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25 pages, 8918 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Influences of an Arrow’s Aerodynamic Pressure Center on Recurve Bow Shooting

by Wenfeng Shen, Liang Hu, Jing Hu, Yiming Xu, Xixia Xu and Jieqing Zheng

Appl. Sci. 2025, 15(4), 2168; https://doi.org/10.3390/app15042168 - 18 Feb 2025

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An arrow’s attack angle continuously changes during its flight, which affects the position of the aerodynamic pressure center. To account for the offset between the aerodynamic pressure center and the center of mass of an arrow in recurve bow shooting, two equations for describing the variation of the aerodynamic pressure center with the attack angles were fitted via CFD simulation. On this basis, a new theoretical aerodynamic model was developed by integrating the above equations with the current model to predict the flight along the outer ballistic trajectory more accurately than ever. With regard to actual archery competition occasions, the distance, initial velocity, and attack angle were set to 70 m, 57 m/s, and −3° to 3°, respectively; the attitude and trajectory of the arrow flying details under background wind, such as crosswind, headwind, and tailwind, were numerically analyzed to reveal the accuracy deviation mechanism. A comparison was conducted with previous models, indicating that the model proposed in this study achieved improvements in accuracy of 15% under crosswind conditions and 8% under headwind/tailwind conditions. The results could, from a fluid physics perspective, provide valuable recommendations not only for archers and coaches but also for arrow manufacturers. Full article

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15 pages, 13255 KiB

Open AccessArticle

AI-Based Analysis of Archery Shooting Time from Anchoring to Release Using Pose Estimation and Computer Vision

by Seungkeon Lee, Ji-Yeon Moon, Jinman Kim and Eui Chul Lee

Appl. Sci. 2024, 14(24), 11838; https://doi.org/10.3390/app142411838 - 18 Dec 2024

Viewed by 2413

Abstract

This study presents a novel method for automatically analyzing archery shooting time using AI and computer vision technologies, with a particular focus on the critical anchoring to release phase, which directly influences performance. The proposed approach detects the start of the anchoring phase using pose estimation and accurately measures the shooting time by detecting the bowstring within the athlete’s facial bounding box, utilizing Canny edge detection and the probabilistic Hough transform. To ensure stability, low-pass filtering was applied to both the facial bounding box and pose estimation results, and an algorithm was implemented to handle intermittent bowstring detection due to various external factors. The proposed method was validated by comparing its results with expert manual measurements obtained using Dartfish software v2022 achieving a mean absolute error (MAE) of 0.34 s and an

R^{2}

score of 0.95. This demonstrates a significant improvement compared to the bowstring-only method, which resulted in an MAE of 1.4 s and an

R^{2}

score of 0.89. Previous research has demonstrated a correlation between shooting time and arrow accuracy. Therefore, this method can provide real-time feedback to athletes, overcoming the limitations of traditional manual measurement techniques. It enables immediate technical adjustments during training, which can contribute to overall performance improvement. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Motion Monitoring System)

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9 pages, 1523 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Arch-Support Insoles Benefit the Archery Performance and Stability of Compound Archers

by Ting-Ting Wu, Shin-Liang Lo, Hui Chen, Jeng-Sheng Yang and Hsien-Te Peng

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19(14), 8424; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19148424 - 10 Jul 2022

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 2734

Abstract

The purpose of this study was to analyze the effects of the use of arch-support insoles on the archery performance and center of plantar pressure (CoP) excursion in compound archers. Fifteen highly skilled compound archers were the subjects. A pressure plate was used to measure the CoP excursion and percentage distribution of plantar pressure. The parameters were compared between archers wearing flat and arch-support insoles using a paired-sample t-test. The results demonstrated that the shooting score in archers wearing the arch-support insole was significantly greater than in those wearing the flat insoles. The CoP excursion of the left foot, right foot, and both feet in archers wearing the arch-support insole were significantly smaller than in those wearing the flat insole. The distributed percentage of the plantar pressure showed that the arch-support insole significantly reduced the plantar pressure in the left posterior zone by 3.54% compared with the flat insole, and increased the plantar pressure in the right anterior zone by 2.54%. The principal conclusion was that compound archers wearing arch-support insoles during the arrow-release process can reduce the CoP excursion of the foot and increase their shooting score. The plantar pressure was distributed evenly in arch-support insoles. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Prevention, Rehabilitation and Performance of Athletes)

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10 pages, 1315 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effects of Dehydration on Archery Performance, Subjective Feelings and Heart Rate during a Competition Simulation

by Alexandros Savvides, Christoforos D. Giannaki, Angelos Vlahoyiannis, Pinelopi S. Stavrinou and George Aphamis

J. Funct. Morphol. Kinesiol. 2020, 5(3), 67; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfmk5030067 - 27 Aug 2020

Cited by 12 | Viewed by 5783

Abstract

This study aimed to investigate the effect of dehydration on archery performance, subjective feelings and heart rate response. Ten national level archers performed two archery competition simulations, once under euhydration (EUH) and once in a dehydrated state (DEH), induced by 24-h reduced fluid intake. Hydration status was verified prior to each trial by urine specific gravity (USG ≥ 1.025). Archery score was measured according to official archery regulations. Subjective feelings of thirst, fatigue and concentration were recorded on a visual analogue scale. Heart rate was continuously monitored during the trials. Archery performance was similar between trials (p = 0.155). During DEH trial (USG 1.032 ± 0.005), the athletes felt thirstier (p < 0.001), more fatigued (p = 0.041) and less able to concentrate (p = 0.016) compared with the EUH trial (USG 1.015 ± 0.004). Heart rate during DEH at baseline (85 ± 5 b∙min⁻¹) was higher (p = 0.021) compared with EUH (78 ± 6 b∙min⁻¹) and remained significantly higher during the latter stages of the DEH compared to EUH trial. In conclusion, archery performance over 72 arrows was not affected by dehydration, despite the induced psychological and physiological strain, revealed from decreased feeling of concentration, increased sensation of fatigue and increased heart rate during the DEH trial. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Exercise Evaluation and Prescription)

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6 pages, 708 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Experimental and Computational Study of Archery Arrows Fletched with Straight Vanes

by Julio Ortiz, Atsushi Serino, Toshinari Hasegawa, Takahito Onoguchi, Hiroki Maemukai, Takeshi Miyazaki and Hiroki Sugiura

Proceedings 2020, 49(1), 56; https://doi.org/10.3390/proceedings2020049056 - 15 Jun 2020

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2992

Abstract

The aerodynamic characteristics of archery arrows fletched with two types of straight vanes, for which the area is different, were studied. The arrows’ pitching moment (C_M), lift (C_L) and drag (C_D) coefficients were measured in the 60 × 60 cm Magnetic Suspension and Balance System (MSBS) from JAXA. At a Reynolds number of Re = 1.2 × 10⁴, the values of C_D were 1.56 and 2.05 for the short and large vanes, respectively. In a second experimental procedure, the arrows’ deceleration in free flight was measured by inserting an acceleration sensor inside their shafts. For shots with an initial velocity of around 56.4 ms⁻¹, a velocity decay of around 8% was measured. A turbulent–laminar boundary layer transition during free flight was found for shots with an average Re = 1.8 × 10⁴. Lastly, through numerical computations, the area difference of the two vanes was analyzed to verify the importance of C_M and C_L during the arrows’ flights. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 13th Conference of the International Sports Engineering Association)

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7 pages, 865 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Development of an Archery Robot for the Selection of Arrows

by Masashi Ohara, Naoki Kawasaki, Jun Nakahama, Yogo Takada and Hitoshi Watanabe

Proceedings 2020, 49(1), 115; https://doi.org/10.3390/proceedings2020049115 - 15 Jun 2020

Viewed by 2973

Abstract

The appropriate selection of arrows in the sport of archery is important to the achievement of high-quality results. In this regard, a shooting machine that is compatible with the wide variety of available bows and arrows is necessary. However, bow strength and arrow length vary among different athletes. It is also important to develop a shooting machine that reproduces the movement of the right fingers that releases an arrow, and the forward jump of a bow after shooting an arrow. In this study, a shooting machine was developed that considered these factors. Its efficacy was examined in terms of its ability to determine the characteristics of each arrow, and to distinguish between normal and flawed arrows. Based on the experimental results, we identified the factors that affected the shooting accuracy of arrows. In addition, the developed shooting machine was able to distinguish between normal and flawed arrows. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 13th Conference of the International Sports Engineering Association)

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32 pages, 7286 KiB

Open AccessArticle

On the Efficient Monitoring of Multivariate Processes with Unknown Parameters

by Nasir Abbas, Muhammad Riaz, Shabbir Ahmad, Muhammad Abid and Babar Zaman

Mathematics 2020, 8(5), 823; https://doi.org/10.3390/math8050823 - 19 May 2020

Cited by 16 | Viewed by 3312

Abstract

Control charts are commonly used tools that deal with monitoring of process parameters in an efficient manner. Multivariate control charts are more practical and are of greater importance for timely detection of assignable causes in multiple quality characteristics. This study deals with multivariate memory control charts to address smaller shifts in process mean vector. By adopting a new homogeneous weighting scheme, we have designed an efficient structure for multivariate process monitoring. We have also investigated the effect of an estimated variance covariance matrix on the proposed chart by considering different numbers and sizes of subgroups. We have evaluated the performance of the newly proposed multivariate chart under different numbers of quality characteristics and varying sample sizes. The performance measures used in this study include average run length, standard deviation run length, extra quadratic loss, and relative average run length. The performance analysis revealed that the proposed control chart outperforms the usual scheme under both known and estimated parameters. An application of the study proposal is also presented using a data set related to Olympic archery, for the monitoring of the location of arrows over the concentric rings on the archery board. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Statistical Process Control and Their Applications)

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