The main hallmark in the development of both type 1 and type 2 diabetes is a decline in functional β-cell mass. This decline is predominantly attributed to β-cell death, although recent findings suggest that the loss of β-cell identity...
Mangiferin, a xanthonoid found in plants including mangoes and iris unguicularis, was suggested in previous studies to have anti-hyperglycemic function, though the underlying mechanisms are largely unknown. This study was designed to determine the th...
Pancreatic β cells are central to glycemic regulation through insulin production. Studies show autophagy as an essential process in β cell function and fate. Autophagy is a catabolic cellular process that regulates cell homeostasis by recyc...
The exponential increase of patients with diabetes mellitus urges for novel therapeutic strategies to reduce the socioeconomic burden of this disease. The loss or dysfunction of insulin-producing β-cells, in patients with type 1 and type 2 diabe...
β-cell number and/or function is reduced in diabetes. Thus, inducing the formation of new β-cells has been a major goal of diabetes research. However, the pathway(s) by which new β-cells form when preexisting β-cells are decreased...
Progressive loss and dysfunction of islet β-cells has not yet been solved in the treatment of diabetes. Regenerating protein (Reg) has been identified as a trophic factor which is demonstrated to be associated with pancreatic tissue regeneration...
Loss of the β cell population is a crucial feature of type 2 diabetes. Restoring the β cell mass by stimulating β cell proliferation and preventing its apoptosis was proposed as a therapeutic approach to treating diabetes. Therefore, r...
Interactions between endocrine α and β cells are critical to their secretory function in vivo. The interactions are highly regulated, although yet to be fully understood. In this study, we aim to assess the impact of α and β cell co-culture on hormon...
In this review, we provide an overview of the current knowledge on the role of different classes of non-coding RNAs for islet and β-cell development, maturation and function. MicroRNAs (miRNAs), a prominent class of small RNAs, have been investi...
Accumulation of calcium in energized mitochondria of pancreatic β-cells is emerging as a crucial process for pancreatic β-cell function. β-cell mitochondria sense and shape calcium signals, linking the metabolism of glucose and other secretagogues to...
Large MAF transcription factors, including MafA and MafB, are essential for maintaining β-cell identity, function and survival. While MafA has been widely studied in pancreas development and type 2 diabetes, the extended roles of MafB in humans...
Regular consumption of dietary sugars can cause significant damage to the β-cells. Almost a century after the discovery of insulin, it has been suggested that the frequent consumption of certain carbohydrates can damage pancreatic β-cells,...
Pancreatic β-cell dysfunction and death contribute to the onset of diabetes, and novel strategies of β-cell function and survival under diabetogenic conditions need to be explored. We previously demonstrated that Isx9, a small molecule base...
Directed differentiation protocols have recently been developed to produce stem cell-derived α (SC-α) cells as a potential component of a complete cell-based therapy for T1D, to complement the more widely studied stem cell-derived β...
Type 2 diabetes (T2D) typically occurs in the setting of obesity and insulin resistance, where hyperglycemia is associated with decreased pancreatic β-cell mass and function. Loss of β-cell mass has variably been attributed to β-cell dedifferentiatio...
Embryonic and pluripotent stem cells hold great promise in generating β-cells for both replacing medicine and novel therapeutic discoveries in diabetes mellitus. However, their differentiation in vitro is still inefficient, and functional studie...
The maintenance of pancreatic islet architecture is crucial for proper β-cell function. We previously reported that disruption of human islet integrity could result in altered β-cell identity. Here we combine β-cell lineage tracing and...
Previously we utilized a murine model to demonstrate that Ogt deletion in pancreatic progenitors (OgtKOPanc) causes pancreatic hypoplasia, partly mediated by a reduction in the Pdx1-expressing pancreatic progenitor pool. Here, we continue to explore...
β-Arrestins (ARRBs) are ubiquitously expressed scaffold proteins that mediate inactivation of G-protein-coupled receptor signaling, and in certain circumstances, G-protein independent pathways. Intriguingly, the two known ARRBs, β-arrestin1 (ARRB1) a...
Glycoconjugates prepared from the capsular polysaccharide of several pathogenic bacteria and carrier proteins, such as CRM 197 or tetanus toxoid, have been one of the most successful public health measures to be implemented in the last quarter centur...
Type 2 diabetes (T2D) is one of the prominent causes of morbidity and mortality in the United States and beyond, reaching global pandemic proportions. One hallmark of T2D is dysfunctional glucose-stimulated insulin secretion from the pancreatic β-cel...
The β-cells within the pancreas play a pivotal role in insulin production and secretion, responding to fluctuations in blood glucose levels. However, factors like obesity, dietary habits, and prolonged insulin resistance can compromise β-ce...
Diabetes is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by inappropriately elevated glucose levels as a result of impaired pancreatic β cell function and insulin resistance. Extensive studies have been conducted to elucidate the mechanism involved in...
Insulin secretion from pancreatic β cells is a key pillar of glucose homeostasis, which is impaired under obesity and aging. Growth hormone secretagogue receptor (GHSR) is the receptor of nutrient-sensing hormone ghrelin. Previously, we showed t...
Insulin-secreting pancreatic β-cells express proteins characteristic of D-serine regulated synapses, but the acute effect of D-serine co-agonism on its presumptive β-cell target, N-methyl D-aspartate receptors (NMDARs), is unclear. We used...
Type 2 diabetes is a chronic disease marked by hyperglycemia; impaired insulin secretion by pancreatic β-cells is a hallmark of this disease. Recent studies have shown that hypoxia occurs in the β-cells of patients with type 2 diabetes and...
CD8 tissue-resident memory T (TRM) cells primarily reside in nonlymphoid tissues without recirculating and provide front-line protective immunity against infections and cancers. CD8 TRM cells can be generally divided into CD69+ CD103− TRM cells (refe...
β-1,6-Glucan is a functionally crucial polysaccharide of the fungal cell wall, although typically less abundant than β-1,3-glucan and chitin, its content, chain length, and branching vary considerably among species. Structurally, it serves...
Transforming Growth Factor beta (TGF-β) is a pleiotropic cytokine produced in large amounts within cancer microenvironments that will ultimately promote neoplastic progression, notably by suppressing the host’s T-cell immunosurveillance. This effect...
Diabetes is a metabolic disease characterized by hyperglycemia. Over 90% of patients with diabetes have type 2 diabetes. Pancreatic β-cells are endocrine cells that produce and secrete insulin, an essential endocrine hormone that regulates blood gluc...
Pancreatic β-cell failure is central to the pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes (T2D), developing when chronic metabolic stress overwhelms the adaptive capacity of these cells. Because insulin biosynthesis and glucose-stimulated secretion depend on...
β-cells convert glucose (input) resulting in the controlled release of insulin (output), which in turn has the role to maintain glucose homeostasis. β-cell function is regulated by a complex interplay between the metabolic processing of the...
The β-cell workload increases in the setting of insulin resistance and reduced β-cell mass, which occurs in type 2 and type 1 diabetes, respectively. The prolonged elevation of insulin production and secretion during the pathogenesis of dia...
GSK-3β plays a critical role in regulating the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway, and manipulating GSK-3β in dendritic cells (DCs) has been shown to improve the antitumor efficacy of DC vaccines. Since the inhibition of GSK-3β leads...
The incretin hormone glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) and its receptor (GLP-1R) are central regulators of glucose-stimulated insulin secretion and major targets in type 2 diabetes. 6-Gingerol, the principal bioactive constituent of ginger, has a repor...
Precartilaginous stem cells (PSCs) could self-renew or differentiate into chondrocytes to promote bone growth. In the current study, we aim to understand the role of transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1) in precartilaginous stem cell (PSC) prolifera...
Pancreatic β-cell replacement represents a promising therapeutic avenue for insulin-dependent diabetes, yet clinical translation has been limited by donor scarcity, immune rejection, and incomplete engraftment. Three-dimensional (3D) pancreatic...
β-cell death is regarded as a major event driving loss of insulin secretion and hyperglycemia in both type 1 and type 2 diabetes mellitus. In this review, we explore past, present, and potential future advances in our understanding of the mechan...
A variety of pancreatic transcription factors including PDX-1 and MafA play crucial roles in the pancreas and function for the maintenance of mature β-cell function. However, when β-cells are chronically exposed to hyperglycemia, expression and/or ac...
Cell replacement therapy using stem-cell-derived insulin-producing β-like cells (sBCs) has been proposed as a practical cure for patients with type one diabetes (T1D). sBCs can correct diabetes in preclinical animal models, demonstrating the pro...
The stimulus-secretion coupling of a glucose-induced release is generally attributed to the metabolism of the hexose in the β-cells in the glycolytic pathway and the citric acid cycle. Glucose metabolism generates an increased cytosolic concentr...
The zinc transporter ZnT8 (SLC30A8) localises to insulin secretory granules of β-cells where it facilitates zinc uptake for insulin crystallisation. ZnT8 abundance has been linked to β-cell survival and functional phenotype. However, the co...
Background: Microtubule-targeted drugs are the most effective drugs for adult patients with certain solid tumors. Taccalonolide AJ (AJ) can stabilize tubulin polymerization by covalently binding to β-tubulin, which enables it to play a role in t...
Pancreatic β-cells are the only type of cells that can control glycemic levels via insulin secretion. Thus, to explore the mechanisms underlying pancreatic β-cell failure, many reports have clarified the roles of important molecules, such a...
Incretin-potentiated glucose-stimulated insulin secretion (GSIS) is critical to maintaining euglycemia, of which GLP-1 receptor (GLP-1R) on β-cells plays an indispensable role. Recently, α-cell-derived glucagon but not intestine-derived GLP-1 has bee...
Stem cell-derived β (SC-β) cells are a promising therapy for type 1 diabetes (T1D), but their long-term efficacy is limited by immune-mediated graft rejection. Platelet-derived exosome product (PEP) has emerged as a novel immunomodulatory a...
Several small guanosine triphosphatases (GTPases) from the Ras protein superfamily regulate glucose-stimulated insulin secretion in the pancreatic islet β-cell. The Rho family GTPases Cdc42 and Rac1 are primarily involved in relaying key signals in s...
Mitochondria are essential for β-cell function, coupling glucose metabolism to ATP production and insulin secretion. In diabetes, β-cell mitochondrial dysfunction arises from oxidative stress, impaired quality control and disrupted dynamics...
Human pluripotent stem cells, including human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) and human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs), hold promise as novel therapeutic tools for diabetes treatment because of their self-renewal capacity and ability to differe...
In the last decade, research on pathophysiology and therapeutic solutions for β-thalassemia (BThal) and sickle cell disease (SCD) has been mostly focused on the primary erythroid defect, thus neglecting the study of hematopoietic stem cells (HSC...
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