MDPI - Publisher of Open Access Journals

22 pages, 5809 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Hybrid Integent Staging of Age-Related Macular Degeneration for Decision-Making on Patient Management Tactics

by Ekaterina A. Lopukhova, Ernest S. Yusupov, Rada R. Ibragimova, Gulnaz M. Idrisova, Timur R. Mukhamadeev, Elizaveta P. Grakhova and Ruslan V. Kutluyarov

Appl. Sci. 2025, 15(4), 1945; https://doi.org/10.3390/app15041945 - 13 Feb 2025

Viewed by 732

Abstract

Treatment efficacy for age-related macular degeneration relies on early diagnosis and precise determination of the disease stage. This involves analyzing biomarkers in retinal images, which can be challenging when handling a large flow of patients and can compromise the quality of healthcare services. [...] Read more.

Treatment efficacy for age-related macular degeneration relies on early diagnosis and precise determination of the disease stage. This involves analyzing biomarkers in retinal images, which can be challenging when handling a large flow of patients and can compromise the quality of healthcare services. Clinical decision support systems offer a solution to this issue by employing intelligent algorithms to recognize biomarkers and specify the age-related macular degeneration stage through the analysis of retinal images. However, different stages of age-related macular degeneration may exhibit similar biomarkers, complicating the application of intelligent algorithms. This article presents a hybrid and hierarchical classification method for solving these problems. By leveraging the hybrid structure of the classifier, we can effectively manage issues commonly encountered with medical datasets, such as class imbalance and strong correlations between variables. The modifications to the intelligent algorithm proposed in this work for staging age-related macular degeneration resulted in an increase in average accuracy, sensitivity, and specificity of 20% compared to initial values. The Cohen’s Kappa coefficient, used for consistency estimation between the regression model and expert assessments of the intermediate class severity, was 0.708, indicating a high level of agreement. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Applied Biosciences and Bioengineering)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

14 pages, 9014 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Micro-Ring Resonator-Based Tunable Vortex Beam Emitter

by Liaisan I. Bakirova, Grigory S. Voronkov, Vladimir S. Lyubopytov, Muhammad A. Butt, Svetlana N. Khonina, Ivan V. Stepanov, Elizaveta P. Grakhova and Ruslan V. Kutluyarov

Micromachines 2024, 15(1), 34; https://doi.org/10.3390/mi15010034 - 23 Dec 2023

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 2635

Abstract

Light beams bearing orbital angular momentum (OAM) are used in various scientific and engineering applications, such as microscopy, laser material processing, and optical tweezers. Precise topological charge control is crucial for efficiently using vortex beams in different fields, such as information encoding in [...] Read more.

Light beams bearing orbital angular momentum (OAM) are used in various scientific and engineering applications, such as microscopy, laser material processing, and optical tweezers. Precise topological charge control is crucial for efficiently using vortex beams in different fields, such as information encoding in optical communications and sensor systems. This work presents a novel method for optimizing an emitting micro-ring resonator (MRR) for emitting vortex beams with variable orders of OAM. The MRR consists of a ring waveguide with periodic structures side-coupled to a bus waveguide. The resonator is tunable due to the phase change material Sb₂Se₃ deposited on the ring. This material can change from amorphous to crystalline while changing its refractive index. In the amorphous phase, it is 3.285 + 0i, while in the transition to the crystalline phase, it reaches 4.050 + 0i at emission wavelength 1550 nm. We used this property to control the vortex beam topological charge. In our study, we optimized the distance between the bus waveguide and the ring waveguide, the bending angle, and the width of the bus waveguide. The optimality criterion was chosen to maximize the flux density of the radiated energy emitted by the resonator. The numerical simulation results proved our method. The proposed approach can be used to optimize optical beam emitters carrying OAM for various applications. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Photonic and Optoelectronic Devices and Systems, Second Edition)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

36 pages, 7051 KiB

Open AccessReview

Neuromorphic Photonics Circuits: Contemporary Review

by Ruslan V. Kutluyarov, Aida G. Zakoyan, Grigory S. Voronkov, Elizaveta P. Grakhova and Muhammad A. Butt

Nanomaterials 2023, 13(24), 3139; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano13243139 - 14 Dec 2023

Cited by 17 | Viewed by 9421

Abstract

Neuromorphic photonics is a cutting-edge fusion of neuroscience-inspired computing and photonics technology to overcome the constraints of conventional computing architectures. Its significance lies in the potential to transform information processing by mimicking the parallelism and efficiency of the human brain. Using optics and [...] Read more.

Neuromorphic photonics is a cutting-edge fusion of neuroscience-inspired computing and photonics technology to overcome the constraints of conventional computing architectures. Its significance lies in the potential to transform information processing by mimicking the parallelism and efficiency of the human brain. Using optics and photonics principles, neuromorphic devices can execute intricate computations swiftly and with impressive energy efficiency. This innovation holds promise for advancing artificial intelligence and machine learning while addressing the limitations of traditional silicon-based computing. Neuromorphic photonics could herald a new era of computing that is more potent and draws inspiration from cognitive processes, leading to advancements in robotics, pattern recognition, and advanced data processing. This paper reviews the recent developments in neuromorphic photonic integrated circuits, applications, and current challenges. Full article

► Show Figures

Figure 1

33 pages, 11359 KiB

Open AccessReview

A Review on Photonic Sensing Technologies: Status and Outlook

by Muhammad A. Butt, Nikolay L. Kazanskiy, Svetlana N. Khonina, Grigory S. Voronkov, Elizaveta P. Grakhova and Ruslan V. Kutluyarov

Biosensors 2023, 13(5), 568; https://doi.org/10.3390/bios13050568 - 22 May 2023

Cited by 55 | Viewed by 8450

Abstract

In contemporary science and technology, photonic sensors are essential. They may be made to be extremely resistant to some physical parameters while also being extremely sensitive to other physical variables. Most photonic sensors may be incorporated on chips and operate with CMOS technology, [...] Read more.

In contemporary science and technology, photonic sensors are essential. They may be made to be extremely resistant to some physical parameters while also being extremely sensitive to other physical variables. Most photonic sensors may be incorporated on chips and operate with CMOS technology, making them suitable for use as extremely sensitive, compact, and affordable sensors. Photonic sensors can detect electromagnetic (EM) wave changes and convert them into an electric signal due to the photoelectric effect. Depending on the requirements, scientists have found ways to develop photonic sensors based on several interesting platforms. In this work, we extensively review the most generally utilized photonic sensors for detecting vital environmental parameters and personal health care. These sensing systems include optical waveguides, optical fibers, plasmonics, metasurfaces, and photonic crystals. Various aspects of light are used to investigate the transmission or reflection spectra of photonic sensors. In general, resonant cavity or grating-based sensor configurations that work on wavelength interrogation methods are preferred, so these sensor types are mostly presented. We believe that this paper will provide insight into the novel types of available photonic sensors. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Optical and Photonic Biosensors)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

30 pages, 4660 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperReview

Polymer Waveguide-Based Optical Sensors—Interest in Bio, Gas, Temperature, and Mechanical Sensing Applications

by Svetlana N. Khonina, Grigory S. Voronkov, Elizaveta P. Grakhova, Nikolay L. Kazanskiy, Ruslan V. Kutluyarov and Muhammad A. Butt

Coatings 2023, 13(3), 549; https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings13030549 - 3 Mar 2023

Cited by 36 | Viewed by 8958

Abstract

In the realization of photonic integrated devices, materials such as polymers are crucial. Polymers have shown compatibility with several patterning techniques, are generally affordable, and may be functionalized to obtain desired optical, electrical, or mechanical characteristics. Polymer waveguides are a viable platform for [...] Read more.

In the realization of photonic integrated devices, materials such as polymers are crucial. Polymers have shown compatibility with several patterning techniques, are generally affordable, and may be functionalized to obtain desired optical, electrical, or mechanical characteristics. Polymer waveguides are a viable platform for optical connectivity since they are easily adaptable to on-chip and on-board integration and promise low propagation losses <1 dB/cm. Furthermore, polymer waveguides can be made to be extremely flexible, able to withstand bending, twisting, and even stretching. Optical sensing is an interesting field of research that is gaining popularity in polymer photonics. Due to its huge potential for use in several industries, polymer waveguide-based sensors have attracted a lot of attention. Due to their resilience to electromagnetic fields, optical sensors operate better in difficult situations, such as those found in electrical power generating and conversion facilities. In this review, the most widely used polymer materials are discussed for integrated photonics. Moreover, four significant sensing applications of polymer-waveguide based sensors which include biosensing, gas sensing, temperature sensing and mechanical sensing have been debated. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Polymer Thin Films: From Fundamentals to Applications)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

15 pages, 3822 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Enhancing the Performance of the Photonic Integrated Sensing System by Applying Frequency Interrogation

by Grigory S. Voronkov, Yana V. Aleksakina, Vladislav V. Ivanov, Aida G. Zakoyan, Ivan V. Stepanov, Elizaveta P. Grakhova, Muhammad A. Butt and Ruslan V. Kutluyarov

Nanomaterials 2023, 13(1), 193; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano13010193 - 1 Jan 2023

Cited by 10 | Viewed by 2829

Abstract

Lab-on-a-chip systems are currently one of the most promising areas in the development of ultra-compact sensor systems, used primarily for gas and liquid analysis to determine the concentration of impurities. Integrated photonics is an ideal basis for designing “lab-on-a-chip” systems, advantageous for its [...] Read more.

Lab-on-a-chip systems are currently one of the most promising areas in the development of ultra-compact sensor systems, used primarily for gas and liquid analysis to determine the concentration of impurities. Integrated photonics is an ideal basis for designing “lab-on-a-chip” systems, advantageous for its compactness, energy efficiency, and low cost in mass production. This paper presents a solution for “lab-on-a-chip” device realization, consisting of a sensor and an interrogator based on a silicon-on-insulator (SOI) integrated photonics platform. The sensor function is performed by an all-pass microring resonator (MRR), installed as a notch filter in the feedback circuit of an optoelectronic oscillator based on an electro-optic phase modulator. This structure realizes the frequency interrogation of the sensor with high accuracy and speed using a conventional single-mode laser source. The system sensitivity for the considered gases is 13,000 GHz/RIU. The results show that the use of frequency interrogation makes it possible to increase the intrinsic LoD by five orders. The proposed solution opens an opportunity for fully integrated implementation of a photonic “laboratory-on-a-chip” unit. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Research of Photonics at the Nanometer Scale)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

31 pages, 4974 KiB

Open AccessReview

Environmental Monitoring: A Comprehensive Review on Optical Waveguide and Fiber-Based Sensors

by Muhammad A. Butt, Grigory S. Voronkov, Elizaveta P. Grakhova, Ruslan V. Kutluyarov, Nikolay L. Kazanskiy and Svetlana N. Khonina

Biosensors 2022, 12(11), 1038; https://doi.org/10.3390/bios12111038 - 17 Nov 2022

Cited by 96 | Viewed by 10044

Abstract

Globally, there is active development of photonic sensors incorporating multidisciplinary research. The ultimate objective is to develop small, low-cost, sensitive, selective, quick, durable, remote-controllable sensors that are resistant to electromagnetic interference. Different photonic sensor designs and advances in photonic frameworks have shown the [...] Read more.

Globally, there is active development of photonic sensors incorporating multidisciplinary research. The ultimate objective is to develop small, low-cost, sensitive, selective, quick, durable, remote-controllable sensors that are resistant to electromagnetic interference. Different photonic sensor designs and advances in photonic frameworks have shown the possibility to realize these capabilities. In this review paper, the latest developments in the field of optical waveguide and fiber-based sensors which can serve for environmental monitoring are discussed. Several important topics such as toxic gas, water quality, indoor environment, and natural disaster monitoring are reviewed. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Photonics-Based Biosensors for Environmental, Food Safety and Biomedical Applications)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

13 pages, 10867 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Wavelength-Tunable Vortex Beam Emitter Based on Silicon Micro-Ring with PN Depletion Diode

by Ivan V. Stepanov, Denis M. Fatkhiev, Vladimir S. Lyubopytov, Ruslan V. Kutluyarov, Elizaveta P. Grakhova, Niels Neumann, Svetlana N. Khonina and Albert K. Sultanov

Sensors 2022, 22(3), 929; https://doi.org/10.3390/s22030929 - 25 Jan 2022

Cited by 12 | Viewed by 4316

Abstract

Herein we propose a design of a wavelength-tunable integrated vortex beam emitter based on the silicon-on-insulator platform. The emitter is implemented using a PN-depletion diode inside a microring resonator with the emitting hole grating that was used to produce a vortex beam. The [...] Read more.

Herein we propose a design of a wavelength-tunable integrated vortex beam emitter based on the silicon-on-insulator platform. The emitter is implemented using a PN-depletion diode inside a microring resonator with the emitting hole grating that was used to produce a vortex beam. The resonance wavelengths can be shifted due to the refractive index change associated with the free plasma dispersion effect. Obtained numerical modeling results confirm the efficiency of the proposed approach, providing a resonance wavelength shift while maintaining the required topological charge of the emitted vortex beam. It is known that optical vortices got a lot of attention due to extensive telecommunication and biochemical applications, but also, they have revealed some beneficial use cases in sensors. Flexibility in spectral tuning demonstrated by the proposed device can significantly improve the accuracy of sensors based on fiber Bragg gratings. Moreover, we demonstrate that the proposed device can provide a displacement of the resonance by the value of the free spectral range of the ring resonator, which means the possibility to implement an ultra-fast orbital angular momentum (de)multiplexing or modulation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Fiber Bragg Grating Sensors: Recent Advances and Future Perspectives)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

27 pages, 16602 KiB

Open AccessReview

Recent Advances in Generation and Detection of Orbital Angular Momentum Optical Beams—A Review

by Denis M. Fatkhiev, Muhammad A. Butt, Elizaveta P. Grakhova, Ruslan V. Kutluyarov, Ivan V. Stepanov, Nikolay L. Kazanskiy, Svetlana N. Khonina, Vladimir S. Lyubopytov and Albert K. Sultanov

Sensors 2021, 21(15), 4988; https://doi.org/10.3390/s21154988 - 22 Jul 2021

Cited by 69 | Viewed by 10022

Abstract

Herein, we have discussed three major methods which have been generally employed for the generation of optical beams with orbital angular momentum (OAM). These methods include the practice of diffractive optics elements (DOEs), metasurfaces (MSs), and photonic integrated circuits (PICs) for the production [...] Read more.

Herein, we have discussed three major methods which have been generally employed for the generation of optical beams with orbital angular momentum (OAM). These methods include the practice of diffractive optics elements (DOEs), metasurfaces (MSs), and photonic integrated circuits (PICs) for the production of in-plane and out-of-plane OAM. This topic has been significantly evolved as a result; these three methods have been further implemented efficiently by different novel approaches which are discussed as well. Furthermore, development in the OAM detection techniques has also been presented. We have tried our best to bring novel and up-to-date information to the readers on this interesting and widely investigated topic. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Developments of Integrated Photonic Sensors)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

Search Results (9)

Further Information

Guidelines

MDPI Initiatives

Follow MDPI

Saved Queries

Search Filter Reset All

Years

Feature Papers

Subjects

Journals

Article Types

Countries / Regions

Search Results (9)

Further Information

Guidelines

MDPI Initiatives

Follow MDPI