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Viruses
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Enteric Viruses in Environment and Humans: Identification, Surveillance and Control
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Enteric Viruses in Environment and Humans: Identification, Surveillance and Control

A special issue of Viruses (ISSN 1999-4915). This special issue belongs to the section "Human Virology and Viral Diseases".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: 30 October 2026 | Viewed by 2589

Special Issue Editors

Dr. Rita De Cássia Compagnoli Carmona

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Enteric Disease Laboratory, Virology Center, Adolfo Lutz Institute, Sao Paulo 01246-900, Brazil
Interests: surveillance of enteric viruses; human enterovirus disease; human viral gastroenteritis; molecular epidemiology of enteroviruses, rotaviruses, noroviruses, sapoviruses, astroviruses, and adenoviruses
Dr. Maria Inês Zanoli Sato

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Environmental Analysis Department, CETESB–Environmental Company of São Paulo State, São Paulo 05459-900, Brazil
Interests: environmental surveillance of poliovirus and other enteric viruses; wastewater-based epidemiology; waterborne diseases; virus monitoring in water sources; quantitaive microbial risk assessment

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Environmental and human monitoring for enteric viruses, including polioviruses, non-polio enteroviruses, and gastroenteritis viruses, such as rotavirus and norovirus, is integral to the One Health approach. This perspective highlights the interconnectedness of human, animal, and environmental health, emphasizing the impact of environmental viral pathogens through contaminated water, food, or surfaces. The surveillance of environmental reservoirs, such as wastewater, enables the early detection of public health threats, guides vaccination strategies, and mitigates zoonotic transmission risks. Strengthening these systems supports a comprehensive response to global health challenges and aligns human and environmental health efforts. We invite submissions on innovative detection methods, the impact of vaccination programs on environmental virus circulation, and outbreak investigations in humans and animals. Research on the integration of environmental surveillance into public health systems and its role in preventing and managing viral outbreaks is particularly encouraged. This Special Issue will advance our understanding of enteric viruses in the environment and promote strategies to protect global health.

Dr. Rita De Cássia Compagnoli Carmona
Dr. Maria Inês Zanoli Sato
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 250 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for assessment.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Viruses is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2600 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • enteric viruses
  • wastewater-based epidemiology
  • human-based epidemiology
  • One Health

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Published Papers (3 papers)

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Research

17 pages, 1641 KB  
Article
Development and Validation of a Commercial TaqMan-Based RT-qPCR Kit for Rotavirus and Norovirus Detection in the Brazilian Acute Diarrhea Surveillance Network
by Geison Cambri, Thiago Jacomasso, Fernanda Marcicano Burlandy, Fábio Correia Malta, Alexandre Madi Fialho, Audrey Cilli, Simone Guadagnucci, Dielle Monteiro Teixeira, Patrícia Santos Lobo, Hugo Reis Resque, Lucia Helena Berto, Alessandro Afornali, Fabricio Klerynton Marchini, Irina Nastassja Riediger, Luana Silva Soares, Rita de Cássia Compagnoli Carmona and Tulio Machado Fumian
Viruses 2025, 17(12), 1559; https://doi.org/10.3390/v17121559 - 28 Nov 2025
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Abstract
Acute gastroenteritis (AGE) is a major cause of illness and death in children under five, especially in low- and middle-income countries, and rotavirus A (RVA) and norovirus are the leading viral agents. The present study aimed to describe the development of a commercial [...] Read more.
Acute gastroenteritis (AGE) is a major cause of illness and death in children under five, especially in low- and middle-income countries, and rotavirus A (RVA) and norovirus are the leading viral agents. The present study aimed to describe the development of a commercial multiplex TaqMan-based RT-qPCR assay to detect those viruses to enhance surveillance and public health responses in Brazil. The assay validation involved optimizing primers and probes for multiplex RT-qPCR, assessing analytical sensitivity, and confirming specificity. A multicenter pilot study across Brazil’s AGE surveillance network assessed the assay’s performance. The IBMP NAT assay demonstrated high specificity and sensitivity for detecting RVA and norovirus GI and GII. No cross-reactivity was observed. LoD95 values were low: 18.6 (GI), 71.2 (GII), and 12.3 (RVA) copies/reaction. In 379 clinical samples, diagnostic sensitivity and specificity exceeded 96% for all targets. The assay showed strong reproducibility across operators and instruments. Stability tests confirmed consistent performance under freeze–thaw, transport, and storage conditions. Compared to in-house RT-qPCR, the IBMP NAT test yielded lower Ct values, indicating improved detection of low viral loads. The IBMP NAT Kit significantly advances molecular diagnostics, enabling rapid, sensitive, and reliable detection of RVA and norovirus in fecal specimens. It strengthens public health surveillance and supports timely responses to AGE outbreaks, helping reduce disease burden in vulnerable populations. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Enteric Viruses in Environment and Humans: Identification, Surveillance and Control)
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10 pages, 3434 KB  
Communication
Molecular Characterization of Equine-like G3P[8] Rotavirus Strains Detected in South Korean Children
by Yunhee Jo, Minji Lee, Deog-Yong Lee, Myung-Guk Han and Sun-Whan Park
Viruses 2025, 17(11), 1488; https://doi.org/10.3390/v17111488 - 10 Nov 2025
Viewed by 445
Abstract
The equine-like G3 rotavirus is a reassortant strain in which an animal-derived G3 genotype has recombined with a human-origin genetic backbone. Recently, this strain has spread across Asia and Europe. In this study, the VP7 and VP4 genes, along with the genomic backbone [...] Read more.
The equine-like G3 rotavirus is a reassortant strain in which an animal-derived G3 genotype has recombined with a human-origin genetic backbone. Recently, this strain has spread across Asia and Europe. In this study, the VP7 and VP4 genes, along with the genomic backbone of 39 G3P[8] rotavirus strains detected in South Korean children with acute gastroenteritis between 2017 and May 2025, were analyzed. All strains harbored the equine-like G3 genotype for the VP7 gene, and segmental genotyping of VP7, VP4, and VP6 suggested that these strains possessed a DS-1-like genetic backbone (I2-R2-C2-M2-A2-N2-T2-E2-H2). All VP4 genes were confirmed as P[8]. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that these strains clustered with previously reported equine-like G3 strains from various regions, including East Asia. Although individual vaccination records were not available in the EnterNet surveillance data, the overall detection rate of rotavirus infection has declined following vaccine introduction. Nevertheless, equine-like G3P[8] strains have continued to appear sporadically in Korean children, underscoring the importance of ongoing genomic surveillance in the post-vaccine era. Overall, these findings indicate that equine-like G3P[8] strains with a DS-1-like backbone have been circulating for several years in the pediatric population in South Korea, offering important insights into vaccine effectiveness and the surveillance of reassortant rotaviruses. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Enteric Viruses in Environment and Humans: Identification, Surveillance and Control)
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13 pages, 1635 KB  
Article
Molecular Characterization of Emerging and Uncommon Enteroviruses C104, C105, and C109 in Respiratory Samples from Maryland, USA, 2018–2024
by Amary Fall, Ting X. Zhuang, Alaina Dodge, Omar Abdullah, Julie M. Norton, David Villafuerte, Andrew Pekosz, Eili Klein and Heba H. Mostafa
Viruses 2025, 17(9), 1183; https://doi.org/10.3390/v17091183 - 29 Aug 2025
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Abstract
Background: While enteroviruses (EVs) are recognized causes of diverse illnesses, little is known about the epidemiology and molecular characteristics of uncommon enterovirus C (EV-C) types, including EV-C104, EV-C105, and EV-C109. Methods: We conducted genomic surveillance of EVs at the Johns Hopkins [...] Read more.
Background: While enteroviruses (EVs) are recognized causes of diverse illnesses, little is known about the epidemiology and molecular characteristics of uncommon enterovirus C (EV-C) types, including EV-C104, EV-C105, and EV-C109. Methods: We conducted genomic surveillance of EVs at the Johns Hopkins Health System between 2018 and 2024 (a total of 3715 samples), identifying EV-C104, EV-C105, and EV-C109 in respiratory samples. VP4-VP2 and whole-genome sequencing were used to assess genetic diversity and intra-host evolution. Results: Five EV-C105 infections were identified primarily in pediatric patients, presenting with a range of clinical features including fever, gastrointestinal symptoms, and cerebellitis. Prolonged EV-C104 and EV-C109 infections were identified in two immunocompromised adults. EV-C104 persisted for over five months and showed evidence of viral genomic changes (intra-host evolution). EV-C109 was detected over a four-month period. Phylogenetic analysis revealed a novel EV-C105 clade (C3) closely related to recent USA strains. EV-C104 genomes aligned with genotype B sequences from the USA and Europe, while EV-C109 sequences were similar to 2014–2015 strains from the Netherlands. Conclusions: These findings highlight the emergence, persistence, and genetic evolution of uncommon EV-C types in Maryland, especially among immunocompromised hosts, emphasizing the importance of continued genomic surveillance and clinical correlations. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Enteric Viruses in Environment and Humans: Identification, Surveillance and Control)
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