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Journal = Microwave

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10 pages, 2156 KiB  
Article
Highly Linear Loaded-Line Phase Shifter Utilizing Impedance Transformer and PIN Diode
by Farhad Ghorbani, Amir Dayan, Jiafeng Zhou and Yi Huang
Microwave 2025, 1(2), 7; https://doi.org/10.3390/microwave1020007 - 30 Jul 2025
Viewed by 248
Abstract
This paper presents a highly linear one-bit loaded-line phase shifter that leverages PIN diodes in combination with a coupler-based impedance transformer. The proposed phase shifter adopts a loaded-line topology, where PIN diodes are configured in a parallel-to-ground arrangement to improve linearity performance. To [...] Read more.
This paper presents a highly linear one-bit loaded-line phase shifter that leverages PIN diodes in combination with a coupler-based impedance transformer. The proposed phase shifter adopts a loaded-line topology, where PIN diodes are configured in a parallel-to-ground arrangement to improve linearity performance. To further enhance linearity, a coupler-based impedance transformer is employed to reduce the impedance seen by each PIN diode, thereby minimizing nonlinear behavior. To demonstrate the effectiveness of this design, a one-bit digital phase shifter is developed, simulated, and fabricated to achieve a 45-degree phase shift at 2 GHz. Experimental measurements confirm an input third-order intercept point (IIP3) exceeding 100 dBm under a range of test conditions, validating the proposed architecture’s linearity advantages. Full article
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17 pages, 1570 KiB  
Article
Overcoming Scaling Challenges in Sol–Gel Synthesis: A Microwave-Assisted Approach for Iron-Based Energy Materials
by Judith González-Lavín, Ana Arenillas and Natalia Rey-Raap
Microwave 2025, 1(2), 6; https://doi.org/10.3390/microwave1020006 - 30 Jun 2025
Viewed by 343
Abstract
There is currently an effort to scale up sol–gel nanomaterials without compromising quality, and microwave heating can pave the way for this due to its heating efficiency, resulting in a fast and homogeneous process. In this work, the sol–gel synthesis of transition metal [...] Read more.
There is currently an effort to scale up sol–gel nanomaterials without compromising quality, and microwave heating can pave the way for this due to its heating efficiency, resulting in a fast and homogeneous process. In this work, the sol–gel synthesis of transition metal aerogels, specifically iron-based aerogels, is studied using a microwave-assisted sol–gel methodology in an open-system multimode device as a potential route to scale-up production. Different approaches were tested to evaluate the best way to increase yield per batch, with different vessel shapes and volumes. It is shown that the shape and size of the vessel can be determinant in the interaction with microwaves and, thus, in the heating process, influencing the sol–gel reactions and the characteristics and homogeneity of the obtained nanomaterials. It has been found that a wide vessel is preferable to a tall and narrow one since the heating process is more homogeneous in the former and the sol–gel and cross-linking reactions take place earlier, which improves the mechanical properties of the final nanomaterial. For mass production of nanomaterials, the interaction of the reagents with the microwave field must be considered, and this depends not only on their nature but also on their volume, shape, and arrangement inside the cavity. Full article
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25 pages, 6485 KiB  
Review
Low-Power Rectennas in Microwave Wireless Power Transmission
by Yilin Zhou, Ruinan Fan and Changjun Liu
Microwave 2025, 1(1), 5; https://doi.org/10.3390/microwave1010005 - 18 Jun 2025
Viewed by 1055
Abstract
The advancement of microwave wireless power transfer technology has positioned low-power rectennas as a research hotspot. This paper systematically reviews core technological progress in low-power rectennas, focusing on innovations in rectifier circuit topologies, nonlinear device models, antenna array optimization, and efficiency enhancement strategies. [...] Read more.
The advancement of microwave wireless power transfer technology has positioned low-power rectennas as a research hotspot. This paper systematically reviews core technological progress in low-power rectennas, focusing on innovations in rectifier circuit topologies, nonlinear device models, antenna array optimization, and efficiency enhancement strategies. Current technical bottlenecks and future application directions are analyzed, providing theoretical references for space solar power stations, IoTs, and related fields. Full article
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14 pages, 5328 KiB  
Article
Design of a Novel Ultra-Wideband Antipodal Vivaldi Antenna Based on Klopfenstein Curve
by Yanxing Zhang and Jinling Zhang
Microwave 2025, 1(1), 4; https://doi.org/10.3390/microwave1010004 - 21 May 2025
Viewed by 916
Abstract
We propose a new ultra-wideband antipodal Vivaldi antenna design based on the Klopfenstein curve, incorporating exponential slots, horns, and apertures to improve the antenna’s return loss and increase its gain in high-frequency bands. The antenna achieves high gain and wide bandwidth characteristics, with [...] Read more.
We propose a new ultra-wideband antipodal Vivaldi antenna design based on the Klopfenstein curve, incorporating exponential slots, horns, and apertures to improve the antenna’s return loss and increase its gain in high-frequency bands. The antenna achieves high gain and wide bandwidth characteristics, with measured −10 dB bandwidth ranging from 2 GHz to 20 GHz, maximum gain of 14 dBi, and gain exceeding 10 dBi from 3.5 GHz to 14 GHz. Full article
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20 pages, 57469 KiB  
Article
Experimental and Analytical Studies on Electromagnetic Wave Propagation in DC Circuits
by Mingyu Lu and Charan Litchfield
Microwave 2025, 1(1), 3; https://doi.org/10.3390/microwave1010003 - 7 Apr 2025
Viewed by 733
Abstract
It is well known that two pieces of electrical conductors behave as a waveguide when they are employed to transmit AC signals. Some experimental and analytical studies are reported in this paper to demonstrate that two pieces of electrical conductors also behave as [...] Read more.
It is well known that two pieces of electrical conductors behave as a waveguide when they are employed to transmit AC signals. Some experimental and analytical studies are reported in this paper to demonstrate that two pieces of electrical conductors also behave as a waveguide when they are employed to transmit DC signals in practice. Specifically, the speed of wave propagation is measured in the experiments, and the analytical studies are based on the theory of transmission line. Full article
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12 pages, 4905 KiB  
Article
All-Quartz Integrated Lens Antenna for Surface Wave Loss Reduction
by Haoran Zhao, Qi Wang, Wen Yue and Wei Wang
Microwave 2025, 1(1), 2; https://doi.org/10.3390/microwave1010002 - 13 Feb 2025
Viewed by 1155
Abstract
This work proposes an all-quartz integrated lens antenna for the first time. The antenna feed and lens materials are both made of quartz. The antenna is designed to work at 26 GHz and has the advantages of small size and reduced surface wave [...] Read more.
This work proposes an all-quartz integrated lens antenna for the first time. The antenna feed and lens materials are both made of quartz. The antenna is designed to work at 26 GHz and has the advantages of small size and reduced surface wave loss. Two antennas, a hemispheric lens and an extended hemispheric lens, are demonstrated. The hemispheric lens has an area of 30 × 30 mm2 and a height of 16 mm, while the extended hemispheric lens, with the same area, has a height of 26 mm. The measured peak gain of the extended hemispheric integrated lens antenna is 15.49 dBi, and the simulated peak gain is 17.68 dBi. The electric-field distribution was analyzed, and two hemispheric lens and extended hemispheric lens antennas of the same size were designed on PCB substrate for comparative analysis. The measured results validate the impact of the surface wave effect on the gain of the lens antenna proposed in this study. Full article
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2 pages, 311 KiB  
Editorial
Microwave—A New Open Access Journal for Microwave Technologies
by Changjun Liu
Microwave 2025, 1(1), 1; https://doi.org/10.3390/microwave1010001 - 9 Jan 2025
Viewed by 1224
Abstract
Microwave technologies have long been at the forefront of scientific and engineering innovation, driving advancements in wireless communications, radar, satellites, medical applications, wireless power transfer, and more [...] Full article
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