Molecular Characterization of Emerging and Uncommon Enteroviruses C104, C105, and C109 in Respiratory Samples from Maryland, USA, 2018–2024
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Methods
2.1. Ethics and Data Availability
2.2. Sample Collection
2.3. EV-C Whole-Genome Sequencing and Sequences Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Demographic and Clinical Characteristics of Patients Positive for Uncommon EV-C
3.2. Phylogenetic Analysis and Viral Evolution
4. Discussion
5. Limitations
6. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
EV | Enteroviruses |
EV-C | Enterovirus C |
RV/EV | Rhinovirus/enterovirus |
BAL | Bronchoalveolar lavage |
EBV | Epstein–Barr virus |
allo-SCT | Allogeneic stem cell transplantation |
GVHD | Graft-versus-host disease |
IVIG | Intravenous immunoglobulin |
SNVs | Single-nucleotide variants |
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Gene/Region | Nucleotide Substitution (S3) | Nucleotide Substitution (S4) | Amino Acid Substitution |
---|---|---|---|
5′UTR | C27T | C27T | |
T29C | T29C | ||
T464C | |||
A467C | |||
T576C | |||
VP2 | C1173A | ||
G1383A | |||
VP3 | A2017G | A2017G | E434G |
G2045A | |||
VP1 | A2740G | A2740G | D675G |
G2747A | G2747A | ||
2A | C3512T | C3512T | |
2B | G3878A | G3878A | |
C3887T | |||
2C | C4122T | ||
G4703A | |||
3C | A5568G | A5568G | I1618V |
T5605C | T5605C | I1630T | |
3D | G6632A | G6632A | |
A6905G | A6905G | ||
G7113A | G7113A | V2133I | |
A7251G | A7251G | N2179D | |
3′UTR | T7393 Del | T7393 Del |
Gene/Region | Nucleotide Substitution (S2) | Nucleotide Substitution (S3) | Amino Acid Substitution |
---|---|---|---|
5′UTR | T114C | T114C | |
T167C | |||
VP4 | T691C | ||
VP2 | T931C | ||
G1166A | A190T | ||
T1174C | |||
G1211T | A205S | ||
VP1 | C2388T | A607S | |
G2417T | S687T | ||
T2579C | |||
C2593T | |||
T2657A | S597L | ||
G2779A | |||
2B | T3739C | ||
C3895T | C3895T | ||
2C | A4301G | I1235V | |
T4396C | |||
C4804T | |||
3B | C5227T | ||
3C | T5533C | T5533C | |
3D | A5888G | T1764A |
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Fall, A.; Zhuang, T.X.; Dodge, A.; Abdullah, O.; Norton, J.M.; Villafuerte, D.; Pekosz, A.; Klein, E.; Mostafa, H.H. Molecular Characterization of Emerging and Uncommon Enteroviruses C104, C105, and C109 in Respiratory Samples from Maryland, USA, 2018–2024. Viruses 2025, 17, 1183. https://doi.org/10.3390/v17091183
Fall A, Zhuang TX, Dodge A, Abdullah O, Norton JM, Villafuerte D, Pekosz A, Klein E, Mostafa HH. Molecular Characterization of Emerging and Uncommon Enteroviruses C104, C105, and C109 in Respiratory Samples from Maryland, USA, 2018–2024. Viruses. 2025; 17(9):1183. https://doi.org/10.3390/v17091183
Chicago/Turabian StyleFall, Amary, Ting X. Zhuang, Alaina Dodge, Omar Abdullah, Julie M. Norton, David Villafuerte, Andrew Pekosz, Eili Klein, and Heba H. Mostafa. 2025. "Molecular Characterization of Emerging and Uncommon Enteroviruses C104, C105, and C109 in Respiratory Samples from Maryland, USA, 2018–2024" Viruses 17, no. 9: 1183. https://doi.org/10.3390/v17091183
APA StyleFall, A., Zhuang, T. X., Dodge, A., Abdullah, O., Norton, J. M., Villafuerte, D., Pekosz, A., Klein, E., & Mostafa, H. H. (2025). Molecular Characterization of Emerging and Uncommon Enteroviruses C104, C105, and C109 in Respiratory Samples from Maryland, USA, 2018–2024. Viruses, 17(9), 1183. https://doi.org/10.3390/v17091183