Electrolyte Solutions: Experiments, Properties and Applications

A Special Issue of Physchem (ISSN 2673-7167) belonging to the section "Kinetics and Thermodynamics".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: 31 October 2026 | Viewed by 1188

Editors


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Guest Editor
Innovation Centre, Faculty of Technology and Metallurgy, University of Belgrade, Karnegijeva 4, 11 001 Belgrade, Serbia
Interests: thermodynamics of electrolyte solutions; determination of osmotic and mean ionic activity coefficients by isopiestic and EMF measurement methods; estimation of thermodynamic parameters of the model and their application for calculation of other thermodynamic properties like Gibbs energy, enthalpy, and entropy of mixing and interpretation of interactions in electrolyte solutions

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Guest Editor
Faculty of Chemistry, University of Belgrade, Studentski trg 12-16, 11001 Belgrade, Serbia
Interests: analytical chemistry; electroanalytical chemistry; kinetic catalytic analysis

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

A thorough understanding of thermodynamic properties in multicomponent electrolyte systems is essential for expanding shared databases, which are fundamental to many industrial applications. Experimental data for electrolyte solutions can be obtained through various experimental techniques, such as the isopiestic method, hygrometric method, vapor-pressure osmometry, electromotive force measurements (EMF) with ion-selective electrodes, solubility measurements, cryoscopy, and ebulliometry. The treatment of this experimental data typically involves semi-empirical models. These models estimate parameters for pure electrolyte solutions and mixing parameters for ternary or higher-order systems at defined temperatures and pressures. The fitted model parameters provide direct insight into complex intermolecular and ionic interactions within the solution. Ultimately, these parameters enable the determination of essential thermodynamic properties, including Gibbs free energy, enthalpy, and entropy of mixing, thereby providing a comprehensive understanding of the system's behavior. Knowledge of chemical kinetics can complement the insights provided by thermodynamics. The insights provided by these two fields of research offer reliable predictions for the design and optimization of industrial processes.

Dr. Daniela Ž. Popović
Dr. Ferenc T. Pastor
Guest Editors

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Keywords

  • electrolyte solutions
  • osmotic coefficients
  • mean ionic activity coefficients
  • solubility
  • thermodynamics
  • modelling
  • chemical kinetics

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Published Papers (2 papers)

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Research

24 pages, 13366 KB  
Article
Interionic Interactions Interpreted Using Friedman’s Parameters and Their Contribution to the Excess Gibbs Energy of Mixing in Ternary Phosphate Aqueous Solutions at 298.15 K
by Daniela Ž. Popović, Teodora Adamović, Jelena Miladinović, Ferenc T. Pastor, Mouad Arrad and Zoran P. Miladinović
Physchem 2026, 6(3), 46; https://doi.org/10.3390/physchem6030046 - 27 Jul 2026
Viewed by 309
Abstract
This study examines interactions in aqueous electrolyte solutions using the equations of the Scatchard and Friedman models. The six mixing parameters of the Scatchard model, bAB(01); bAB(02); bAB(03); bAB(12); bAB [...] Read more.
This study examines interactions in aqueous electrolyte solutions using the equations of the Scatchard and Friedman models. The six mixing parameters of the Scatchard model, bAB(01); bAB(02); bAB(03); bAB(12); bAB(13) and bAB(23), were obtained from the literature and estimated by processing experimental results measured by the isopiestic method for osmotic coefficients of three-component systems: {yKCl + (1 − y)K2HPO4} (aq), {yKBr + (1 − y)K2HPO4} (aq), {yKNO3 + (1 − y)K2HPO4} (aq), {yK2SO4 + (1 − y)K2HPO4} (aq), {yKH2PO4 + (1 − y)K2HPO4} (aq) and {yNaH2PO4 + (1 − y) K2HPO4} (aq) at 298.15 K. The Friedman parameters were calculated from the adopted Scatchard parameters as functions of ionic strength. The effects of pair, triplet, and quadruplet interactions on the excess Gibbs energy of mixing were analyzed, and the total Gibbs energy of the solutions was determined. In the systems {yKCl + (1 − y)K2HPO4} (aq), {yKBr + (1 − y)K2HPO4} (aq), {yKNO3 + (1 − y)K2HPO4} (aq), interactions between different anions of the same charge predominate. Triplet interactions dominate in the system {yK2SO4 + (1 − y)K2HPO4} (aq). The strongest contributions of triplet and quadruplet interactions are observed in the {yKH2PO4 + (1 − y)K2HPO4} (aq) system, whereas pair interactions between the same ion pairs are dominant in the {yNa2HPO4 + (1 − y)K2HPO4} (aq) system. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Electrolyte Solutions: Experiments, Properties and Applications)
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13 pages, 2401 KB  
Article
Solution Confirmation of UVC-Irradiated Low-Molecular-Weight Heparin
by Fathi Elashhab, Lobna Sheha and Nada Elzawi
Physchem 2026, 6(2), 36; https://doi.org/10.3390/physchem6020036 - 10 Jun 2026
Viewed by 525
Abstract
Heparin is a highly sulphated polyelectrolyte, and its properties depend strongly on its shape in solution. In this study, we closely examined the structural behaviour of low-molecular-weight heparin under aerobic ultraviolet-C (UVC, 100–280 nm) radiation. Using controlled photodegradation, we prepared native, small, and [...] Read more.
Heparin is a highly sulphated polyelectrolyte, and its properties depend strongly on its shape in solution. In this study, we closely examined the structural behaviour of low-molecular-weight heparin under aerobic ultraviolet-C (UVC, 100–280 nm) radiation. Using controlled photodegradation, we prepared native, small, and ultra-small molar-mass fractions, enabling us to investigate how structural properties vary with molecular weight. We examined relationships among molar mass, radius of gyration, second virial coefficient, and critical overlap concentration to characterise different conformational states. Our results showed that as molar mass decreased, the chain diameter and persistence length also dropped, while the overlap concentration increased. This indicates a reduced hydrodynamic volume and increased chain flexibility. Positive second virial coefficient values indicate that polymer–solvent interactions remained favourable after photodegradation. The scaling exponents suggest that degraded heparin behaves as a semi-flexible polyelectrolyte and adopts an extended-coil shape in water with electrolytes. Further analysis showed that the characteristic ratio and chain stiffness decreased as chains were broken by irradiation. Overall, aerobic UVC irradiation provides a reliable way to modify the physical structure of these molecules while maintaining solution stability. These findings show a clear link between reduced molecular weight and changes in shape, which is useful for developing better low-molecular-weight heparins for several applications, including pharmaceutical and medical use. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Electrolyte Solutions: Experiments, Properties and Applications)
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