Search Results (26,693)

Free-jet altitude simulation requires coordinated regulation of the intake thermodynamic states and flexible-nozzle geometry under time-varying Mach number commands and possible actuator faults. This study proposes a cooperative dual-loop active disturbance rejection control (ADRC) framework for a multi-pivot semi-flexible nozzle and a dual-valve intake system. In the inner loop, a constrained cooperative allocation method determines the pivot forces required to match the reference nozzle profile, while a dual-valve allocation mechanism redistributes the control demand when a valve loses effectiveness. ADRC is employed for hydraulic-actuator position tracking, and an SMC-LADRC controller regulates the intake pressure and temperature. An outer Mach number feedback loop compensates for the residual error of the integrated system. The convergence of the projected-gradient allocation algorithm and the ultimate boundedness of the observer and tracking errors are established under bounded disturbance variations. Simulation results under Mach number transitions, external disturbances, and progressive valve failure show that the proposed method effectively maintains stable intake pressure and temperature, improves nozzle-profile tracking accuracy, suppresses Mach number fluctuations, and enhances the fault tolerance and overall control performance of the integrated free-jet system. Full article

Sechium edule (Jacq.) Sw. (chayote), a neglected and underutilized Cucurbitaceae crop widely cultivated across tropical and subtropical regions, has drawn growing interest as a source of health-promoting food components. This review critically synthesizes studies published between 2000 and 2026 on its botanical features, genome characterization, nutritional value, phytochemistry, bioactivities, safety, and food-industry applications, based on literature retrieved from PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, ScienceDirect, and the Cochrane Library. Different plant parts (fruits, leaves, seeds, tuberous roots, and peels) contain diverse bioactive compounds, including flavonoids, phenolic acids, cucurbitacins, pectin polysaccharides, and carotenoids. Reported bioactivities include antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, hypoglycemic, cardioprotective, antiproliferative, and geroprotective effects, mediated in part through Nrf2-mediated antioxidant signaling and sirtuin (SIRT1/3/5/6) upregulation. Notably, a systematic meta-analysis demonstrated a significant reduction in serum glucose (MD = −20.56; 95% CI: −29.35 to −11.77) and HbA1c following three months of chayote intake in patients with metabolic syndrome and type 2 diabetes. Industrially, chayote has been developed into fermented products, starch- and peel-derived bioactive films, ultrasound-extracted pectin, α-amylase inhibitory seed protein isolates, and probiotic encapsulation systems. Recent genomic work has further revealed a chromosome-level genome assembly, whole-genome duplication events, and a domestication history tracing to Mexico’s Oaxaca region. Collectively, this evidence positions chayote as a promising underutilized resource for food, nutraceutical, and biomedical use, while highlighting key gaps: the need for standardized clinical trials, bioavailability studies, and comprehensive safety evaluation. Full article

With the advent of the new definition, fatty liver disorders have been reframed into metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD), alcohol-related liver disease (ALD), and the mixed phenotype referred to as MetALD (MASLD and increased alcohol intake). This change reflects the real-world clinical practice, where metabolic dysfunction and alcohol frequently coexist and synergize to increase risks of steatohepatitis, fibrosis, and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). While conventional non-invasive tests (NITs) remain the backbone of risk stratification, lipidomics and metabolomics can capture biological information on disease mechanisms and may improve early detection and prognosis. Here, we summarize the current evidence on circulating and tissue lipidomic and metabolomic signatures across MASLD, ALD and MetALD, discuss how the new definitions affect clinical risk assessment, and highlight recent studies which partially distinguish molecular fingerprints for mixed etiology disease. Full article

Background: Medication non-adherence is a major driver of poor therapeutic outcomes, and computer vision methods that observe facial movements offer a non-contact route to verifying oral medication intake. Objective: To map and synthesize the existing literature on computer vision techniques applicable to the monitoring of medication intake, focusing on face tracking methods, oral movement detection and deglutition recognition, and to assess their potential in supporting automatic medication adherence verification systems. Eligibility criteria: Peer-reviewed articles, conference papers, patents, theses and preprints published from 2016 onward, written in English or Portuguese, applying facial landmark tracking or face analysis to ingestion-related movements (mouth opening, hand-to-mouth motion, pill placement, mastication or deglutition); studies confined to object/pill detection without facial analysis, or to general food intake without transferability to medication, were excluded. Sources of evidence: A systematic screening of 362 initial records was conducted across six main electronic databases and repositories: Google Scholar, PubMed, ScienceDirect, arXiv, IEEE Xplore, and Espacenet. Charting methods: Data were charted with a standardized, pilot-tested extraction form capturing bibliographic attributes, dataset type, experimental environment, face tracking approach, tools/models, and target movements; extraction was performed by a single reviewer. Following the screening process, a final selection of 34 relevant studies was included for detailed analysis and mapping. Results: Among the 34 included studies, 14 employ facial landmarks, 11 utilize temporal deep learning models, 6 apply facial action models and 3 rely on hybrid multimodal approaches that combine video analysis, object detection and temporal modeling. Tasks such as detecting mouth opening or tracking pill-to-mouth movement show promising results, while accurately detecting deglutition remains a technical challenge due to high sensitivity and individual variability. Limitations: The majority of the literature relies on private or institutional datasets (31 studies) and operates in controlled laboratory environments (22 studies); only 2 studies evaluated their methods via independent external datasets, which limits the generalization of current solutions to real-world telemonitoring scenarios. Conclusions: The literature indicates the existence of solid technical foundations for developing automated medication intake verification systems. To advance the field toward practical deployment, future research must address the need for more diverse datasets, real-world validation and more robust, adaptable modeling frameworks. Full article

Dependence on corn may increase feed costs and supply vulnerability in tropical livestock systems. This study evaluated replacing corn with whole-fruit jackfruit (Artocarpus heterophyllus Lam.) silage in feedlot lamb diets. Sixteen castrated male Santa Inês crossbred lambs (26.2 ± 3.6 kg) received diets in which jackfruit silage replaced 0, 333, 666, or 1000 g/kg of corn dry matter in the concentrate. Jackfruit silage had lower non-fibrous carbohydrate gas volume (132.9 vs. 182.9 mL), degradation rate (0.081 vs. 0.096 h⁻¹), and total carbohydrate gas volume (238.5 vs. 298.2 mL) than corn (p < 0.05). Dry matter intake increased linearly, whereas organic matter digestibility, final body weight, and total weight gain decreased linearly as replacement increased (p ≤ 0.011). Feed conversion ratio increased from 6.6 to 12.3 kg dry matter intake/kg gain. Nevertheless, 333 g/kg replacement maintained 98.5% of final body weight and 96.0% of total weight gain. Carcass yields and Longissimus muscle area were unaffected. One-third replacement reduced corn use by 26.2% per kilogram of gain while maintaining productive viability. Jackfruit silage is therefore a strategic partial, rather than complete, substitute for corn in tropical sheep diets. Full article

Cooling-water intake basins in coastal power plants may experience particle retention and sediment deposition when complex inlet geometry produces large-scale recirculation and low-velocity zones near intake structures. This study examines the use of submerged barriers to mitigate particle retention in a de-identified coastal power-plant intake basin using hydraulic model experiments and hydraulic-model-supported three-dimensional computational fluid dynamics (CFD). A geometrically consistent model-scale configuration, including the inlet channel, main basin, three intake openings, and two outlet passages, was used to preserve site confidentiality while retaining the essential hydraulic mechanisms. Surface-flow patterns, water-depth variations, and sediment-deposition behavior were measured in the physical model and used to assess the numerical model. The numerical results, supported by the available hydraulic-model observations, reproduced the dominant counterclockwise recirculation and a broadly similar retention-prone region. The simulated water depths agreed closely with the measurements, with relative errors below 0.50% for the finest mesh. A water-depth-based grid-sensitivity assessment using 1,221,165; 2,414,216; and 3,378,840 computational cells further showed that the predicted mean water depths remained within 1.15% of the experimental measurements. The assessed numerical model was then applied to examine submerged-barrier configurations installed near the inlet-to-basin transition, with the barrier-performance interpretation limited to the tested mesh, the assumed representative particle condition, and the available qualitative flow/deposition evidence. Under this assumed particle-tracking condition, the original configuration retained 6989 particles at t = 200 s, whereas the 6 cm submerged barrier reduced the retained-particle count to 4956, corresponding to a reduction of approximately 29.1%. In contrast, the 15 cm emergent barrier increased the retained-particle count to 7573 because it blocked overtopping flow and induced new separated low-velocity regions. These results indicate that, among the tested configurations and under the assumed representative particle condition, the 6 cm submerged barrier yielded the lowest retained-particle count, whereas an excessively high barrier may deteriorate the internal flow structure and increase particle accumulation. Full article

Feed efficiency traits are increasingly important in pig production for improving profitability and environmental sustainability. Understanding their genetic basis is crucial for uncovering underlying biological mechanisms and informing selection strategies. In this study, we analyzed residual feed intake (RFI), feed conversion ratio (FCR), and average daily feed intake (ADFI) in 201 animals. Three separate Bayesian GWASs were conducted using 29,844 SNPs in a case–control design, with the lowest and highest 15% of the phenotypic distribution selected as controls and cases (N = 30 per group), respectively, for each trait. The results confirmed the polygenic nature of the traits, identifying 4 SNPs for RFI on Sus scrofa chromosomes (SSC) 3, 13, and 15 with high posterior probability for the direction of their effects; 4 SNPs for FCR on SSC 8, 14, and 17; and 8 SNPs for ADFI on SSC 1, 2, 6, 8, and 11. A candidate gene search identified 41 potential genes involved in diverse biological processes, including feed efficiency, intestinal development, tissue remodeling and integrity, nutrient transport and absorption, metabolic homeostasis, cellular signaling, energy sensing, and neurological regulation. These genes formed a highly interconnected network, highlighting the complexity of feed efficiency and the interplay among multiple physiological, metabolic, and regulatory pathways. Full article

This study evaluated the effects of partially (50%) or completely (100%) replacing soybean oil with Hermetia illucens larvae fat (HI fat) in diets for laying hens on productive performance, egg quality, yolk lipid composition, and ovarian follicle characteristics during a 20-week feeding period. Sixty Lohmann LSL Classic hens were randomly allocated to three dietary treatments (Control, HI50, and HI100; n = 20 hens per treatment). Due to space limitations within the experimental facility, each treatment was housed in a single pen, which precluded statistical analysis of production performance data. Nevertheless, descriptive evaluation revealed no obvious differences in laying rate, egg weight, egg mass, feed intake, or feed conversion ratio among the dietary treatments. Most egg quality traits, including albumen height, Haugh units, shell strength, and yolk color, remained unaffected, although minor transient differences were detected at individual sampling time points. Dietary treatments altered yolk fatty acid composition, reflecting the fatty acid profile of the experimental diets. Replacement of soybean oil with HI fat increased the proportions of saturated fatty acids, particularly lauric (C12:0), myristic (C14:0), and palmitic acids (C16:0), while reducing both n-6 and n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids. In conclusion, the findings of this exploratory study indicate that HI fat may have potential as an alternative lipid source in layer diets. Under the conditions of the present experiment, no obvious adverse effects on productive performance, egg quality, or ovarian follicle characteristics were observed. However, because each dietary treatment was represented by a single pen, the results should be interpreted with caution and require confirmation in studies with replicated experimental units. Full article

The filling-and-emptying valve and downstream shaft are crucial components of navigation-lock systems. Under insufficient downstream submergence, air can be drawn through the shaft and trapped in the post-valve culvert, altering the flow structure and compromising hydraulic stability. A three-dimensional Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes/volume-of-fluid model was developed to investigate shaft aeration and entrapped-air-pocket evolution under varying inlet velocities and downstream-submergence depths. The aeration process comprises three stages: jet establishment, air-pocket formation, and air-pocket breakup and reorganization. Downstream-submergence depth determines whether a continuous air-intake pathway forms, whereas inlet velocity primarily controls aeration intensity and air-pocket persistence once the pathway is established. With decreasing submergence depth, the flow transitions successively from a water-sealed regime to a transition regime, a stable entrapped-air-pocket regime, and a strongly unsteady hydraulic-jump-like regime. For the present geometry and fixed valve opening, the transition from transient to sustained shaft aeration is identified within the downstream-submergence interval of h_w = 2–5 m. Combined analyses of the air-pocket volume per unit width, pressure response, vortex structures, and shear-layer characteristics indicate that enhanced jet-induced shear is closely associated with shaft aeration and air entrapment, while pressure fluctuations are closely coupled with air-pocket formation, persistence, breakup, and reorganization. Full article

Caffeine is widely used in sport and exercise because of its established ergogenic effects, yet problematic use, dependence, and withdrawal in athletic populations remain poorly characterized. This structured narrative review used a systematic database search and prespecified selection process to identify studies directly addressing problematic caffeine use, dependence, use disorder, withdrawal, tolerance, habituation, or misuse in sport- and exercise-related populations. PubMed, Web of Science Core Collection, and Scopus were searched from inception to 15 June 2026. Four studies met the eligibility criteria: one cross-sectional study of caffeine dependence in university sport students, two experimental withdrawal studies, and one historical analysis of caffeine use and misuse in competitive cyclists. The evidence suggests that questionnaire-assessed dependence-related features, anxiety, self-reported withdrawal symptoms, withdrawal status, habitual intake, and performance may be interconnected; however, the studies were heterogeneous and generally did not use diagnostic assessments of caffeine use disorder. Athlete-specific prevalence and risk factors therefore remain unknown. Current evidence is insufficient for firm clinical or epidemiological conclusions, but it identifies an important gap between widespread ergogenic caffeine use and limited research on loss of control, continued use despite harm, withdrawal-driven use, and functional impairment. Standardized, athlete-specific research is urgently needed. Full article

Cardiovascular disease is the leading cause of death in Poland, and alcohol is among the principal modifiable determinants of cardiovascular health there. The view of light-to-moderate drinking as cardioprotective has been challenged by bias-corrected synthesis, Mendelian randomisation, and the 2023 World Health Organization position that no level of alcohol consumption is safe. We synthesised the primary epidemiological and modelling evidence on alcohol and cardiovascular mortality in Poland and the wider Central and Eastern European region. PubMed/MEDLINE and ClinicalTrials.gov were searched on 18 June 2026 from 1998 onward; 107 studies were included. Risk of bias was assessed with the Newcastle–Ottawa Scale and AMSTAR-2 and certainty with GRADE. Heterogeneity precluded meta-analysis, so the evidence was synthesised without meta-analysis (SWiM). The review was registered in PROSPERO (CRD420261427480) and follows PRISMA 2020. Excess cardiovascular and all-cause mortality tracked high average intake and alcohol use disorder rather than occasional intake. Polish data showed dose-graded rises in blood pressure, and stronger alcohol-control policy in the Baltic states and Poland was associated with lower mortality. The lower mortality of moderate drinkers relative to abstainers is consistent with sick-quitter bias rather than cardioprotection. Certainty was low to very low. The evidence does not support promoting any level of alcohol consumption for cardiovascular protection. Full article

Sarcopenia is a progressive skeletal muscle disorder in which clinically relevant muscle failure is expressed primarily as reduced muscle strength, with low muscle quantity or quality used to confirm the diagnosis and impaired physical performance indicating greater severity in the EWGSOP2 (European Working Group on Sarcopenia in Older People 2) framework. This narrative review first defines the clinical phenotype and its current diagnostic operationalization and then uses an author-proposed five-pillar framework: energy, structure, regeneration, neuromuscular control, and systemic communication, to organize the interacting biological mechanisms that may generate that phenotype. The framework is intended as a translational heuristic rather than a validated classification and is positioned within broader geroscience and hallmarks-of-ageing concepts. Particular emphasis is placed on the distinction between muscle mass, strength, power, and physical performance; context-dependent mTORC1 signaling; the limited specificity of candidate biomarkers; and the uncertain causal direction of several mechanistic associations. Resistance exercise and adequate energy and protein intake remain the foundations of management, whereas pharmacological and regenerative strategies have not yet demonstrated sufficiently consistent improvements in patient-relevant functional outcomes to replace these interventions. Linking biological mechanisms to measurable muscle failure may improve interpretation of current evidence and help define priorities for future mechanistic and clinical studies. Full article

Pediatric disorders of gut–brain interaction (DGBIs) comprise chronic or recurrent symptom-based gastrointestinal conditions that cannot be fully explained by identifiable structural, biochemical, or organic abnormalities after appropriate clinical evaluation. The term DGBI is used throughout this review in accordance with current terminology, whereas the historical term “functional gastrointestinal disorders” (FGIDs) is retained only when referring to studies that used earlier Rome classifications. This review examines the impact of four modifiable factors—sleep, psychological stress, circadian rhythm, and diet—on their development and severity in children and adolescents. Relevant literature was identified through PubMed, with emphasis on recent pediatric studies, systematic reviews, and meta-analyses. Sleep disturbances are associated with greater abdominal pain, functional disability, and impaired daytime functioning. Stress may exacerbate symptoms through hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis activation, autonomic imbalance, altered motility, and visceral hypersensitivity. Circadian disruption may affect gastrointestinal motility, barrier function, enteroendocrine signaling, and microbial rhythmicity, although pediatric evidence remains limited. Diet influences fermentation, microbiota, intestinal permeability, and symptom expression, with regular meals, adequate hydration, and appropriate fiber intake representing important initial measures. These factors interact bidirectionally through shared neuroendocrine, autonomic, immune, and microbial pathways. Clinical management should therefore adopt a biopsychosocial, multidisciplinary approach combining symptom management with modification of sleep, stress, circadian habits, and dietary patterns. Further prospective pediatric studies are needed to clarify causality and support personalized interventions. Full article

Obesity is a multifactorial disorder with increasing global prevalence, highlighting the importance of identifying early-life factors that may influence long-term metabolic outcomes. While metformin is widely used to improve metabolic dysfunction in adulthood, whether neonatal exposure to this drug modifies adult responses to subsequent dietary challenges remains poorly understood. This exploratory study evaluated whether intraperitoneal metformin administration during the neonatal period alters adult metabolic responses to hyperlipidic diet (HL) exposure in Wistar rats. Following weaning and sex determination, male offspring (n = 80) were included in the study and distributed among four experimental groups, i.e., saline–normolipidic (SAL-NL), saline–high-fat (SAL-HL), metformin–normolipidic (MET-NL), and metformin–high-fat (MET-HL), with 20 animals per group. From postnatal days 1 to 12, animals received daily intraperitoneal saline or metformin (100 mg/kg/day). From days 60 to 90, animals were fed normolipidic or hyperlipidic diets. Body mass, food intake, glucose tolerance (GTT), and insulin tolerance (ITT) were assessed. Neonatal metformin exposure was associated with reduced body mass gain in MET-HL animals compared to SAL-HL, while food intake differed according to dietary condition. Metformin-treated animals also exhibited improved insulin sensitivity, reflected by higher kITT values, while no significant differences were observed in glucose tolerance. These preliminary findings suggest that neonatal metformin administration may influence adult metabolic responses to dietary challenge. Further studies are required to elucidate the mechanisms and long-term implications of this early-life intervention. Full article

Background/Objectives: Abdominal obesity is a major risk factor for metabolic disorders, including type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease. Laver (Porphyra spp.), a seaweed commonly consumed in Korea, contains dietary fiber and bioactive compounds that may help reduce abdominal fat accumulation. This study aimed to investigate the association between laver intake and the incidence of abdominal obesity in Korean adults. Methods: Data from 5457 adults aged 40–69 years who participated in the Korean Genome and Epidemiology Study were analyzed. Laver intake was assessed at baseline using a validated 103-item food frequency questionnaire. Abdominal obesity was defined as waist circumference of ≥90 cm in men and ≥85 cm in women. Cox proportional hazards models were used to estimate hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs). Results: During 18 years of follow-up, 1202 men (39.4%) and 1117 women (46.4%) developed abdominal obesity. A higher laver intake was significantly associated with a lower risk of abdominal obesity in both sexes. Compared with participants in the lowest category of laver intake, those in the highest category had a 28% lower risk among men (HR: 0.72; 95% CI: 0.58–0.89; p for trend = 0.0099) and a 33% lower risk among women (HR: 0.67; 95% CI: 0.54–0.84; p for trend = 0.0005). These associations remained significant after additional adjustment for overall diet quality. Conclusions: Higher habitual laver intake was associated with a lower risk of incident abdominal obesity in Korean adults. Further prospective and intervention studies are needed to confirm these findings. Full article