Search Results (7,162)

This study optimized stabilizer type and concentration, and screened natural antioxidant combinations to enhance the stability of a protein beverage fortified with vitamins A, D₂, and D₃. Three stabilizers—carrageenan, sodium carboxymethyl cellulose (Na-CMC), and microcrystalline cellulose (MCC)—were evaluated at 0.15–0.45% (w/v) during accelerated storage at 45 °C for 21 days. Stability was assessed using Turbiscan analysis, pH, particle size, Zeta potential, and color. MCC at 0.35% demonstrated the best stabilization, with minimal changes in Turbiscan Stability Index, particle size, and Zeta potential. Five natural antioxidants—dl-α-tocopherol, vitamin C, epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG), tea polyphenols (TP), and pyrroloquinoline quinone (PQQ)—were screened for vitamin protection using HPLC. Although vitamin C exhibited the highest in vitro DPPH radical scavenging activity (IC₅₀ = 3.44 μg/mL), TP and EGCG provided superior protection of vitamins in the emulsion system. A synergistic antioxidant blend of EGCG, TP, and dl-α-tocopherol in a 4:4:2 mass ratio was identified as optimal, significantly prolonging vitamin retention over 21 days and yielding the longest predicted shelf-life (>84 days at 25 °C). These findings provide a practical formulation strategy for enhancing the physical and nutritional stability of functional protein beverages. Full article

Existing energy consumption models suffer from accuracy degradation and limited robustness in complex urban environments due to insufficient consideration of the route spatiotemporal characteristics of electric buses. To address this limitation, a Time-Partitioned Dual-Layer LSTM (TP-D-LSTM) framework driven by cloud data and spatiotemporal characteristics is proposed. First, a spatiotemporal characteristics analysis is conducted on urban bus routes to reveal the underlying traffic flow dynamics. Based on these insights, a time-partitioning strategy is developed to classify the continuous operating data into independent periods while preserving the kinematic continuity of individual trips. Subsequently, a Dual-Layer LSTM (D-LSTM) is constructed to precisely capture the distinct energy consumption mechanisms within each partitioned scenario. Experiments based on real-world cloud-logged data demonstrate that the proposed TP-D-LSTM framework is superior to existing baseline models. By alleviating the limitations of global mixed modeling, the TP-D-LSTM significantly reduces the Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) to 6.15, achieving an improvement of over 50% compared to the D-LSTM, and exhibits remarkable stability under highly volatile traffic conditions. Full article

The secure management of classified documents containing sensitive information is critical for governments, military organizations, and the industry. Traditional data loss prevention (DLP) systems lack robustness against insider threats, particularly regarding access log integrity and tamper-proof auditing. To address log security, the previous literature has proposed multiple solutions, including private and hybrid blockchain models (e.g., Ethereum + MultiChain) to ensure audit trail integrity. However, hybrid architectures often face challenges such as unpredictable transaction costs (gas fees) and potential privacy risks when scaled for enterprise DLP logs. Conversely, private architectures may require higher resources, potentially causing bottlenecks on endpoints. In this paper, we propose an optimized Blockchain-Based Classified Document Management System (B2CDMS) utilizing a permissioned architecture. Our work demonstrates the challenges, advantages, and weak points of current solutions. We optimized a permissioned blockchain (BC) (Hyperledger Fabric v2.5) with an External Chaincode Builder using the Chaincode-as-a-Service (CCaaS) pattern. We compared our proposed private architecture with a hybrid architecture (Ethereum + MultiChain) and a public solution (Ethereum). We conducted a comprehensive analysis using pseudo Trellix ePolicy Orchestrator (ePO) Data Loss Prevention (DLP) logs. Experimental results on an Apple Silicon M4 (Apple Inc., Cupertino, CA, USA) testbed show that the proposed architecture achieves a throughput of 845.8 Transactions Per Second (TPS) with a sub-second latency of 55 ms, aiming to eliminate the bottlenecks of public blockchains. Furthermore, the system introduces a privacy-preserving hashing mechanism (i.e., committing only deterministic Secure Hash -bit (SHA-256) digests to the immutable ledger while keeping the actual sensitive Personally Identifiable Information (PII) strictly in off-chain databases) compliant with General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR). It ensures that classified document metadata remains immutable and secure against rogue access benefiting from admin privileges. This study concludes that permissioned blockchain architectures offer a scalable and resource-efficient solution for forensic evidence preservation throughout the classified document lifecycle. Full article

Phosphorus release from sediments significantly influences eutrophication in shallow lakes; however, its dynamics in drawdown zones under alternating inundation and drying cycles remain understudied. This study investigates the mechanisms of phosphorus release from sediments in the drawdown zone of Nansi Lake, a key reservoir along the eastern route of the South-to-North Water Diversion Project. Through field sampling and laboratory simulations, we analyzed the impact of inundation duration, physicochemical properties, and organic matter decomposition on phosphorus release. In Container a (first inundation period), phosphorus was rapidly released at the beginning of inundation, with total phosphorus (TP) in the overlying water increasing from 1.92 mg/L to 2.68 mg/L, and in the interstitial water from 8.45 mg/L to 15.24 mg/L. The second inundation period showed the highest phosphorus release, with TP reaching 3.61 mg/L in the overlying water and 21.51 mg/L in the interstitial water. Inorganic phosphorus dominated the release, with dissolved inorganic phosphorus (DIP) accounting for a higher proportion of TP than dissolved organic phosphorus (DOP). Changes in pH, oxidation-reduction potential (ORP), dissolved oxygen (DO), and total organic carbon (TOC) significantly influenced phosphorus distribution. The decomposition of organic matter during inundation increased dissolved organic matter levels, thereby affecting phosphorus release. These findings provide valuable insights into phosphorus dynamics and highlight the need for integrated management strategies to mitigate internal phosphorus loading and prevent eutrophication in Nansi Lake, offering guidance for water quality management and ecological protection in similar shallow lake systems. Full article

In this paper, we present a system built on Hyperledger Fabric (HLF) that leverages Confidential Computing (CC) technologies to strengthen data privacy guarantees beyond those achievable through application-level mechanisms alone. While HLF natively supports data confidentiality through Private Collections (PCs), which restrict data visibility to a subset of authorized network participants, these mechanisms do not protect data at the hardware level: a privileged or compromised hosting platform can access plaintext data in memory and on the filesystem irrespective of HLF access control policies. To address this limitation, we integrate CC into HLF by adopting Intel Software Guard Extensions (SGX) in conjunction with the Gramine framework. This integration enables the execution of HLF components—peer nodes, orderers, Chaincodes and client applications—within Trusted Execution Environments (TEEs). Furthermore, to securely grant access to selected data to a trusted third-party software (TPS) external to the blockchain network, we leverage the Remote Attestation (RA) feature provided by CC, as streamlined by Gramine and enforced on a per-request basis, ensuring that only verified enclaves (or “SGX enclaves”) with expected measurements may access private data. In addition, the Sealing mechanism is employed to persistently store cryptographic material required by HLF components on the filesystem while preserving both confidentiality and integrity. Together, PCs, RA, Sealing, and enclave-based execution establish a layered privacy guarantee: PCs enforce application-level data segregation among channel participants; RA provides measurement-based access control for an external TPS; Sealing ensures that cryptographic material and blockchain state remain encrypted on the filesystem; and enclave-based execution protects data in use through hardware-level memory encryption. The proposed system has been applied and experimentally validated in a logistics use case in the Port of Genoa: benchmarks against an experimental HLF deployment demonstrate an average 95th-percentile (p95) performance overhead of approximately 1.3× attributable to SGX memory encryption and Gramine-based enclave execution, whereas an elevated memory usage footprint (33–35 GB per organization) has been measured, mainly due to the Gramine environment: this remains an open direction for future work. Full article

Integrated waste management through vermicomposting combined with biochar amendments represents an innovative approach for sustainable resource recovery. This study evaluated the effects of sugarcane bagasse biochar (SBB) at 0%, 5%, and 10% application rates on Eisenia fetida performance and vermicompost quality during preincubation-vermicomposting of sewage sludge and press-mud mixtures. The 10% SBB treatment significantly (p < 0.05) enhanced earthworm biomass (72.3% increase) and cocoon production (24.8 ± 1.8 per earthworm vs. 12.3 ± 1.2 in control). Lignocellulosic degradation improved substantially, achieving 22.6%, 10.7%, and 38.8% degradation for cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin, respectively. Macronutrient concentrations increased significantly: TN by 38.4%, TP by 15%, and TK by 21.4% compared to initial mixtures. Moreover, total heavy metal concentrations decreased significantly during vermicomposting, with reductions of 8.1–8.7% for Pb, 5.3–7.6% for Cd, and 3.0–4.8% for Cr, with reduced bioavailability factors indicating enhanced metal stabilization. The final vermicompost exhibited optimal maturity indices, including a C:N ratio of 15.4 ± 0.2 and improved electrical conductivity. Results demonstrate that 10% sugarcane bagasse biochar amendment facilitates efficient concurrent management of sewage sludge and sugarcane industrial wastes while producing high-quality organic fertilizer with enhanced nutrient content, reduced heavy metal bioavailability, and accelerated stabilization for sustainable agricultural/horticultural applications. Full article

Background: Vitamin D is a secosteroid that exerts immunomodulatory and anti-proliferative effects through the vitamin D receptor (VDR). Because HER2-targeted therapies substantially improve prognosis in HER2-positive breast cancer and introduces a new mechanism of immunotherapy, we hypothesized that successful correction of vitamin D deficiency would be associated with improved disease-free survival (DFS) in patients treated with curative intent. Methods: We performed a retrospective interventional cohort study of patients with early-stage HER2-positive breast cancer treated at Cancer Treatment Centers of America Midwestern Regional Medical Center from 2008 to 2014. Eligible patients had baseline vitamin D deficiency (25-hydroxyvitamin D or D25 < 30 ng/mL), received trastuzumab-based therapy, and had ≥12 months follow-up. Patients received vitamin D3 supplementation (typically 2000–10,000 IU/day) with doses adjusted based on D25 level follow-up. Responders were defined as having achieved a mean D25 ≥ 30 ng/mL during the first year; non-responders remained <30 ng/mL DFS was analyzed using Kaplan–Meier and Cox models. Results: Of 196 patients, 129 (65.8%) were vitamin D-deficient at baseline. Among these, 76 (60.3%) achieved repletion while 50 (39.7%) remained deficient. Three did not have D25 follow-up obtained. Thirty-one DFS events occurred but no deaths. Responders demonstrated numerically improved outcomes (3-year DFS 90% vs. 85%). Non-responders had a 1.7-fold higher hazard of recurrence, and those who achieved the highest D25 levels (>50 ng/mL) had the most favorable DFS trends, suggesting a dose response. Conclusions: Failure to correct a vitamin D deficiency was associated with a 1.7-fold higher recurrence risk, although the relationship did not achieve statistical significance. A similar effect size was reported in another retrospective cohort of HER2-positive breast cancer that did achieve statistical significance, and a doubling of pCR rates was seen in two recently completed RCTs in 2025, with benefits particularly seen in the triple-negative and HER2-positive subtypes. Prospective trials evaluating optimized vitamin D repletion in HER2-positive breast cancer are warranted. Full article

Background: POLE-mutated endometrial carcinomas are associated with exceptionally favorable outcomes, forming the basis for treatment de-escalation in early-stage disease. Nevertheless, rare adverse clinical courses have been reported. This study describes an unusual case of late metastatic recurrence in a POLE-mutated tumor and provides a review of similar cases in the literature. Methods: We present a detailed clinical, radiological, pathological, and molecular description of a patient who developed metastatic recurrence 16 years after initial surgery. A systematic literature search was conducted to identify reports of recurrence, progression, or cancer-related death in POLE-mutated endometrial carcinoma, with extraction of recurrence patterns, genomic features, treatment, and outcomes. Results: The patient experienced sequential pulmonary, cerebral, and leptomeningeal metastases despite harboring a canonical POLE hotspot mutation, proficient mismatch repair status, wild-type TP53, no additional known driver mutation beyond PTEN alterations. The literature review identified a small number of similarly adverse cases. Reported recurrences were heterogeneous, though distant and occasionally central nervous system involvement were noted. Conclusions: While POLE-mutated tumors overall retain an excellent prognosis, rare cases may follow an atypical and aggressive course. Improved molecular annotation and integrated risk-stratification models are needed to better identify this minority of higher-risk patients. Full article

Vegetation restoration profoundly impacts soil carbon (C)-nitrogen (N)-phosphorus (P) cycling in arid sandy lands, with vegetation type critically regulating accumulation patterns. However, the magnitudes of soil nutrients and stoichiometry for different vegetation types are still largely unknown. Thus, we conducted a regional-scale study to evaluate the soil nutrients and nutrient stoichiometry under four typical vegetation types in the Mu Us Sandy Land (MUS), including monoculture arbor (MA), monoculture shrub (MS), arbor-shrub mixed (MAS), and monoculture herbaceous (MH), with cropland (Cr) and bare sand (Bs) controls. Our results showed that vegetation type significantly affected SOC and TN content. MS (30–40 years), MA (>40 years), and MH exhibited significant increases of 285.5–305.8% in SOC and 293.6–374.6% in TN in the topsoil, respectively. MS (30–40 years) and MH demonstrated increases of 399.1% and 283.3% in SOC and 250.2% and 162.8% in TN in the subsoil. However, MAS had no significant effect on SOC and TN. MA (>40 years) resulted in a higher TP in the subsoil. Compared to Bs, humic substances significantly increased by 111.1–171.6% under MA (>40 years), MS (>40 years), and MH, exhibiting positive correlations with SOC. Moreover, MAS treatment resulted in a higher C:N, while the MH resulted in a higher C:P and N:P in the topsoil. Despite stable total phosphorus (TP), elevated C:P and N:P ratios under MH indicated emerging P limitation in restoration. Therefore, long-term monoculture shrub, arbor, and herbaceous vegetation effectively enhances soil fertility in arid sandy lands through long-term SOC accumulation and humic substance formation. Full article

Heat stress is a major environmental stressor in poultry production that reduces growth performance and induces oxidative stress, inflammatory responses, and lung tissue injury. This study investigated the protective effects of dietary supplementation with Ginkgo biloba extract and tea polyphenols against heat stress-induced lung injury in broilers. A total of 320 one-day-old broilers were reared under standard management conditions until 21 days of age. Subsequently, 300 birds with similar body weight were selected and randomly allocated into six groups: a thermoneutral control group, a heat stress group, a heat stress group supplemented with 300 mg/kg tea polyphenols, and three heat stress groups receiving 300 mg/kg tea polyphenols combined with 100, 300, or 600 mg/kg Ginkgo biloba extract. The analysis of the results showed that heat stress significantly reduced the average daily gain and feed intake while increasing the feed conversion ratio. It also markedly increased serum lactate dehydrogenase activity and malondialdehyde levels, while decreasing antioxidant-related indicators, indicating the occurrence of oxidative stress and inflammatory responses. Histological examination revealed lung injury characterized by alveolar wall thickening, epithelial cell shedding, and disruption of the endothelial barrier, accompanied by upregulated expression of heat shock proteins and inflammation-related signaling genes. Supplementation with tea polyphenols alone partially alleviated these changes. Notably, the combined supplementation of Ginkgo biloba extract and tea polyphenols exerted more pronounced protective effects, significantly enhancing antioxidant capacity, attenuating inflammatory responses, and maintaining pulmonary barrier integrity. Among the tested levels, the groups receiving 300 mg/kg Ginkgo biloba extract in combination with tea polyphenols showed the most evident improvements. These findings suggest that the combined use of these plant-derived extracts effectively mitigates heat stress-induced lung injury in broilers. Full article

Background: Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is a highly lethal malignancy. Next-generation sequencing (NGS) enables molecular characterization and may identify clinically actionable alterations; however, real-world multicenter data linking genomic subgroups to survival outcomes remain limited. We aimed to characterize the molecular landscape of NGS-tested PDAC in a Turkish multicenter cohort and evaluate the association of key molecular alterations, including KRAS status and KRAS variant subgroups, with survival outcomes. Methods: We conducted a multicenter retrospective cohort study including patients with pathologically diagnosed PDAC between 2017 and 2025 who underwent tumor-based NGS in routine clinical practice. Overall survival (OS) was calculated from the date of metastasis, defined as the date of diagnosis for de novo metastatic disease and the date of first documented distant recurrence for recurrent cases. Progression-free survival (PFS) was calculated from the initiation of first-line systemic therapy for metastatic disease to progression or death. Survival was estimated using the Kaplan–Meier method and compared using the log-rank test. Multivariable Cox proportional hazards models were constructed for OS and PFS using clinically relevant covariates selected a priori. Results: A total of 98 patients underwent molecular profiling, and survival analyses were performed in 92 patients with available OS/PFS data. KRAS mutations were detected in 83.7% (82/98) of patients, with predominant variants G12D (47.6%), G12V (30.5%), and G12R (12.2%). TP53 mutations were present in 59.2% (58/98) of tumors, and all tumors were microsatellite stable. Tumor mutational burden data were available for 72 patients; the median TMB was 3.83 mutations/Mb, and 15.3% of evaluable tumors had a TMB ≥ 10 mutations/Mb. Excluding KRAS, clinically actionable alterations were identified in 4.1% of patients, whereas an additional 32.7% harbored potentially actionable or investigational alterations. Median OS was 14.0 months (95% CI, 11.7–16.3), and median PFS was 6.0 months (95% CI, 4.3–7.7). In unadjusted analyses, OS and PFS did not differ significantly according to KRAS mutation status (OS, p = 0.967; PFS, p = 0.652), TP53 mutation status (OS, p = 0.404; PFS, p = 0.510), or KRAS variant subgroup (OS, p = 0.332; PFS, p = 0.194). In multivariable Cox analyses, KRAS mutation status was not independently associated with OS (aHR 1.13, 95% CI 0.56–2.28; p = 0.727) or PFS (aHR 1.09, 95% CI 0.59–2.01; p = 0.780), whereas ECOG performance status remained the strongest adverse clinical factor. Conclusions: In this multicenter real-world PDAC cohort, the molecular landscape was dominated by KRAS and TP53 alterations, whereas clinically actionable non-KRAS alterations were identified in only a minority of patients. After adjustment for major clinical covariates, KRAS mutation status was not independently associated with OS or PFS. Molecular profiling may still be useful for identifying uncommon potentially targetable alterations; however, larger clinically annotated multicenter studies are needed to better define its prognostic and treatment-directing value in routine practice. Full article

For the complex problems of multi-aircraft cooperative game guidance with No-Fly Zone (NFZ) avoidance and cross-task constraint propagation, a deep deterministic policy gradient algorithm with temporal awareness and priority cooperative optimization (TP-MADDPG) is proposed. Based on the three-body cooperative guidance, a new coupled guidance task is formed by adding the NFZ avoidance constraint. At the same time, considering the constraint compatibility problem in dynamic task switching, the cooperative aircraft are modeled as independent agents with differentiated policy networks. First, a nonlinear kinematic model of the three-body game constructed by Evader–Pursuer–Defender is established. And four complex constraint conditions, namely homing guidance, NFZ avoidance, collision avoidance, and cooperative guidance, are modeled separately. Secondly, the Long Short-Term Memory-based (LSTM) Actor–Critic framework is proposed to dynamically capture the evolution patterns of adversarial scenarios by mining hidden correlations in historical state-action sequences. This enables smooth policy transitions between the cooperative guidance phase and subsequent homing guidance phase, effectively addressing the challenges of environmental non-stationarity and temporal task dependencies. Then, a priority-driven adaptive sampling mechanism is proposed along with a heterogeneous roles cooperative reward function to specifically address credit assignment imbalance and sparse reward problems, respectively. The sampling mechanism capitalizes on the efficient retrieval properties of SumTree data structures while integrating bias correction techniques to expedite policy gradient convergence. The reward function utilizes the reward shaping method to formulate cooperative reward components that explicitly capture behavioral correlations among agents. Finally, simulations show that the proposed method significantly outperforms multi-agent reinforcement learning baselines, effectively improving the performance of cooperative game guidance under complex constraints. Full article

Background: This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness and safety of first-line pembrolizumab monotherapy in patients with advanced non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) in real-world clinical practice in Vietnam. Methods: We performed a multicenter retrospective cohort study of patients with locally advanced or metastatic NSCLC who received first-line pembrolizumab monotherapy in Vietnam between January 2018 and August 2024. The primary endpoints were progression-free survival (PFS), overall survival (OS), and safety profile. Results: A total of 73 patients were included, with a median age of 69 years (range, 47–92). Most patients had good performance status (ECOG PS 0–1, 75.3%) and high PD-L1 expression (TPS ≥ 50%, 86.3%). The overall response rate was 60.3%, and the disease control rate was 79.5%. Median PFS was 11.3 months (95% CI, 6.9–15.8), and median OS was 25.4 months (95% CI, 20.8–30.0). Multivariate analysis identified never-smoking status (HR 3.14, 95% CI 1.16–8.50; p = 0.024), squamous histology (HR 4.09, 95% CI 1.18–14.17; p = 0.026), and low PD-L1 expression (TPS 1–49%) (HR 3.67, 95% CI 1.14–11.78; p = 0.029) as independent predictors of inferior overall survival. Immune-related adverse events, including pneumonitis, hepatitis, nephritis, fever, skin reactions, and myositis, were mostly mild and manageable, with grade 3 toxicity occurring in only 4.2% of patients. Better survival was observed in patients with high PD-L1 expression and non-squamous histology. However, the association with non-squamous histology should be interpreted with caution due to the very small number of squamous cases. Conclusions: First-line pembrolizumab monotherapy demonstrated favorable effectiveness and acceptable safety in patients with advanced NSCLC in real-world clinical practice in Vietnam. Clinical outcomes were particularly favorable in patients with high PD-L1 expression, non-squamous histology, and a history of smoking. Nevertheless, the survival benefit associated with non-squamous histology should be interpreted cautiously, given the limited number of patients with squamous histology. These findings support the use of pembrolizumab monotherapy in selected patient populations within resource-limited settings. Full article

This paper presents an adaptive talkative power (TP) framework that enables simultaneous high-efficiency power transfer and reliable data communication under time-varying load conditions. A high-frequency TP-based bidirectional boost converter employing a SiC-based zero voltage switching–quasi square wave (ZVS-QSW) topology is proposed, incorporating closed-loop online efficiency optimization. Data transmission is realized through adaptive switching-frequency modulation at the transmitter, allowing information encoding while preserving optimal power transfer efficiency. To support reliable data detection under unknown and non-constant load conditions, an adaptive receiver architecture is developed that extracts information from output voltage ripple variations induced by frequency modulation. Owing to the nonlinear and complex nature of the ripple characteristics, a supervised machine-learning-based classification approach is employed for data detection, eliminating the need for prior knowledge of converter parameters and overcoming the limitations of conventional maximum-likelihood detection methods. The proposed system is validated through real-time simulations using a dSPACE MicroLabBox system in conjunction with MATLAB/Simulink R2025b. Simulation results demonstrate power transfer efficiencies approaching 98% while enabling reliable and efficient data transmission across a wide range of operating conditions, including varying conversion ratios and dynamic load variations, thereby confirming the effectiveness and robustness of the proposed TP-based power and data transmission scheme. Full article

Introduction: Prolongation of the QT interval and QRS duration, which are markers of ventricular repolarization and depolarization, has been reported in patients receiving flecainide therapy. However, the effects of flecainide on the QRS–T angle—a recognized indicator of transmural dispersion of repolarization—remain unclear. The aim of our study was to investigate the impact of flecainide therapy on the QRS–T angle. Method: In this study, 200 patients who were prescribed flecainide therapy due to atrial or ventricular arrhythmias were included. Prior to the initiation of flecainide treatment, all patients underwent a 12-lead electrocardiogram (ECG) in which heart rate (HR), PR and QRS durations, QT, QTc, JT, Tp–Te intervals and the frontal plane QRS–T angle were measured. At the 1-month follow-up, patients underwent repeat ECG recording and were evaluated for both cardiac and non-cardiac side effects of flecainide. The same ECG parameters were measured again using the follow-up recordings. Changes in ECG parameters between the baseline and 1-month post-treatment were analyzed. Results: Following flecainide administration, the drug was discontinued in 18 patients (9%) due to adverse effects (11 cases of cardiac and seven cases of non-cardiac). HR significantly decreased (78 ± 22 bpm to 74 ± 15 bpm and p < 0.05). PR interval and QRS duration significantly increased (148 ± 23 ms to 156 ± 9 ms and 89 ± 17 ms to 99 ± 19 ms, respectively p < 0.05 for each). Additionally, JT interval (326 ± 27 ms vs. 334 ± 6 ms), QT interval (416 ± 24 ms vs. 434 ± 24 ms), QTc interval (431 ± 24 vs. 447 ± 25 ms) and Tp–Te interval (84 ± 17 vs. 87 ± 18 ms) all showed statistically significant increases after flecainide treatment (p < 0.05 for-each). However, no significant change was observed in the frontal QRS–T angle. Discussion: In patients receiving flecainide therapy for atrial and ventricular arrhythmias, prolongation was observed in atrioventricular conduction, ventricular depolarization and repolarization parameters as measured by ECG. However, no significant change was detected in the frontal QRS–T angle. Full article