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Keywords = U-shaped assembly line

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15 pages, 11058 KiB  
Article
Plate Wall Offset Measurement for U-Shaped Groove Workpieces Based on Multi-Line-Structured Light Vision Sensors
by Yaoqiang Ren, Lu Wang, Qinghua Wu, Zhoutao Li and Zheming Zhang
Sensors 2025, 25(4), 1018; https://doi.org/10.3390/s25041018 - 8 Feb 2025
Viewed by 951
Abstract
To address the challenge of measuring the plate wall offset at the U-shaped groove positions after assembling large cylindrical shell arc segments, this paper proposes a measurement method based on multi-line-structured light vision sensors. The sensor is designed and calibrated to collect U-shaped [...] Read more.
To address the challenge of measuring the plate wall offset at the U-shaped groove positions after assembling large cylindrical shell arc segments, this paper proposes a measurement method based on multi-line-structured light vision sensors. The sensor is designed and calibrated to collect U-shaped groove workpiece images containing multiple laser stripes. The central points of the laser stripes are extracted and matched to their corresponding light plane equations to obtain local point cloud data of the measured positions. Subsequently, point cloud data from the plate wall regions on both sides of the groove are separated, and the plate wall offset is calculated using the local distance computation method between planes in space. The experimental results demonstrate that, when measuring a standard sphere with a diameter of 30 mm from multiple angles, the measurement uncertainty is ±0.015 mm within a 95% confidence interval. Within a measurement range of 155 mm × 220 mm × 80 mm, using articulated arm measurements as reference values, the plate wall offset measurement uncertainty of the multi-line-structured light vision sensor is ±0.013 mm within a 95% confidence interval, showing close agreement with reference values. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Optical Sensors)
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25 pages, 7823 KiB  
Article
Design and Test of an Automatic Navigation Fruit-Picking Platform
by Shaojiong Huang, Kaoxin Pan, Sibo Wang, Ying Zhu, Qing Zhang, Xin Su and Hongjun Yu
Agriculture 2023, 13(4), 882; https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture13040882 - 17 Apr 2023
Cited by 10 | Viewed by 3719
Abstract
With the development in agricultural mechanization and information technology, orchard agricultural machinery is also constantly pursuing the goal of intelligence and efficiency. Fruit picking is the most labor-intensive part of the orchard harvesting process. In order to resolve the problems of high labor [...] Read more.
With the development in agricultural mechanization and information technology, orchard agricultural machinery is also constantly pursuing the goal of intelligence and efficiency. Fruit picking is the most labor-intensive part of the orchard harvesting process. In order to resolve the problems of high labor intensity, low picking efficiency, and labor shortage when harvesting dwarf high-density orchards, an automatic navigation fruit-picking platform with voice control was developed in the present study. First, the platform utilized a voice-controlled high-level extendable working platform and a fruit-box-lifting device to adapt to varying orchard planting row spacing and enable convenient fruit box loading and unloading. Second, an automatic navigation system, which employed China’s Beidou navigation satellite system to acquire positional data and the Stanley algorithm for path-tracking control, was implemented. Third, the fruit-picking platform with automatic navigation system was fabricated and assembled, its outer wheel steering was measured to have a maximum angle of 30.3° and an average minimum turning radius of 4.5 m, meeting the turning radius requirements under orchard conditions. Finally, automatic navigation tests of the developed platform were performed in the orchard conditions. The results indicated that the platform could maintain a straight-line path with a maximum lateral deviation of 101.5 mm and a maximum absolute average deviation of 44.1 mm at 0.4 m/s. Under the U-shaped paths, the measured maximum lateral deviation was 148.6 mm and the maximum absolute average deviation was 57.2 mm. The navigation accuracy was sufficient to meet the requirements for the harvesting platform’s routine operation in the orchards. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Agricultural Machinery Design and Agricultural Engineering)
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15 pages, 60380 KiB  
Article
Effects of Fiber Shape on Mechanical Properties of Fiber Assemblies
by Dandan Xu, Huibin Ma and Yu Guo
Materials 2023, 16(7), 2712; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma16072712 - 29 Mar 2023
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2362
Abstract
The effects of fiber shape on the mechanical responses of fiber assemblies under compression, tension, and shear deformations are numerically investigated using the discrete element method (DEM). Simulations of the compression of ring-shaped fibers are consistent with experimental results, verifying the discrete element [...] Read more.
The effects of fiber shape on the mechanical responses of fiber assemblies under compression, tension, and shear deformations are numerically investigated using the discrete element method (DEM). Simulations of the compression of ring-shaped fibers are consistent with experimental results, verifying the discrete element method code. In the compressive tests of S-shaped fibers, pressure exhibits a nonmonotonic dependence on fiber curvature; while in the tensile tests, yield tensile stress generally decreases with increasing fiber curvature. In the shear tests, yield shear stress decreases with increasing fiber curvature for the S-shaped fibers, and the smallest yield shear stresses and the smallest coordination numbers are obtained for U-shaped and Z-shaped fibers. It is interesting to observe that for the assemblies of various fiber shapes, yield shear stress increases with increasing maximum Feret diameter of the fibers, which characterizes the largest dimension of a fiber between two parallel tangential lines. These novel observations of the effects of fiber shape provide some guidelines for material designs with the fibers. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Advancements in Computational Particle Mechanics)
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19 pages, 4003 KiB  
Article
Optimizing a U-Shaped Conveyor Assembly Line Balancing Problem Considering Walking Times between Assembly Tasks
by Yiyo Kuo, Ssu-Han Chen, Taho Yang and Wei-Chen Hsu
Appl. Sci. 2023, 13(6), 3702; https://doi.org/10.3390/app13063702 - 14 Mar 2023
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2374
Abstract
This research deals with a U-shaped assembly line balancing problem in which items are fixed on the conveyor. Operators execute the assembly tasks without removing items from the conveyor as the assembly items are assumed to be unsuitable for manual handling. The operators [...] Read more.
This research deals with a U-shaped assembly line balancing problem in which items are fixed on the conveyor. Operators execute the assembly tasks without removing items from the conveyor as the assembly items are assumed to be unsuitable for manual handling. The operators have to walk beside the conveyor at the same speed as the conveyor while they execute assembly tasks. If the operators want to assemble other items, they may have to walk to other positions at their normal walking speed. Therefore, the cycle time of an operator should include assembly times and walking times between assembly tasks. In this research, a mathematical model of the proposed U-shaped conveyor assembly line balancing problem was developed. Given a number of operators, the mathematical model can optimize the sequence of tasks and allocation of tasks to workstations using the commercial software LINGO 17. Because LINGO 17 requires a long computing time, simulated annealing (SA), which can accept worse new solutions in the search procedure, is proposed. The experimental results show that the proposed SA can optimize the problem efficiently. Full article
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17 pages, 6424 KiB  
Article
Asymmetric Cantilever Construction Control of a U-Shaped Box Concrete Continuous Bridge in Complex Environment
by Haijun Zhou, Xuan Qi, Zhidong Liu, Wuqiang Xue, Jiuchun Sun, Jian Liu, Songbai Gui and Xia Yang
Buildings 2023, 13(3), 591; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings13030591 - 23 Feb 2023
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2831
Abstract
The bridge of Shanghai Metro Line 10 over Metro Line 6 is a U-shaped concrete single-box double-cell concrete box beam continuous bridge. A novel method is applied to construct the asymmetric cantilever prefabricated and assembled continuous bridge due to the limited construction space [...] Read more.
The bridge of Shanghai Metro Line 10 over Metro Line 6 is a U-shaped concrete single-box double-cell concrete box beam continuous bridge. A novel method is applied to construct the asymmetric cantilever prefabricated and assembled continuous bridge due to the limited construction space and the complex environment. Four mechanical state control methods are applied during the T-shape structure construction process: tensioning pre-stressed steel strand, jacking by the axial force servo system, adjusting the leg reaction force, and setting the auxiliary leg. Auxiliary measures such as the compressive column, side-span counterweight, and temporary pre-stressing are also taken into consideration. The finite element method simulations are performed to measure effects of the four control methods during the construction process. The front leg force of the bridge erection machine and the deflection of the bridge are then monitored. It was deduced that the simulated and measured values of the cantilever T-shape structure are controlled within the limit range during the construction process. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Study on Concrete Structures)
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13 pages, 1416 KiB  
Article
Balancing a U-Shaped Assembly Line with a Heuristic Algorithm Based on a Comprehensive Rank Value
by Yuling Jiao, Nan Cao, Jin Li, Lin Li and Xue Deng
Sustainability 2022, 14(2), 775; https://doi.org/10.3390/su14020775 - 11 Jan 2022
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 2688
Abstract
An aim of sustainable development of the manufacturing industry is to reduce the idle time in the product-assembly process and improve the balance efficiency of the assembly line. A priority relationship diagram is obtained on an existing assembly line in the laboratory by [...] Read more.
An aim of sustainable development of the manufacturing industry is to reduce the idle time in the product-assembly process and improve the balance efficiency of the assembly line. A priority relationship diagram is obtained on an existing assembly line in the laboratory by measuring the task time of the chassis model, analyzing the product structure, and designing the assembly process. The type-E balance model of the U-shaped assembly line is established and solved by a heuristic algorithm based on the comprehensive rank value. The type-E balance problem of the U-shaped assembly-line plan of the chassis model is obtained, and the production line layout is planned. Combining instances to compare the results of the heuristic algorithm, genetic algorithm, and simulated annealing, comparison of the results shows that the degree of load balancing is slightly higher than genetic algorithm and simulated annealing. The balance efficiencies obtained by the heuristic algorithm are smaller than the genetic algorithm and simulated annealing. The calculation time is significantly less than the genetic algorithm and simulated annealing, and the scale of instances has little effect on the calculation time. The results verify that the model and the algorithm are effective. This study provides a reference for the entire process of the U-shaped assembly-line, type-E balance and the assembly products in laboratories. Full article
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20 pages, 5024 KiB  
Article
Nanoformulation Shows Cytotoxicity against Glioblastoma Cell Lines and Antiangiogenic Activity in Chicken Chorioallantoic Membrane
by Danieli Rosane Dallemole, Thatiana Terroso, Aline de Cristo Soares Alves, Juliete Nathali Scholl, Giovana Ravizzoni Onzi, Rodrigo Cé, Karina Paese, Ana Maria Oliveira Battastini, Silvia Stanisçuaski Guterres, Fabrício Figueiró and Adriana Raffin Pohlmann
Pharmaceutics 2021, 13(6), 862; https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics13060862 - 11 Jun 2021
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 4283
Abstract
Glioblastoma (GB) is a histological and genetically heterogeneous brain tumor that is highly proliferative and vascularized. The prognosis is poor with currently available treatment. In this study, we evaluated the cytotoxicity and antiangiogenic activity of doxorubicin-loaded-chitosan-coated-arginylglycylaspartic acid-functionalized-poly(ε-caprolactone)-alpha bisabolol-LNC (AB-DOX-LNC-L-C-RGD). The nanoformulation was prepared [...] Read more.
Glioblastoma (GB) is a histological and genetically heterogeneous brain tumor that is highly proliferative and vascularized. The prognosis is poor with currently available treatment. In this study, we evaluated the cytotoxicity and antiangiogenic activity of doxorubicin-loaded-chitosan-coated-arginylglycylaspartic acid-functionalized-poly(ε-caprolactone)-alpha bisabolol-LNC (AB-DOX-LNC-L-C-RGD). The nanoformulation was prepared by self-assembling followed by interfacial reactions, physicochemically characterized and evaluated in vitro against GB cell lines (U87MG and U138MG) and in vivo using the chicken chorioallantoic membrane assay (CAM). Spherical shape nanocapsules had a hydrodynamic mean diameter of 138 nm, zeta potential of +13.4 mV, doxorubicin encapsulation of 65%, and RGD conjugation of 92%. After 24 h of treatment (U87MG and U138MG), the median inhibition concentrations (IC50) were 520 and 490 nmol L−1 doxorubicin-equivalent concentrations, respectively. The treatment induced antiproliferative activity with S-phase cell-cycle arrest and apoptosis in the GB cells. Furthermore, after 48 h of exposure, evaluation of antiangiogenic activity (CAM) showed that the relative vessel growth following treatment with the nanocapsules was 5.4 times lower than that with the control treatment. The results support the therapeutic potential of the nanoformulation against GB and, thereby, pave the way for future preclinical studies. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Polymeric Nanocapsules in Drug Delivery)
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21 pages, 2701 KiB  
Article
U-Shaped Assembly Line Balancing by Using Differential Evolution Algorithm
by Poontana Sresracoo, Nuchsara Kriengkorakot, Preecha Kriengkorakot and Krit Chantarasamai
Math. Comput. Appl. 2018, 23(4), 79; https://doi.org/10.3390/mca23040079 - 12 Dec 2018
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 5399
Abstract
The objective of this research is to develop metaheuristic methods by using the differential evolution (DE) algorithm for solving the U-shaped assembly line balancing problem Type 1 (UALBP-1). The proposed DE algorithm is applied for balancing the lines (manufacturing a single product within [...] Read more.
The objective of this research is to develop metaheuristic methods by using the differential evolution (DE) algorithm for solving the U-shaped assembly line balancing problem Type 1 (UALBP-1). The proposed DE algorithm is applied for balancing the lines (manufacturing a single product within a fixed given cycle time), where the aim is to minimize the number of workstations. After establishing the method, the results from previous research studies were compared with the results from this study. For the UALBP, two groups of benchmark problems were used for the experiments: (1) For the medium-sized UALBP (21–45 tasks), it was found that the DE algorithm DE/best/2 to Exponential Crossover 1 produced better solutions when compared to the other metaheuristic methods: it could generate 25 optimal solutions from a total of 25 instances, and the average time used for the calculation was 0.10 seconds/instance; (2) for the large-scale UALBP (75–297 tasks), it was found that the basic DE algorithm and improved differential evolution algorithm generated better solutions, and DE/best/2 to Exponential Crossover 1 generated the optimal solutions and achieved the minimum solution search time when compared to the other metaheuristic methods: it could generate 36 optimal solutions from a total of 62 instances, and the average time used for the calculation was 4.88 seconds/instance. From the comparison of the DE algorithms, it was found that the improved differential evolution algorithm generated optimal solutions with a better solution search time than the search time of the basic differential evolution algorithm. The basic and improved DE algorithm are the effective methods for balancing UALBP-1 when compared to the other metaheuristic methods. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Numerical and Evolutionary Optimization)
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16 pages, 4132 KiB  
Article
Evaluation of Volatile Organic Compounds and Carbonyl Compounds Present in the Cabins of Newly Produced, Medium- and Large-Size Coaches in China
by Yan-Yang Lu, Yi Lin, Han Zhang, Dongxiao Ding, Xia Sun, Qiansheng Huang, Lifeng Lin, Ya-Jie Chen, Yu-Lang Chi and Sijun Dong
Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2016, 13(6), 596; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph13060596 - 15 Jun 2016
Cited by 24 | Viewed by 6382
Abstract
An air-conditioned coach is an important form of transportation in modern motorized society; as a result, there is an increasing concern of in-vehicle air pollution. In this study, we aimed to identify and quantify the levels of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and carbonyl [...] Read more.
An air-conditioned coach is an important form of transportation in modern motorized society; as a result, there is an increasing concern of in-vehicle air pollution. In this study, we aimed to identify and quantify the levels of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and carbonyl compounds (CCs) in air samples collected from the cabins of newly produced, medium- and large-size coaches. Among the identified VOCs and CCs, toluene, ethylbenzene, xylene, formaldehyde, acetaldehyde, acrolein/acetone, and isovaleraldehyde were relatively abundant in the cabins. Time was found to affect the emissions of the contaminants in the coaches. Except for benzaldehyde, valeraldehyde and benzene, the highest in-vehicle concentrations of VOCs and CCs were observed on the 15th day after coming off the assembly line, and the concentrations exhibited an approximately inverted U-shaped pattern as a function of time. Interestingly, this study also showed that the interior temperature of the coaches significantly affected the VOCs emissions from the interior materials, whereas the levels of CCs were mainly influenced by the relative humidity within the coaches. In China, guidelines and regulations for the in-vehicle air quality assessment of the coaches have not yet been issued. The results of this study provide further understanding of the in-vehicle air quality of air-conditioned coaches and can be used in the development of both specific and general rules regarding medium- and large-size coaches. Full article
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12 pages, 265 KiB  
Article
Simple and U-type Assembly Line Balancing by Using an Ant Colony Based Algorithm
by Adil Baykasoğlu and Türkay Dereli
Math. Comput. Appl. 2009, 14(1), 1-12; https://doi.org/10.3390/mca14010001 - 1 Apr 2009
Cited by 14 | Viewed by 1985
Abstract
In this paper, an Ant Colony Optimization (ACO) based heuristic algorithm is proposed for solving simple (straight line) and U-shaped assembly line balancing problems (ALBP). The paper makes one of the first attempts to show how ACO heuristic can be used to solve [...] Read more.
In this paper, an Ant Colony Optimization (ACO) based heuristic algorithm is proposed for solving simple (straight line) and U-shaped assembly line balancing problems (ALBP). The paper makes one of the first attempts to show how ACO heuristic can be used to solve U-shaped ALBP. A new algorithm is proposed in this paper that seamlessly integrates COMSOAL algorithm, Ranked Positional Weight Heuristic (RPWH) and an ACO based heuristic in order to obtain good solutions to simple and U-shaped ALBPs. The result of the computational study has shown that the proposed algorithm is effective in solving simple/U-shaped line balancing problems. Full article
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