Search Results (400)

Background/Objectives: High-grade pulmonary neuroendocrine carcinoma (HGNEC-L), including SCLC and LCNEC, is aggressive and usually treated according to SCLC paradigms. The clinical relevance of de novo actionable genomic alterations (AGA) remains incompletely defined. Methods: We performed a retrospective multicenter analysis of advanced HGNEC-L with de novo AGA, assessing rwORR, rwDCR, rwPFS, and OS. Findings were contextualized by a structured literature review and exploratory pooled reconstructed-IPD Cox analysis, with targeted therapy modeled as a source-stratified time-dependent covariate. Results: Ten patients from four tertiary centers were included. Most were women (90.0%) and never-smokers (70.0%); histology was LCNEC in 60.0% and SCLC/mixed SCLC in 40.0%. AGA included EGFR mutations (n = 6), EML4-ALK fusions (n = 2), KIF5B-RET fusion (n = 1), and KRAS p.G12C (n = 1). Targeted-containing regimens achieved rwORR 77.8%, rwDCR 88.9%, and median rwPFS 9.0 months (95% CI, 2.0–18.7), as opposed to 3.7 months for ICI-containing regimens and 2.6 months for chemotherapy alone. Median OS for the entire cohort was 17.2 months (95% CI, 4.8–36.3); overall survival did not differ significantly between patients with and without targeted-containing exposure (19.0 vs. 17.2 months; log-rank p = 0.50). In pooled reconstructed-IPD time-dependent Cox analysis (72 patients, 39 deaths), targeted therapy showed a favorable but non-significant OS association (HR, 0.89; 95% CI, 0.31–2.56; p = 0.831), maintained directionally in the age/sex-adjusted subset (HR, 0.54; 95% CI, 0.16–1.77; p = 0.306). Conclusions: De novo AGA-positive HGNEC-L represents a clinically relevant subgroup with potential sensitivity to genotype-matched targeted therapy, supporting comprehensive molecular profiling and early targeted therapy consideration. Full article

Next-generation sequencing (NGS) is currently regarded as a preferable method for detection of actionable alterations in non-small cell lung carcinomas (NSCLCs). RNA-based NGS is particularly efficient in detection of gene fusions and allows for mRNA expression analysis of relevant genes. This study describes a novel library preparation pipeline for targeted RNA sequencing, which is based on the 5′ rapid amplification of the cDNA ends (5′ RACE) and anchored multiplex PCR. The NGS panel was designed for the analysis of 15 genes relevant to NSCLC therapeutic decisions (ALK, BRAF, CD274 (PD-L1), EGFR, ERBB2 (HER2), KRAS, MET, NRAS, NRG1-2, NTRK1-3, RET and ROS1). The validation against PCR was performed for 168 NSCLC samples. The NGS assay successfully detected all 85 mutations previously identified by PCR. It also confirmed the absence of tested mutations in 82 out of 83 PCR-negative samples. The only discordant case was subsequently analyzed by digital droplet PCR and demonstrated low fraction of the mutated allele. The newly designed NGS panel was subsequently used for the analysis of 272 carcinomas from young (≤50 years old) patients with no driver mutations identified by PCR tests or with failed PCR analysis. NGS was successful in 240 (88.2%) cases, including 35 (64.8%) PCR-failed samples. Driver mutations were detected in 55 tumors, including three previously unreported fusions (PAPLN::ALK, CD55::ROS1 and FKBP15::RET). We conclude that 5′ RACE-based RNA sequencing is a viable approach for NSCLC molecular testing. Full article

To address the strength–ductility trade-off in titanium alloys, a comparative study was conducted on Ti-6Al-4V (TC4) alloys fabricated by laser powder bed fusion (L-PBF) and electron beam powder bed fusion (EB-PBF). The L-PBF specimen primarily consisted of acicular α′ martensite with high residual stress. In contrast, the EB-PBF specimens, owing to a substrate preheating temperature of 740 °C and a reduced cooling rate (10³~10⁵ K/s), exhibited a stable and coarse α + β lamellar structure. Combined with the high oxygen content (0.24 wt.%) that provided solid-solution strengthening, this morphology enabled simultaneous attainment of a yield strength of 1120 ± 12 MPa and an elongation at fracture of 11.1 ± 1.3%. Notably, deformation-induced HCP→FCC phase transformation occurred in EB-PBF alloys, generating a dual-phase HCP/FCC structure that effectively accommodated plastic strain. These results highlight the superior potential of EB-PBF over L-PBF for fabricating titanium alloys with an exceptional strength–ductility synergy. Full article

Carcinine is an imidazole dipeptide with potent antioxidant and antiglycation properties, although its chemical synthesis currently relies on severely environmentally harmful processes. In this work, a multi-enzyme cascade biotransformation system comprising 4′-phosphopantetheinyl transferase and non-ribosomal peptide synthetase was constructed. To overcome the limitations arising from stochastic spatial distribution and suboptimal mass transfer associated with independent enzymes, a fusion protein strategy was adopted. The two enzymes were fused via a flexible genetic linker within plasmid pET28a-SFP-L-Ebony, which enabled robust soluble expression in Escherichia coli. Concurrently, the endogenous peptidase genes (pepA, pepB, pepD, and pepN) were systematically knocked out using CRISPR/Cas9-mediated gene editing. This quadruple protease-deficient strain (designated SFP-L-Ebony-ΔpepABDN) effectively suppressed product degradation. Subsequent optimization revealed that optimal catalytic performance occurred at 25 °C and pH 7.0. The highest biotransformation efficiency was achieved using 15 g/L crude enzymes, in the presence of 2 mM ATP and 10 mM MgCl₂. Through a fed-batch substrate feeding strategy in a 50 mL reaction system, the final carcinine titer reached 7.0 g/L after 48 h. This study, therefore, provides an efficient and sustainable technological pathway for the green biomanufacturing of carcinine as well as other high-value dipeptides. Full article

Chronic cyclic heat stress impairs thermoregulation, growth, tissue integrity, microbial metabolism, and stress-related molecular responses in broiler chickens. N-acetyl-L-cysteine, a cysteine donor involved in glutathione synthesis, has been proposed as a nutritional strategy to support stress adaptation. Therefore, this study evaluated NAC in 324 Ross 308 broilers allocated to thermoneutral conditions (TN, 7 pens), HS (HS, 10 pens), or HS plus 2000 mg/kg NAC (HS + NAC, 10 pens). From day 20 to 35, HS birds were exposed to 34 °C for 7 h/day and 26 °C otherwise, while TN birds were kept at 22 °C. Heat stress increased rectal temperature and respiratory rate (p < 0.001), reduced average daily gain, and increased drinking and gasping behavior (p < 0.05). Heat stress also increased hepatic cord disorganization, cerebral vacuolisation–necrocytosis, hepatic and cerebral HSP70 expression, and caecal propionate, while reducing cerebral apelin expression (p < 0.05). Jejunal villus morphology and microbiota α-diversity were unchanged, although caecal profiles indicated treatment-related shifts and potentially higher Bilophila spp. in heat-stressed birds. NAC did not improve growth, thermoregulation, oxidative status, caecal fermentation, microbial structure, or HSP70 expression. It increased jejunal villus fusion and hepatocellular vacuolation scores and reduced cerebral ghrelin expression (p < 0.05). In conclusion, heat stress impaired growth and induced tissue, microbial, fermentative, and cerebral gene-expression changes, whereas 2000 mg/kg NAC did not provide measurable protection under the chronic cyclic HS in the present study. Full article

Molecule Interacting with CasL 1 (MICAL1) is a flavoprotein monooxygenase that promotes filamentous actin (F-actin) depolymerization. Transcriptomic studies have linked MICAL1 downregulation to skeletal muscle atrophy and muscular dystrophy, yet its functional contribution to myogenesis remains unexplored. We found that MICAL1 protein increased progressively during myogenic differentiation of C2C12 cells, reaching a maximum on day 5 in parallel with myosin heavy chain (MyHC). siRNA-mediated MICAL1 silencing produced an ~1.7-fold accumulation of F-actin, while total β-actin protein remained unchanged, indicating a shift in the G-/F-actin equilibrium toward polymerization rather than altered actin expression. The accumulated F-actin reduced YAP1 phosphorylation, promoted its nuclear translocation, and increased the expression of the YAP1 target gene CTGF. MICAL1 depletion also enhanced myoblast proliferation: EdU incorporation and cell viability increased, and PCNA, CCNB1, and CCND1 protein expression was upregulated, while the cell cycle distribution shifted toward the G2/M phase, with a reciprocal loss in G0/G1. Concurrently, MICAL1 knockdown suppressed MyoD, Myogenin, and MyHC throughout differentiation and severely impaired myotube formation, with reductions in the fusion index, myotube area, and length. We conclude that MICAL1 is required for the proliferation-to-differentiation switch in myoblasts and that its activity restrains F-actin-driven YAP1 signaling to permit timely myogenic commitment. MICAL1 may therefore represent a candidate for further investigation in muscle-wasting diseases. Full article

Background: Precision medicine has introduced immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) and tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) as key therapies for lung cancer. However, the interaction between PD-L1 expression and NTRK rearrangements in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) remains unclear. Methods: A cohort of 482 resected NSCLC cases was analyzed using tissue microarrays. Immunohistochemistry (IHC) assessed PD-L1 expression with four antibody clones and pan-TRK with one clone. Whole-exome sequencing (WES) identified NTRK mutations, copy number variations, and gene fusions. Associations with clinicopathological features and prognosis were evaluated using Cox regression and survival analyses. Potential molecular connections between NTRK and PD-L1 were explored through a multi-database interactome analysis using Cytoscape. Results: PD-L1 positivity (TPS ≥ 1%) varied by clone: 28-8 (41.5%), 22C3 (34.2%), SP263 (42.7%), and SP142 (10.4%). High PD-L1 expression (TPS ≥ 50%) correlated with poorer overall survival in SP142-assessed cases (p = 0.045). TRK expression was observed in 4.6% (22/482) of cases, predominantly in squamous cell carcinoma (72.7%). Co-expression of pan-TRK and PD-L1 was significant (p < 0.001), with 4.6% of tumors showing dual positivity. WES detected three NTRK rearrangements, with no direct association with survival. Conclusions: The co-expression of PD-L1 and pan-TRK observed in this cohort suggests a biologically relevant interaction that warrants further investigation into its potential role in treatment response and resistance mechanisms to ICIs and TKIs. Full article

The manufacturing of personalized implants from Ti–6Al–4V alloy using additive manufacturing technologies is a promising direction in modern medicine. However, components produced by these methods are characterized by a non-equilibrium microstructure, high residual stresses, and anisotropy of mechanical properties, which necessitates subsequent heat treatment. The aim of the present work was a systematic comparative study of the effect of three heat treatment regimes—stress relief annealing (600 °C, 3 h), subtransus annealing in the (α + β) region (950 °C, 1 h, furnace cooling), and solution treatment followed by aging (STA: 950 °C, 0.5 h, water quenching + aging at 675 °C, 3 h)—on the microstructure and mechanical properties of Ti–6Al–4V alloy manufactured by laser powder bed fusion (L-PBF) and plasma arc directed energy deposition (PA-DED). The microstructure was examined using scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, and electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD). Tensile mechanical properties were determined in two directions: parallel and perpendicular to the build direction. Stress-relief annealing led to an increase in the ductility of the alloy without a noticeable decrease in strength and without significant changes in the microstructure. Subtransus annealing resulted in the formation of an equilibrium lamellar (α + β) structure, which provided a substantial increase in ductility with a moderate decrease in strength. Solution treatment and aging resulted in formation of a bimodal microstructure. Subtransus annealing (both alloys), STA (L-PBF) and stress relief annealing (PA-DED) provided properties comparable to those of wrought material. The obtained results form the basis for a scientifically informed selection of both the manufacturing route and the heat treatment regime for biomedical implants made of Ti–6Al–4V alloy. Full article

The critical binding of quantum states in Screened Coulomb Potentials such as Yukawa/Debye, Hulthén, and ECSC (Exponential Cosine Screened Coulomb) potentials is of perennial interest and relevance in many fields of science, ranging from nuclear and particle physics; plasma physics, astrophysics, cosmology, and nuclear fusion; physical chemistry, condensed matter, and materials physics; to synthetic nanostructures and nanophotonics. The purpose of this paper is to heuristically explore two related mysteries, one new, the other more than 50 years old. The solutions to these mysteries have implications for a much broader class of potentials, those addressed by Klaus and Simon. In our recent paper we presented numerical calculations using the Phase Method (PM), which is accurate to 60 digits and to screening lengths $\mathcal{D}\le {10}^3$ au and l = 0–20 of the critical binding parameters for these potentials and, for Yukawa and ECSC, l = 0–12 to $\mathcal{D}\le {10}^5$ au, at 30 digits. In doing so, we discovered an anomalous period-40 sawtooth structure in the critical parameters of the ECSC potential that is not observed for the Yukawa potential. In this second paper, we quantitatively explain the origin and periodicity of this newly discovered structure. To do so, we use two complementary approaches: a “neoclassical” (NC) variant of conventional semiclassical phase-space quantization and the PM for very precise fully quantum calculations. The observed period-40 sawtooth structure is quantitatively explained in terms of a novel “tick-tock” mechanism. The periodicity is calculated in terms of the ratio of phase-space integrals for the primary and secondary potential wells. A quartic double-well potential is used as a simple model to further illustrate the tick-tock mechanism. Using the NC method, an approximate expression is derived to predict the locations of tick-tock glitches from higher-order wells; it is confirmed by a PM calculation up to $\mathcal{D}\le {10}^6$ au. The second mystery is a strangely linear dependence of the total number of bound states vs. screening length for both the Yukawa and ECSC potentials. Using the PM, we confirm and extend these empirical relations. We show, using the PM, that an approximate trivariate linear relation between the square root of the critical screening length $\sqrt{D_c}$, state number n, and angular momentum l applies to these potentials. This, plus a geometrical state accumulation argument, solve the second mystery. We show these properties derive from the scaling relation between screening length and coupling constant and, as such, are predicted to be applicable to the whole class of potentials. These results are expected to be of both theoretical interest and experimental relevance when interpreting spectra or calculating thermal properties. The significance of these results, and the applicability of these methods and conclusions to a vast array of related potentials, is briefly discussed. Full article

TA15 titanium alloy fabricated by Laser Powder Bed Fusion (L-PBF) exhibits high strength but poor ductility due to its fine acicular α′ martensitic microstructure. This study systematically investigates the effects of post-annealing treatments (800–950 °C for 0.5–4 h) on the microstructural evolution and mechanical performance of L-PBF-built TA15. Results show that with increasing temperature and time, the metastable α′ martensite decomposes into a progressively coarser lamellar (α + β) structure. This transformation leads to a decrease in strength and hardness but a significant improvement in ductility, with elongation increasing from (8.5 ± 0.5)% (as-built) to (19.4 ± 1.1)% (900 °C/2 h) as the ultimate tensile strength (UTS) decreased from (1100 ± 29) to (895 ± 37) MPa. However, annealing at 950 °C, which approaches the β-transus temperature, induces a coarse Widmanstätten structure in the alloy. Although this structure yields a relatively high elongation (23.8 ± 3)%, it also leads to excessive strength loss, with an ultimate tensile strength of only (833 ± 23) MPa, rendering it less desirable for structural applications requiring high load-bearing capacity. Moreover, such coarse lamellar structures are generally associated with poor fatigue resistance, as cracks tend to propagate along prior β grain boundaries. An optimal strength-ductility synergy is achieved by annealing at 900 °C for 0.5 h, yielding an ultimate tensile strength of (951 ± 13) MPa and an elongation of (18.8 ± 1.7)%. These findings provide crucial guidance for tailoring the mechanical properties of L-PBF-fabricated TA15 alloy through post-processing heat treatments. Full article

In response to the challenges in UAV-oriented ground small-object localization and detection, including the easy loss of tiny target features, insufficient scale adaptability, severe interference from complex backgrounds, as well as high missed and false detection rates and the inadequate localization accuracy of the conventional YOLOv11n model in such scenarios, this paper takes YOLOv11n as the basic framework and performs systematic optimization from three aspects, network structure, core modules, and feature enhancement, proposing a lightweight small-object-enhanced detection algorithm named YOLOSO for UAV applications. By introducing a P2 high-resolution feature branch with a stride of 4, a four-scale detection structure consisting of P2-P3-P4-P5 is constructed, which reduces the minimum detection stride from 8 to 4 and alleviates the loss of detailed feature information for ultra-tiny targets. A bidirectional “top-down + bottom-up” multi-scale feature fusion strategy is utilized to improve the complementation between deep semantic information and shallow detailed features, while the core modules C3k2SO and C2PSASO are optimized and redesigned, respectively; by adjusting the channel compression ratio (0.25 for shallow modules and 0.75 for deep modules in C3k2SO; 0.25 in C2PSASO), optimizing the convolution kernel configuration (combining 1 × 3 and 3 × 1 convolutions), increasing the number of attention heads (from 4 to 8), and introducing residual connections with a 1 × 1 convolutional branch, the refinement and focusing ability of small-object feature extraction are improved. Additionally, an Enhanced Dual-branch Convolutional Block Attention Module (ED-CBAM) is proposed to further suppress background interference. Experimental results on the VisDrone2019-DET dataset demonstrate that the proposed YOLOSO contains 3.56M parameters and maintains a lightweight structure, attaining P, R, and mAP50 values of 47.2%, 36.8%, and 37.3% in the test set, which are 4.5 percentage points, 4.8 percentage points, and 3.7 percentage points higher than those of the baseline YOLOv11n (42.7%, 32.0% and 33.6%), respectively. Meanwhile, the medium-to-large version YOLOSO-S (14.85M parameters, 45.3% mAP50) reduces the number of parameters by 53.6% compared with the same-scale Rtdetr-L (32.0M) while achieving significantly better performance (37.8% mAP50). Experiments on the DOTAv1 dataset further confirm the generalization of YOLOSO, achieving 62.2% precision and 27.3% mAP50, outperforming all compared YOLO models. Evaluated on the DOTA-v1 dataset, YOLOSO achieves a feasible FPS of 20.53. Although slightly slower than mainstream lightweight YOLO models, the substantial accuracy gains fully offset the minor inference speed loss, and such performance trade-off is acceptable for practical UAV deployment. Ablation experiments verify that structural optimization (2.8 percentage points mAP50 improvement, from 33.6% to 36.4%) and the proposed C2PSASO (0.7 percentage points mAP50 improvement to 34.3%) and C3k2SO (1.4 percentage points mAP50 improvement to 35.0%) modules all contribute positive performance gains with favorable complementarity. While retaining lightweight characteristics, the model effectively enhances the detection accuracy of small objects in unmanned aerial vehicle scenarios and can provide technical references for practical applications such as remote sensing monitoring and security patrolling. Full article

Age-related hyperphosphatemia is increasingly recognized as a contributing factor in sarcopenia. This work studies the metabolic effects of elevated phosphate on muscle. C2C12 cells were differentiated in the absence or presence of 10 mM β-glycerophosphate (BGP), an exogenous phosphate donor. In addition, quadriceps muscles from four experimental groups of male C57BL/6J mice were analyzed: young (5 months) and old (24 months) fed with standard diet; old mice fed with hypophosphatemic diet or supplemented with the phosphate binder Velphoro^®, for the last three months of life. Mice were stratified according to sarcopenia degree based on muscle mass, strength and physical performance. Protein levels were determined by immunoblotting and mRNA expression by RT-qPCR. ATP levels were measured by luminescence and L-lactate production, citrate synthase and cytochrome c oxidase activities by colorimetric assays. Mitochondrial content, membrane potential and reactive oxygen species (ROS) were determined by fluorescence assay. BGP-treated cells showed increased glucose transporter 1 (GLUT1) and decreased NADH Dehydrogenase (CI-NDUFB8) protein expression, elevated hexokinase II (HK2), phosphoglycerate kinase 1 (PGK1) and lactate dehydrogenase A (LDHA) mRNA levels, reduced ATP levels, increased lactate production, and decreased mitochondrial enzyme activities. Moreover, BGP increased ROS, diminished mitochondrial membrane potential, and altered fusion–fission dynamics and mitophagy. In aged quadriceps, oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) subunits and superoxide dismutase 2 (SOD2) expression were reduced. The hypophosphatemic diet improved all parameters, whereas Velphoro^® selectively increased Mitochondrial cytochrome C oxidase subunit 1 (CIV-MTCO1) expression. Several altered mitochondrial markers are associated with sarcopenia degree. Altogether, hyperphosphatemia induces metabolic changes that scale with the sarcopenic degree. Our findings show a relevant association between hyperphosphatemia and mitochondrial dysfunction, and they support the potential benefit of phosphate reduction as a strategy to prevent or mitigate sarcopenia. Full article

Laser Powder Bed Fusion (LPBF) is a complex manufacturing process that depends on precise control of printing parameters and melt pool geometry, which directly influence defect formation and final part quality. This study evaluated the reliability of a simplified thermal conduction-based melt pool model by combining post-process metallographic analysis with in situ dual-wavelength infrared thermal imaging. Experimental data were obtained through single-track printing on 316L, IN625, and CoCr alloys across a wide range of parameters. The simulated melt pool length showed strong agreement with thermal camera measurements (R²_adj > 0.78), while the width showed moderate but consistent correlation (R²_adj > 0.52). For melt pool depth, the model systematically deviated due to its inability to capture keyhole melting, although a strong linear correlation was still observed (R²_adj > 0.86). Cross-validation between metallographic measurements and thermal imaging revealed only a 6–9% discrepancy, confirming the reliability of both methods and the potential of dual-wavelength cameras for industrial process monitoring. Overall, the model proves to be a reliable tool for predicting melt pool surface geometry specifically within the conduction melting regime, while its predictive capability degrades significantly in the keyhole regime, where simulated peak temperatures reach up to 7000 °C and melt pool depth errors escalate due to the disregard of recoil pressure, liquid and vapor dynamics. Full article

This paper proposes a multi-sensor fusion autonomous navigation method integrating a nine-axis IMU, the Leishen C16 mechanical LiDAR, and the LakiBeam1L single-line LiDAR, aimed at addressing issues such as track slippage and positioning drift that commonly occur in tracked chassis operating under continuously changing conditions on hilly slopes and farmland. IMU-derived slope and attitude information is used as a terrain prior and incorporated into adaptive ground segmentation, slope-cross-slope path cost modeling, and velocity regulation. Leishen C16 LiDAR point clouds are used for NDT scan-to-map localization and spatial obstacle representation, while the LakiBeam1L LiDAR establishes a velocity-dependent near-field safety zone for dynamic obstacle triggering and local avoidance. Python simulations were conducted in simple, general, and complex environments under five slope conditions, forming 15 environment-slope combinations. Three representative scenarios were further validated in ROS/Gazebo. To strengthen statistical reliability, 10 repeated trials were performed for each environment-slope-algorithm combination, and additional stress tests included obstacle-position perturbation, sensor noise perturbation, initial-pose perturbation, dynamic obstacle speed perturbation, and variable slope/local undulation perturbation. An isolated no-LakiBeam1L ablation, significance tests, IMU perturbation tests, planning-weight sensitivity analysis, and stronger-baseline comparison were also added. In the repeated-trial dataset, the proposed method improved the arrival rate from 23.3% to 94.7%, reduced tracking RMSE by 61.46%, reduced localization RMSE by 60.62%, and increased obstacle recall by 26.32%. Under mixed perturbations, the arrival rate of the proposed method was 81.3%, compared with 29.3% for the baseline. These results indicate improved simulation-level stability and perception reliability, while the applicability to real hilly farmland still requires hardware and field validation. Full article

The present work compares the corrosion performance of additively manufactured (AM) Ti-6Al-4V ELI (Extra-Low Interstitials) alloy manufactured by Laser-Powder Bed Fusion (L-PBF) using virgin powder (Cycle 1/C1 sample) and reused powder feedstock after up to 34 cycles (Cycle 34/C34 sample) of manufacturing. The effect of powder reuse is also evaluated for anodizing and Flash-PEO-coated specimens in Harrison’s (25 °C) and Hanks’ solutions (37 °C), representing simulated atmospheric precipitation and physiological conditions, respectively. Specimens were characterized using common metallographic techniques, X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy and optical profilometry. Corrosion resistance was evaluated using cyclic potentiodynamic polarization (PDP) tests. The oxygen content in the Ti-6Al-4V reaches 0.14 wt.% after 34 cycles (C34) of powder reuse, enhancing its passivity in both Harrison’s and Hanks’ solutions. Both virgin and reused powder builds are susceptible to localized corrosion in Hanks’ solution at potentials above 1.75 V. Melt pool borders are thought to be the preferential sites for localized corrosion, as indicated by Volta potential measurements (ΔV = 100 mV). The number of cycles does not significantly affect the current–voltage responses for anodizing and flash-Plasma Electrolytic Oxidation (Flash-PEO) treatments, although anodizing is slightly more responsive to variations in surface roughness (i.e., real specimen area). Anodizing and Flash-PEO reduce the passive current density by nearly two orders of magnitude. Even after surface treatment, the alloy printed with reused powder revealed better passivity. Flash-PEO coatings yielded significant protection against localized corrosion. This unlocks Flash-PEO processing as a successful protection approach for AM biomedical components. Full article