Biofuels Production)
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15 pages, 4689 KB  
Article
Facile Fabrication of SiO2/Zr Assisted with EDTA Complexed-Impregnation and Templated Methods for Crude Palm Oil to Biofuels Conversion via Catalytic Hydrocracking
by Hasanudin Hasanudin, Wan Ryan Asri, Zainal Fanani, Selvi Julpani Adisti, Fitri Hadiah, Roni Maryana, Muhammad Al Muttaqii, Zongyuan Zhu and Nelio Teixeira Machado
Catalysts 2022, 12(12), 1522; https://doi.org/10.3390/catal12121522 - 25 Nov 2022
Cited by 10 | Viewed by 3136
Abstract
Zr-containing SiO2 and their parent catalysts were fabricated with different methods using EDTA chelation and template-assist. The activity of the catalysts was explored in crude palm oil (CPO) hydrocracking, conducted under a continuous system micro-cylindrical reactor. The conversion features and the selectivity [...] Read more.
Zr-containing SiO2 and their parent catalysts were fabricated with different methods using EDTA chelation and template-assist. The activity of the catalysts was explored in crude palm oil (CPO) hydrocracking, conducted under a continuous system micro-cylindrical reactor. The conversion features and the selectivity towards biofuel products were also examined. The physicochemical of catalysts, such as structure phase, functional groups, surface morphologies, acidity features, and particle size, were investigated. The study showed that the template method promoted the crystalline porous catalysts, whereas the chelate method initiated the non-porous structure. The catalysts’ acidity features of SiO2 and SiO2/Zr were affected by the preparation, which revealed that the EDTA chelate-assisted method provided higher acidity features compared with the template method. The CPO hydrocracking study showed that the SiO2/Zr-CEDTA provided the highest catalytic activity towards the hydrocracking process, with 87.37% of conversion attained with 66.29%.wt of liquid product. This catalyst exhibited selectivity towards bio-jet (36.88%), bio-diesel (31.43%), and bio-gasoline (26.80%). The reusability study revealed that the SiO2/Zr-CEDTA had better stability towards CPO conversion compared with SiO2/Zr-CEDTA, with a low decrease in catalyst performance at three consecutive runs. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Biomass Catalysis)
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17 pages, 3322 KB  
Article
Combustion and Emission Characteristics of a Diesel Engine Fueled with Crude Palm Oil Blends at Various Idling Speeds
by Jun Cong Ge, Sam Ki Yoon and Jun Hee Song
Appl. Sci. 2022, 12(13), 6294; https://doi.org/10.3390/app12136294 - 21 Jun 2022
Cited by 13 | Viewed by 3952
Abstract
At present, the preparation cost of biodiesel is still higher than that of diesel. Thus, directly using vegetable oil before transesterification can greatly reduce the cost. This study investigated the application characteristics of the direct use of crude palm oil (CPO) in a [...] Read more.
At present, the preparation cost of biodiesel is still higher than that of diesel. Thus, directly using vegetable oil before transesterification can greatly reduce the cost. This study investigated the application characteristics of the direct use of crude palm oil (CPO) in a common rail direct injection (CRDI) diesel engine. In this study, the combustion characteristics, engine performance, and emission characteristics of the CRDI diesel engine operated with CPO0 (neat diesel fuel), CPO10 (10% CPO blended with 90% diesel fuel by volume), CPO30 (30% CPO blended with 70% diesel fuel by volume), and CPO50 (50% CPO blended with 50% diesel fuel by volume) at three idling speeds (750 rpm, 1500 rpm, and 2250 rpm) were evaluated. The results obtained from the experiment elucidate that combustion starts earlier by increasing the idling speed. The addition of CPO to diesel fuel resulted in a decrease in the peak in-cylinder pressure at all idle speeds and a decrease in the maximum heat release rate (HRRmax) at 750 and 1500 rpm, but an increase in HRRmax at 2250 rpm. On the other hand, increasing idle speed is beneficial for reducing carbon monoxide (CO), hydrocarbons (HC), and nitrogen oxides (NOx), but it increases smoke emissions. In addition, adding 10% and 30% CPO to diesel fuel can reduce both HC, NOx, and smoke emissions simultaneously. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Energy Science and Technology)
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16 pages, 2900 KB  
Article
Comparative Evaluation on Combustion and Emission Characteristics of a Diesel Engine Fueled with Crude Palm Oil Blends
by Jun Cong Ge, Sam Ki Yoon and Jun Hee Song
Appl. Sci. 2021, 11(23), 11502; https://doi.org/10.3390/app112311502 - 4 Dec 2021
Cited by 7 | Viewed by 2984
Abstract
Vegetable oil as an alternative fuel for diesel engine has attracted much attention all over the world, and it is also expected to achieve the goal of global carbon neutrality in the future. Although the product after transesterification, biodiesel, can greatly reduce the [...] Read more.
Vegetable oil as an alternative fuel for diesel engine has attracted much attention all over the world, and it is also expected to achieve the goal of global carbon neutrality in the future. Although the product after transesterification, biodiesel, can greatly reduce the viscosity compared with vegetable oil, the high production cost is one of the reasons for restricting its extensive development. In addition, based on the current research on biodiesel in diesel engines, it has been almost thoroughly investigated. Therefore, in this study, crude palm oil (CPO) was directly used as an alternative fuel to be blended with commercial diesel. The combustion, engine performance and emissions were investigated on a 4-cylinder, turbocharged, common rail direct injection (CRDI) diesel engine fueled with different diesel-CPO blends according to various engine loads. The results show that adding CPO to diesel reduces the maximum in-cylinder pressure and maximum heat release rate to 30 Nm and 60 Nm. The most noteworthy finding is that the blend fuels reduce the emissions of hydrocarbons (HC), nitrogen oxides (NOx) and smoke, simultaneously. On the whole, diesel fuel blended with 30% CPO by volume is the best mixing ratio based on engine performance and emission characteristics. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue 5th Anniversary of Energy Section—Recent Advances in Energy)
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10 pages, 2267 KB  
Article
Polyunsaturated Fatty Acid Fractionation from Crude Palm Oil (CPO)
by Zuchra Helwani, Ida Zahrina, Nurfatihayati Tanius, Deyana Annisya Fitri, Priska Tantino, Muslem Muslem, Mohd Roslee Othman and Rinaldi Idroes
Processes 2021, 9(12), 2183; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr9122183 - 3 Dec 2021
Cited by 17 | Viewed by 6650
Abstract
Biodiesel is a fuel derived from vegetable oil. One of the vegetable oils that can be used in the manufacture of biodiesel is Crude Palm Oil (CPO). High-quality biodiesel must have a low iodine number and a high oxidation stability. This can be [...] Read more.
Biodiesel is a fuel derived from vegetable oil. One of the vegetable oils that can be used in the manufacture of biodiesel is Crude Palm Oil (CPO). High-quality biodiesel must have a low iodine number and a high oxidation stability. This can be achieved if CPO does not contain polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA). It follows that in order to produce high-quality biodiesel, palm oil that contains high saturated fatty acids but that does not contain PUFA is needed. Therefore, it is necessary to fractionate PUFA with saturated fatty acids (SFA) and monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA). The purpose of this study was to separate PUFA in the form of linoleic acid from CPO and to determine the best conditions in the separation process to produce fatty acids with low iodine numbers. Fractionation was carried out at temperatures of 30 °C and 35 °C, with an extraction time of 3 h and 4 h, and with ratios of CPO and solvent of 1:2 and 1:3 (v/v). The solvents used were n-heptane and DMSO (dimethyl sulfoxide). The results showed that linoleic acid could be separated from CPO using the fractionation method with the best conditions at a temperature of 35 °C, an extraction time of 4 h, a ratio of CPO and solvent of 1:3, an iodine number of 40.78766, and an oxidation stability of 19.03593 h. GC-MS analysis proved that the fractionated CPO did not contain linoleic acid. The lower the iodine number was, the higher the oxidation stability was. Full article
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13 pages, 1347 KB  
Article
Integrated Cleaner Biocatalytic Process for Biodiesel Production from Crude Palm Oil Comparing to Refined Palm Oil
by Papasanee Muanruksa, Phavit Wongsirichot, James Winterburn and Pakawadee Kaewkannetra
Catalysts 2021, 11(6), 734; https://doi.org/10.3390/catal11060734 - 15 Jun 2021
Cited by 11 | Viewed by 4122
Abstract
An integrated cleaner biocatalyst process was performed for biodiesel production from crude palm oil (CPO) and refined palm oil (RPO). It was evaluated on process efficiency in terms of high purity of biodiesel as well as by-products without purification, less wastewater, less time [...] Read more.
An integrated cleaner biocatalyst process was performed for biodiesel production from crude palm oil (CPO) and refined palm oil (RPO). It was evaluated on process efficiency in terms of high purity of biodiesel as well as by-products without purification, less wastewater, less time consuming, and a simple downstream process. A first saponification step was carried out in both f CPO and RPO, a high purity of glycerol (86.25% and 87.5%) was achieved, respectively, while free fatty acids (FFASs) in soap were obtained after hexane extraction. High yields of FFASs were obtained from both CPO and RPO (98.83% and 90.94%). Subsequently, the FFAs were esterified to biodiesel by a biocatalyst of immobilized lipase. The highest biodiesel yields achieved were of 92.14% and 92.58% (CPO and RPO). Remarkably, biodiesel yields obtained from CPO and RPO achieved satisfactory values and the biocatalyst used could be reused for more than 16–17 cycles. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biocatalysis in Lipids Modification)
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