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Viruses
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HIV and Tuberculosis (TB) Coinfection
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HIV and Tuberculosis (TB) Coinfection

A special issue of Viruses (ISSN 1999-4915). This special issue belongs to the section "Human Virology and Viral Diseases".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (20 December 2024) | Viewed by 2568

Special Issue Editors

Dr. Tania A. Thomas

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases and International Health, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, USA
Interests: HIV; prevention of mother-to-child transmission of HIV; tuberculosis among vulnerable populations; pediatric TB; non-respiratory TB biomarkers; active case finding; TB prevention; malnutrition
Dr. Eva Otoupalova

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Environmental Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, USA
Interests: Pulmonary Critical Care; B-cell immunology; host defenses; tuberculosis (TB)

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) is a leading infectious killer that is a particularly severe threat to vulnerable populations, including people living with HIV (PLWH), those with undernutrition, and children. TB is a curable and preventable disease, but improved tools and strategies are needed to maximize case detection and prevent transmission; this includes unique biomarkers that can be applied to distinct clinical states along the spectrum of TB infection and disease. Ideal biomarkers will meet the World Health Organization’s target product profile recommendations for triage and/or diagnostic tests and rely on specimens that are feasible to obtain in a variety of field conditions, such as urine or blood. Advances in novel diagnostic biomarkers include pathogen-related markers such as antigen detection and/or nucleic acid detection, as well as host-related markers that include biosignature responses to Mtb infection, cytokine/chemokine levels, and antibody responses. These methods can be used to identify people with TB infection, those at greatest risk of progressing to active TB after exposure to Mtb, those with subclinical or early forms of disease, as well as those with overt symptoms of active TB. Newer diagnostic methods under investigation include imaging modalities, breath analytics, and cough acoustics, which may also have a role in augmenting TB case finding. Separately, there is a need for an accurate correlate of treatment success that does not rely on sputum. Prognostic biomarkers can help identify safe methods for treatment shortening, which can limit drug-related toxicities and related morbidity.

In this Special Issue of Viruses, we will showcase the pipeline of tools that are being used to detect the spectrum of TB states among vulnerable populations of PLWH across all age ranges, as well as biomarkers to prognosticate treatment response. Translational, clinical, and implementation work that highlights novel methods to improve TB case detection, including the investigation of biomarkers for TB infection, incipient TB, TB diagnosis, and TB prognosis, will be presented. We welcome original articles, brief reports, and technical notes, performed by interdisciplinary teams from across the globe.

Dr. Tania A. Thomas
Dr. Eva Otoupalova
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Viruses is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2600 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • tuberculosis
  • HIV
  • TB case detection
  • biomarkers
  • prevention
  • subclinical TB
  • pediatrics
  • malnutrition

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Published Papers (2 papers)

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19 pages, 1036 KiB  
Review
Additive Effects of Glutathione in Improving Antibiotic Efficacy in HIV–M.tb Co-Infection in the Central Nervous System: A Systematic Review
by Leena Nabipur, Michael Mouawad and Vishwanath Venketaraman
Viruses 2025, 17(1), 127; https://doi.org/10.3390/v17010127 - 17 Jan 2025
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Abstract
Background: HIV and tuberculosis (TB) co-infection poses a significant health challenge, particularly when involving the central nervous system (CNS), where it leads to severe morbidity and mortality. Current treatments face challenges such as drug resistance, immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome (IRIS), and persistent inflammation. [...] Read more.
Background: HIV and tuberculosis (TB) co-infection poses a significant health challenge, particularly when involving the central nervous system (CNS), where it leads to severe morbidity and mortality. Current treatments face challenges such as drug resistance, immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome (IRIS), and persistent inflammation. Glutathione (GSH) has the therapeutic potential to enhance treatment outcomes by improving antibiotic efficacy, reducing inflammation, and mitigating immune dysfunction. Methods: Relevant studies were identified through systematic searches of PubMed, Elsevier, WHO, and related databases. Inclusion criteria focused on preclinical and clinical research examining GSH or its precursors in HIV, TB, or co-infection, with emphasis on microbial control, immune modulation, and CNS-related outcomes. Results: Preclinical studies showed that GSH improves macrophage antimicrobial function, reduces oxidative stress, and limits Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M.tb) growth. Animal models demonstrated reduced bacterial burden in the lungs, liver, and spleen with GSH supplementation, along with enhanced granuloma stability. Clinical studies highlighted increased TH1 cytokine production, reduced inflammatory markers, and improved CD4+ T cell counts in HIV–M.tb co-infected patients. N-acetylcysteine (NAC), a GSH precursor, was shown to significantly enhance the efficacy of first-line TB antibiotics and mitigate treatment-associated toxicity. Discussion: GSH shows promise as an adjunct therapy for HIV–M.tb co-infection, particularly for cases involving the CNS, where it may improve immune recovery and reduce inflammation. However, evidence is limited by small sample sizes and a lack of randomized trials. Future research should focus on developing CNS-directed GSH formulations and evaluating its integration into current treatment protocols to address the dual burden of HIV and TB, ultimately improving patient outcomes. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue HIV and Tuberculosis (TB) Coinfection)
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3 pages, 170 KiB  
Commentary
Tuberculosis Infection in People Living with Human Immunodeficiency Virus: Challenges and Solutions
by Ghassan Ilaiwy and Tania A. Thomas
Viruses 2024, 16(8), 1295; https://doi.org/10.3390/v16081295 - 14 Aug 2024
Viewed by 836
Abstract
The findings by Pipitò et al [...] Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue HIV and Tuberculosis (TB) Coinfection)
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