Ecclesiology in Context: Exploring the Historical, Cultural, and Theological Dimensions of the Church

A special issue of Religions (ISSN 2077-1444).

Deadline for manuscript submissions: 1 October 2025 | Viewed by 4811

Special Issue Editor


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Guest Editor
Faculty of Arts, Institute of Applied Social Sciences, University of Miskolc, 3515 Miskolc, Hungary
Interests: church history of the modern age, with special focus on hungary and the east central european region; church and society; historical questions of church–state relations

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

The search for scientific knowledge about the Church is almost as old as the Church itself. Theologians and Church historians often chose some aspect of ecclesiology as a field of research, attempting to interpret what the “body of Christ” (Corpus Christi) meant in different historical periods and religious movements. All Christian denominations proclaim the doctrine of the “one/united Church”, but as Christianity has split into different parts, so too have different views on the Church have developed, and all of these views have changed throughout historical periods.

Therefore, through this Special Issue, we aim to address the topic of ecclesiology in a wide-ranging context. We are pleased to invite you to participate, and we seek to include comprehensive and case studies based on original sources and approaches. We would like for this Special Issue to be representative of different Christian (Catholic, Orthodox, Calvinist, etc.) theological interpretations of the Church, but we also consider it important to present the images of the Church as articulated by new Christian denominations and movements.

The aims of this Special Issue can be summarized briefly as follows: who has thought about the interpretation of the Church, when have these thoughts occured, and what do they concern? Additionally, what is important when it comes to which Christian church and in which historical period? The understanding of the Church is closely linked to the different religious interpretations of Christianity, that is, to the various aspects of biblical teachings that were central to the organization and functioning of the Church. How has the self-image of the same Church changed and why? Who were the theologians, pastors, or believers who attempted to define the concept of the Church, and what impact did they have on the spiritual life and thinking of their time? We are interested in the images of all Churches of all historical periods, from biblical times to the present, as long as the subject is representative of the historical period, region, and Church. It is not only the interpretations of priests, theologians, or believers that are important; the interpretations of the Church(es) by outsiders or even by those who are critics of the Church or religion are also interesting.

In this Special Issue, original research articles and reviews are welcome. Research areas may include (but are not limited to) the following:

  • Ecclesiology in general—past, present, and important authors of this discipline;
  • Self-images of different Christian Churches;
  • The Church as a spiritual and/or social community in different ages and regions;
  • The images of others’ Churches—theological debates between different Christian Churches;
  • Impacts of the ecclesiastical schisms on the image of the Church;
  • Relation of Church images to biblical patterns (attempts to follow or explain differences);
  • “Who” is the Church? Relations between Church leaders and believers in different Churches and ages;
  • Reasons for changing Church images—the impacts of historical and political changes on the Church(es);
  • Interpretations of the Church from an outsider’s eye—legal and political definitions and images of the Church.

We request that, prior to submitting a manuscript, interested authors initially submit a proposed title and an abstract of 200–300 words summarizing their intended contribution, preferably by 1 March 2025. Please send it to the Guest Editor, Dr. Csaba Fazekas (csaba.fazekas@uni-miskolc.hu), or to the Assistant Editor, Ms. Violet Li (violet.li@mdpi.com), of Religions. Abstracts will be reviewed by the Guest Editors for the purposes of ensuring their proper fit within the scope of this Special Issue. Full manuscripts will undergo double-blind peer review and should be between 7,000 and 9,000 words, with some flexibility to allow for slightly shorter or longer submissions.

We look forward to receiving your contributions.

Dr. Csaba Fazekas
Guest Editor

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 200–300 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a double-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Religions is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 1800 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • ecclesiology
  • church images
  • self-images of christian churches
  • images of others’ churches
  • schisms
  • impact of historical changes on the interpretation of the church
  • conflicts of church images

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Published Papers (9 papers)

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Research

12 pages, 415 KB  
Article
On the Margins of an Unrealized Church Schism: On the Two Interpretations of the Concept of Church Among the Reformed in Transcarpathia After the Change of Power in 1944
by Ibolya Szamborovszky-Nagy and Ferenc Radvánszky
Religions 2025, 16(9), 1130; https://doi.org/10.3390/rel16091130 - 30 Aug 2025
Viewed by 204
Abstract
This study examines the responses of Reformed Christians living in the Carpathian Basin to ecclesiastical challenges that emerged after 1944. Focusing on the example of Reformed pastors in Transcarpathia, it explores the impact of the post-World War II transition on their communities—a shift [...] Read more.
This study examines the responses of Reformed Christians living in the Carpathian Basin to ecclesiastical challenges that emerged after 1944. Focusing on the example of Reformed pastors in Transcarpathia, it explores the impact of the post-World War II transition on their communities—a shift not only in direction, but also in governance and national affiliation. The paper investigates a myth-forming episode within the collective memory of Reformed Christians, who found themselves in a unique borderland context. From a narrower perspective, the analysis reveals the relational and mental frameworks of pastoral groups, their differing interpretative coordinates, and the various ways they embodied their faith. These differences led to divergent understandings of the Church’s identity and mission, exposing internal mental fault lines. The fragmentation of group identity, brought to light during the 1947 conflict between the traditional national Church and the Eastern Friendship Circle, raised the possibility of schism. Intriguingly, atheist Soviet officials played a decisive role in preventing this split on two separate occasions. Full article
20 pages, 317 KB  
Article
Towards a New Understanding of Vocation—Historical Traumas as Catalysts for the Changing Self-Perception of the Lower Clergy in the 20th Century
by Gábor Bánkuti
Religions 2025, 16(9), 1129; https://doi.org/10.3390/rel16091129 - 30 Aug 2025
Viewed by 217
Abstract
This study investigates the transformations of the Hungarian Catholic clergy during the 20th century in its social relations, self-perception, and attitudes, with a particular focus on the Diocese of Pécs. It concentrates on events that caused collective shock, such as the advance of [...] Read more.
This study investigates the transformations of the Hungarian Catholic clergy during the 20th century in its social relations, self-perception, and attitudes, with a particular focus on the Diocese of Pécs. It concentrates on events that caused collective shock, such as the advance of the front and the Soviet occupation during World War II; the confiscation of church property; the enforced migration processes; and the impact of the Communist regime’s ecclesiastical and social policies. The analysis emphasizes the role- and context-dependent patterns discernible in the documents produced by the clergy concerning these events, particularly in the parish Historia Domus. The study models the impact of these violent reconfigurations on clergy dispositions within the framework of Bourdieu’s concept of habitus, specifically the notions of “cleft” and “plural habitus”, highlighting the significance of behavior patterns in praxis transmitted through generations of clergy. It interprets the discrepancy between the altered context of action and the long-established, “interiorized” habitus, considering the phenomenon of asynchronicity, and identifies general and context-specific characteristics through a method of historical comparison. Overall, the study offers a perspective that perceives the historically evolved specificities of the norm as intrinsically linked to the local context. Full article
17 pages, 228 KB  
Article
Resilient Ecclesiology: The Adaptive Identity of the Black Church in Diaspora Contexts
by Charles E. Goodman, Jr.
Religions 2025, 16(9), 1128; https://doi.org/10.3390/rel16091128 - 30 Aug 2025
Viewed by 269
Abstract
The Black Church has historically functioned as both a spiritual sanctuary and a catalyst for sociopolitical transformation within African American communities. This article investigates how ecclesiological identity has evolved in diaspora contexts, particularly through the lens of the African American experience. Tracing its [...] Read more.
The Black Church has historically functioned as both a spiritual sanctuary and a catalyst for sociopolitical transformation within African American communities. This article investigates how ecclesiological identity has evolved in diaspora contexts, particularly through the lens of the African American experience. Tracing its roots from African spiritual traditions and the era of slavery, through emancipation, the Great Migration, and the Civil Rights Movement, to the digital age and megachurch phenomenon, the Black Church has continually adapted to shifting cultural, theological, and social landscapes. Using a multidisciplinary approach that includes historical theology, sociology, and cultural analysis, this study explores how these adaptations reveal an ecclesiology grounded in liberation, justice, and resilience. Theologically, this paper contends that the Black Church’s ecclesial model offers a prophetic and globally relevant witness that challenges systemic injustice while inspiring communal hope. In examining both past and present adaptations, the article contributes to broader conversations around diasporic faith identity, theological innovation, and the global role of the Black Church. Full article
13 pages, 255 KB  
Article
Papal Encyclicals and Episcopal Circular Letters—Episcopal Attitudes and Perceived Roles in 18th-Century Hungary
by Rita Szuly
Religions 2025, 16(9), 1126; https://doi.org/10.3390/rel16091126 - 30 Aug 2025
Viewed by 223
Abstract
This study investigates the prescribed and perceived roles of Catholic bishops in 18th-century Hungary through a comparative analysis of Bishop Ferenc Zichy and Bishop János Szily. Drawing on papal encyclical—Ubi primum of Pope Benedict XIV—, as well as episcopal documents—Epistola pastoralis [...] Read more.
This study investigates the prescribed and perceived roles of Catholic bishops in 18th-century Hungary through a comparative analysis of Bishop Ferenc Zichy and Bishop János Szily. Drawing on papal encyclical—Ubi primum of Pope Benedict XIV—, as well as episcopal documents—Epistola pastoralis of Ferenc Zichy, Istructio… of János Szily—, the paper explores the episcopal ideals of governance, teaching, and moral example, and how these ideals were implemented in the dioceses of Győr and Szombathely. The research highlights how both bishops internalized and operationalized the model of the bonus pastor—the Good Shepherd—through personal residence, canonical visitations, seminary reform, and moral regulation of the clergy. Bishop Zichy and Bishop Szily emphasized the importance of episcopal oversight, spiritual exercises, and educational standards to reinforce clerical discipline and doctrinal conformity, responding to the challenges of the Catholic Enlightenment and the broader ecclesiastical reform movement. By analysing pastoral letters, visitation protocols, and clerical instructions, the study reveals a coherent vision of episcopal leadership that balanced doctrinal authority with practical pastoral care. This work contributes to the broader historiography on early modern Catholicism by showing how local episcopal strategies aligned with and adapted papal mandates in a dynamic and context-sensitive manner. Full article
12 pages, 261 KB  
Article
Christian Social Care Under the Communist Dictatorship: The Persecutions of a Priest Rescuing Children
by Géza Vörös and Viktória Czene-Polgár
Religions 2025, 16(9), 1122; https://doi.org/10.3390/rel16091122 - 29 Aug 2025
Viewed by 474
Abstract
After the end of the Second World War, Hungary, like other war-torn countries, was left with countless orphaned children. The collapsed state structures were unable to care for them, so only various private or church initiatives—such as Gaudopolis, a children’s home set up [...] Read more.
After the end of the Second World War, Hungary, like other war-torn countries, was left with countless orphaned children. The collapsed state structures were unable to care for them, so only various private or church initiatives—such as Gaudopolis, a children’s home set up by the Lutheran pastor Gábor Szehló—provided a means of survival. However, in East-Central Europe—including Hungary, Poland and Romania—where the Soviet Union had a sphere of influence, the emerging Soviet-style system was aimed at the political re-education of society. Ideological goals categorically excluded the possibility of churches being involved in the care and education of youth beyond the existing legal framework. Any person who engaged in such activities was cracked down upon. This study examines the role and responsibility of church persons in the care and upbringing of orphaned children through the fate of the Roman Catholic priest István Regőczi. In the decades of communist dictatorship, István Regőczi repeatedly reorganised orphanages, where he carried out youth education activities based on principles similar to scouting. The values he imparted to the children—such as the Christian religion, family protection, mutual help and social solidarity—were all values of Christian socialism. However, the communist dictatorship—promoting its own political ideology, Marxism—sought to take control of the upbringing and education of children by nationalising all institutions involved in this activity. Anyone who resisted this—as István Regőczi did—was made impossible in the people’s democracy of the 1950s and 1960s, and his child-saving, educating and teaching activities were prevented, even if the courts sentenced him to longer or shorter prison sentences for the crimes of illegal youth organisation, incitement and the abuse of freedom of association. This study, comparing what is described in István Regőczi’s memoirs with the surviving archival sources, shows how during these terrible decades it was possible to save orphaned, needy children and raise them in a Christian spirit, even against the will of the authorities. Full article
22 pages, 348 KB  
Article
The Church and the Law: Catholic Ecclesiology and Its Influence on Bioethical Legislation in Contemporary Europe
by Katarzyna Kowalik, Kewin Konrad Bach, Agnieszka Żylińska and Dagmara Kowalik
Religions 2025, 16(9), 1106; https://doi.org/10.3390/rel16091106 - 26 Aug 2025
Viewed by 376
Abstract
This article examines the normative influence of the Catholic Church on contemporary legal systems in Europe, with particular emphasis on bioethical legislation concerning abortion, euthanasia, and same-sex marriage. Referring to ecclesiology and the tradition of natural law, this study explores how Catholic moral [...] Read more.
This article examines the normative influence of the Catholic Church on contemporary legal systems in Europe, with particular emphasis on bioethical legislation concerning abortion, euthanasia, and same-sex marriage. Referring to ecclesiology and the tradition of natural law, this study explores how Catholic moral doctrine shapes or challenges public law in countries with a strong Catholic heritage. A comparative legal method is applied to the legislation of three countries—Poland, France, and the Netherlands—representing distinct models of the relationship between religion and law. The analysis also addresses the tensions between the Church’s teachings and the case law of the European Court of Human Rights, highlighting differences in the understanding of human rights, moral authority, and legal pluralism. The findings suggest that, although the Church maintains significant influence in certain jurisdictions, its normative authority is increasingly challenged by secular and pluralistic approaches, particularly in the context of protecting individual dignity and enacted law. Full article
34 pages, 405 KB  
Article
The Development of the Reformed Church in Hungary
by Sándor Fekete
Religions 2025, 16(8), 1078; https://doi.org/10.3390/rel16081078 - 20 Aug 2025
Viewed by 693
Abstract
The Reformed Church in Hungary is a Reformed Protestant church in terms of its confession of faith, in which both adjectives, Reformed and Protestant, are emphasized. From this formulation follows the critique and firm rejection of a form of organization that existed before [...] Read more.
The Reformed Church in Hungary is a Reformed Protestant church in terms of its confession of faith, in which both adjectives, Reformed and Protestant, are emphasized. From this formulation follows the critique and firm rejection of a form of organization that existed before and still exists today: that of the Catholic Church. The foundations of Reformed (in this article, the term “Reformed” is used to designate the ecclesiastical and theological tradition associated with Calvin, Bullinger, Zwingli, and others) church institutions and church organization were formulated by Calvin in the Institutio, from which Reformed church law, through its historical development, formulated the principle of universal priesthood as a fundamental principle, the principle of synodal presbyterate as a constitutional principle of the church, and the principle of a free church in a free state, although the latter establishes the relationship between church and state. In distinguishing between a theologically postulated church and a church embodied in legal organization, canon law may examine the latter, and in particular, the canon law of the Protestant churches indeed sharply distinguishes it from the theological concept of church. Thus, in examining the development of the organization of the so-called visible church and the questions of the structure and functioning of the institution in the present, I will examine the organization and functioning of the Reformed Church in Hungary in the light of the organizational principles and methods that have developed historically, with a view to outlining the conditions for future optimal functioning. In my study, I trace the transformation of the Reformed Church from its beginnings to the change of regime. Full article
15 pages, 252 KB  
Article
The Political Activities of a Catholic Church Leader During the Period of Secularization in Hungary
by Szabolcs Nagy
Religions 2025, 16(8), 1065; https://doi.org/10.3390/rel16081065 - 18 Aug 2025
Viewed by 429
Abstract
In the Kingdom of Hungary, the process of secularization started rather late. After 1867, the country was led by liberal political forces but, despite this, the separation of church and state continued for a long time. Some ecclesiastical dignitaries were members of the [...] Read more.
In the Kingdom of Hungary, the process of secularization started rather late. After 1867, the country was led by liberal political forces but, despite this, the separation of church and state continued for a long time. Some ecclesiastical dignitaries were members of the upper house by virtue of their position, which obviously slowed down the process of secularization. By the 1890s, there were still many legal institutions in which public power was exercised by the churches instead of the state. The most important of these was the area of marriage law. Civil marriage was introduced by the Marriage Act passed in 1894, the adoption of which was preceded by sharp parliamentary debates. This was the culmination of the first wave of discourse on secularization in the country, which ended with the adoption of the law. Károly Hornig was appointed bishop of Veszprém by the pope in 1888 and, as a result of his position, he became a member of the upper house. Assessing Hornig’s parliamentary activities is more difficult. Joining the spirit of Rerum Novarum, he spoke, for example, in favor of the prohibition of industrial workers from working on Sundays. On the other hand, in the debates about secularization, he advocated positions that would have hindered it, although he eventually withdrew several of his proposals due to counterarguments. In my work, with the help of Hornig’s example, I would like to present an important stage of the process of secularization in Hungary. Full article
11 pages, 281 KB  
Article
Catholic Reform in the Shadow of the Ottoman Wars—The Kingdom of Hungary and the Council of Trent
by Viktor Kanász
Religions 2025, 16(8), 1034; https://doi.org/10.3390/rel16081034 - 11 Aug 2025
Viewed by 494
Abstract
Ecclesia semper reformanda est, as the medieval saying goes. This proved particularly true of the medieval church structure in the first half of the 16th century. The various movements of renewal slowly broke up the forms that had developed during the Middle Ages. [...] Read more.
Ecclesia semper reformanda est, as the medieval saying goes. This proved particularly true of the medieval church structure in the first half of the 16th century. The various movements of renewal slowly broke up the forms that had developed during the Middle Ages. In order to address the problems that arose, the Church responded to the old practice of reformatio in capite et in membris by convening a universal synod. The Council of Trent was called to renew the Church and to develop the necessary reform programme. Its convening and its work during its various sessions was a matter not only for Rome but for the whole universal Church, and accordingly it was attended by a varying number and in varying compositions of bishops and other leaders of the Western Church. Despite this, the Hungarian bishops were reluctant from the outset to participate in the work of the Council and to travel to Trent. In my study, I seek to answer the following questions: What was the reason for this reluctance? What was the impact of the spread of the Protestant Reformation and the Ottoman wars on the bishops, and was the case for defending against the Ottomans a rhetorical phrase or an actual reason for this? Which Hungarian bishops travelled to Trent, what activities did they carry out, and on the basis of their speeches and letters, what issues were they concerned with in connection of the renewal of the Church? Full article
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