Information

Research

350 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Complexity over Uncertainty in Generalized Representational Information Theory (GRIT): A Structure-Sensitive General Theory of Information

by Ronaldo Vigo

Information 2013, 4(1), 1-30; https://doi.org/10.3390/info4010001 - 20 Dec 2012

Cited by 28 | Viewed by 13974

Abstract

What is information? Although researchers have used the construct of information liberally to refer to pertinent forms of domain-specific knowledge, relatively few have attempted to generalize and standardize the construct. Shannon and Weaver (1949) offered the best known attempt at a quantitative generalization [...] Read more.

What is information? Although researchers have used the construct of information liberally to refer to pertinent forms of domain-specific knowledge, relatively few have attempted to generalize and standardize the construct. Shannon and Weaver (1949) offered the best known attempt at a quantitative generalization in terms of the number of discriminable symbols required to communicate the state of an uncertain event. This idea, although useful, does not capture the role that structural context and complexity play in the process of understanding an event as being informative. In what follows, we discuss the limitations and futility of any generalization (and particularly, Shannon’s) that is not based on the way that agents extract patterns from their environment. More specifically, we shall argue that agent concept acquisition, and not the communication of states of uncertainty, lie at the heart of generalized information, and that the best way of characterizing information is via the relative gain or loss in concept complexity that is experienced when a set of known entities (regardless of their nature or domain of origin) changes. We show that Representational Information Theory perfectly captures this crucial aspect of information and conclude with the first generalization of RIT to continuous domains. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Information: Its Different Modes and Its Relation to Meaning)

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87 KiB

Open AccessArticle

On the Origin of Metadata

by Erik Mannens, Ruben Verborgh, Seth Van Hooland, Laurence Hauttekeete, Tom Evens, Sam Coppens and Rik Van de Walle

Information 2012, 3(4), 790-808; https://doi.org/10.3390/info3040790 - 7 Dec 2012

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 8090

Abstract

Metadata has been around and has evolved for centuries, albeit not recognized as such. Medieval manuscripts typically had illuminations at the start of each chapter, being both a kind of signature for the author writing the script and a pictorial chapter anchor for [...] Read more.

Metadata has been around and has evolved for centuries, albeit not recognized as such. Medieval manuscripts typically had illuminations at the start of each chapter, being both a kind of signature for the author writing the script and a pictorial chapter anchor for the illiterates at the time. Nowadays, there is so much fragmented information on the Internet that users sometimes fail to distinguish the real facts from some bended truth, let alone being able to interconnect different facts. Here, the metadata can both act as noise-reductors for detailed recommendations to the end-users, as it can be the catalyst to interconnect related information. Over time, metadata thus not only has had different modes of information, but furthermore, metadata’s relation of information to meaning, i.e., “semantics”, evolved. Darwin’s evolutionary propositions, from “species have an unlimited reproductive capacity”, over “natural selection”, to “the cooperation of mutations leads to adaptation to the environment” show remarkable parallels to both metadata’s different modes of information and to its relation of information to meaning over time. In this paper, we will show that the evolution of the use of (meta)data can be mapped to Darwin’s nine evolutionary propositions. As mankind and its behavior are products of an evolutionary process, the evolutionary process of metadata with its different modes of information is on the verge of a new-semantic-era. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Information: Its Different Modes and Its Relation to Meaning)

241 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Logical Dynamics of Information; Deacon’s “Incomplete Nature”

by Joseph E. Brenner

Information 2012, 3(4), 676-714; https://doi.org/10.3390/info3040676 - 16 Nov 2012

Cited by 13 | Viewed by 7134

Abstract

In his Incomplete Nature, Deacon extends a thermodynamic concept of energy to yield a description of complex processes in which absence plays a critical role in their emergence and evolution. Starting from a quantum-mechanical picture of energy as an energy-matter duality, the [...] Read more.

In his Incomplete Nature, Deacon extends a thermodynamic concept of energy to yield a description of complex processes in which absence plays a critical role in their emergence and evolution. Starting from a quantum-mechanical picture of energy as an energy-matter duality, the critical role of potential as well as actual properties of processes is also described in the new extension of logic to real phenomena, Logic in Reality (LIR), which I have proposed. Deacon shows how an interactive operation of both Shannon entropy and Boltzmann entropy must be taken into account in information. Here, I demonstrate the complementarity of our two approaches to what is not, or not fully, present for an understanding of the dynamics of complex phenomena, especially, of intentionality, information and meaning. Deacon shows that the hallmark of information is its absent content, and LIR shows that presence (actuality) and absence (potentiality) in such processes are related dynamically. Deacon’s approach and LIR ground and extend Logan’s concepts of biotic information and the relativity of information vs. meaning. Their conjunction constitutes a new conceptual structure for exploring the relationship of information to materiality, that is, to the matter-energy that constitutes it as its carrier and/or substrate. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Information: Its Different Modes and Its Relation to Meaning)

160 KiB

Open AccessArticle

When Information Conveys Meaning

by Anthony Reading

Information 2012, 3(4), 635-643; https://doi.org/10.3390/info3040635 - 2 Nov 2012

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 7629

Abstract

While some information is clearly meaningful and some clearly is not, no one has been able to identify exactly what the difference is. The major obstacle has been the way information and meaning are conceptualized: the one in the physical realm of tangible, [...] Read more.

While some information is clearly meaningful and some clearly is not, no one has been able to identify exactly what the difference is. The major obstacle has been the way information and meaning are conceptualized: the one in the physical realm of tangible, objective entities and the other in the mental world of intangible, subjective ones. This paper introduces an approach that incorporates both of them within a unified framework by defining them in terms of what they do, rather than what they are. Meaningful information is thus conceptualized here as patterns of matter and energy that have a tangible effect on the entities that detect them, either by changing their function, structure or behavior, while patterns of matter and energy that have no such effects are considered meaningless. The way that meaningful information can act as a causal agent in bio-behavioral systems enables us to move beyond dualistic concepts of ourselves as comprised of a material body that obeys the laws of physics and a non-material essence that is too elusive to study [1]. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Information: Its Different Modes and Its Relation to Meaning)

85 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Design Epistemology

by Dino Karabeg

Information 2012, 3(4), 621-634; https://doi.org/10.3390/info3040621 - 24 Oct 2012

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 7782

Abstract

The liberation from the view that only one way of making sense of experience is legitimate (the one that “corresponds to reality”), which follows from the results of 20th century science and philosophy, puts us into a position to consciously choose and assign [...] Read more.

The liberation from the view that only one way of making sense of experience is legitimate (the one that “corresponds to reality”), which follows from the results of 20th century science and philosophy, puts us into a position to consciously choose and assign a purpose to the creation of meaning; and based on that choice, to develop completely new modes of information, to suit each chosen purpose. We present an instance of this approach, where information and knowledge work are considered as key societal systemic components, and then designed as it may best suit the various functions that pertain to this role, notably the function of illuminating the way to all other systemic self-organization. Design epistemology provides an academic foundation for this approach; the Knowledge Federation community implements it in practice. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Information: Its Different Modes and Its Relation to Meaning)

37 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Information and the Regulation of a Lower Hierarchical Level by a Higher One

by Stanley N. Salthe

Information 2012, 3(4), 595-600; https://doi.org/10.3390/info3040595 - 22 Oct 2012

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 5974

Abstract

In this paper I consider the usefulness of the compositional hierarchy model in understanding the information flows involved in group behaviors in animals. I propose that short-term memory can function to transduce information across scale, thereby connecting different modes of information and mediating [...] Read more.

In this paper I consider the usefulness of the compositional hierarchy model in understanding the information flows involved in group behaviors in animals. I propose that short-term memory can function to transduce information across scale, thereby connecting different modes of information and mediating coherent group motions. This transduction I propose to be mediated by the “sign” as understood in Peircean semiotics, generating the meaning of the information for the social animal. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Information: Its Different Modes and Its Relation to Meaning)

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133 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Counting Electric Sheep: Understanding Information in the Context of Media Ecology

by Lance Strate

Information 2012, 3(3), 442-471; https://doi.org/10.3390/info3030442 - 18 Sep 2012

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 10981

Abstract

In the field of media ecology, defined as the study of media as environments, media and medium, and ecology and environment are key terms, while information, although commonly employed, is generally used without reference to a specific definition. This article examines [...] Read more.

In the field of media ecology, defined as the study of media as environments, media and medium, and ecology and environment are key terms, while information, although commonly employed, is generally used without reference to a specific definition. This article examines the mostly implicit assumptions about and understandings of the term information in the context of the field of media ecology. Information can be seen as a synonym or subset of content or message, can be divided into different orders or levels of content/communication and relationship/medium, and on both levels is dependent on and altered by changes in technology, code, and form. Although sometimes discussed as if it were a substance, information is best understood as a function of communication, which in turn is a function of mediation. As a function of mediated communication, information is closely associated with news and control. Information is also considered the defining characteristic of our contemporary period, but is best understood as a product of electricity, electric technology, and the electronic media. As we have moved from orality to literacy to electricity, so too has the emphasis shifted from wisdom to knowledge to information. Despite popular celebration, this evolution is not an unmitigated good, and what is needed is a balanced media environment. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Information: Its Different Modes and Its Relation to Meaning)

154 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Information, Meaning and Eigenforms: In the Light of Sociology, Agent-Based Modeling and AI

by Manfred Füllsack

Information 2012, 3(3), 331-343; https://doi.org/10.3390/info3030331 - 14 Aug 2012

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 6943

Abstract

The paper considers the relation of Shannon-type information to those semantic and hermeneutic aspects of communication, which are often referred to as meaning. It builds on considerations of Talcott Parsons, Niklas Luhmann and Robert K. Logan and relates them to an agent-based model [...] Read more.

The paper considers the relation of Shannon-type information to those semantic and hermeneutic aspects of communication, which are often referred to as meaning. It builds on considerations of Talcott Parsons, Niklas Luhmann and Robert K. Logan and relates them to an agent-based model that reproduces key aspects of the Talking Head experiment by Luc Steels. The resulting insights seem to give reason to regard information and meaning not as qualitatively different entities, but as interrelated forms of order that emerge in the interaction of autonomous (self-referentially closed) agents. Although on first sight, this way of putting information and meaning into a constructivist framework seems to open possibilities to conceive meaning in terms of Shannon-information, it also suggests a re-conceptualization of information in terms of what cybernetics calls Eigenform in order to do justice to its dynamic interrelation with meaning. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Information: Its Different Modes and Its Relation to Meaning)

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531 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Role of Multimedia Content in Determining the Virality of Social Media Information

by Leonardo Bruni, Chiara Francalanci and Paolo Giacomazzi

Information 2012, 3(3), 278-289; https://doi.org/10.3390/info3030278 - 25 Jul 2012

Cited by 19 | Viewed by 18343

Abstract

The paper provides empirical evidence supporting the assumption that content plays a critical role in determining the virality, i.e., the influence, of social media information. The analysis focuses on multimedia content on Twitter and explores the idea that links to [...] Read more.

The paper provides empirical evidence supporting the assumption that content plays a critical role in determining the virality, i.e., the influence, of social media information. The analysis focuses on multimedia content on Twitter and explores the idea that links to multimedia information increase the virality of posts. In particular, we put forward the following three main hypotheses: (1) posts with a link to multimedia content (photo or video) are more retweeted than posts without a link; (2) posts linking a photo are more retweeted than posts linking a video, and (3) posts linking a video raise more sentiment than posts linking a photo. Hypotheses are tested on a sample of roughly two million tweets posted in July 2011 including comments on Berlin, London, Madrid, and Milan relevant from a tourism perspective. Findings support our hypotheses and indicate that multimedia content plays an important role in determining not only the volumes of retweeting, but also the dynamics of the virality of posts measured as speed of retweeting. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Information: Its Different Modes and Its Relation to Meaning)

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284 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Physical Computation as Dynamics of Form that Glues Everything Together

by Gordana Dodig Crnkovic

Information 2012, 3(2), 204-218; https://doi.org/10.3390/info3020204 - 26 Apr 2012

Cited by 22 | Viewed by 9538

Abstract

The framework is proposed where matter can be seen as related to energy in a way structure relates to process and information relates to computation. In this scheme matter corresponds to a structure, which corresponds to information. Energy corresponds to the ability [...] Read more.

The framework is proposed where matter can be seen as related to energy in a way structure relates to process and information relates to computation. In this scheme matter corresponds to a structure, which corresponds to information. Energy corresponds to the ability to carry out a process, which corresponds to computation. The relationship between each two complementary parts of each dichotomous pair (matter/energy, structure/process, information/computation) are analogous to the relationship between being and becoming, where being is the persistence of an existing structure while becoming is the emergence of a new structure through the process of interactions. This approach presents a unified view built on two fundamental ontological categories: Information and computation. Conceptualizing the physical world as an intricate tapestry of protoinformation networks evolving through processes of natural computation helps to make more coherent models of nature, connecting non-living and living worlds. It presents a suitable basis for incorporating current developments in understanding of biological/cognitive/social systems as generated by complexification of physicochemical processes through self-organization of molecules into dynamic adaptive complex systems by morphogenesis, adaptation and learning—all of which are understood as information processing. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Information: Its Different Modes and Its Relation to Meaning)

Review

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108 KiB

Open AccessReview

The Teleodynamics of Language, Culture, Technology and Science (LCT&S)

by Robert K. Logan

Information 2013, 4(1), 94-116; https://doi.org/10.3390/info4010094 - 7 Feb 2013

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 7249

Abstract

Logan [1] in his book The Extended Mind developed the hypothesis that language, culture, technology and science can be treated as organisms that evolve and reproduce themselves. This idea is extended by making use of the notion of teleodynamics that Deacon [2] introduced [...] Read more.

Logan [1] in his book The Extended Mind developed the hypothesis that language, culture, technology and science can be treated as organisms that evolve and reproduce themselves. This idea is extended by making use of the notion of teleodynamics that Deacon [2] introduced and developed in his book Incomplete Nature to explain the nature of life, sentience, mind and a self that acts in its own interest. It is suggested that language, culture, technology and science (LCT&S) like living organisms also act in their own self-interest, are self-correcting and are to a certain degree autonomous even though they are obligate symbionts with their human hosts. Specifically, it will be argued that LCT&S are essentially teleodynamic systems, which Deacon defines as “self-creating, self-maintaining, self-reproducing, individuated systems [2] (p. 325)”. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Information: Its Different Modes and Its Relation to Meaning)

107 KiB

Open AccessReview

Review and Précis of Terrence Deacon’s Incomplete Nature: How Mind Emerged from Matter

by Robert K. Logan

Information 2012, 3(3), 290-306; https://doi.org/10.3390/info3030290 - 7 Aug 2012

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 10156

Abstract

We review and summarize Terrence Deacon’s book, Incomplete Nature: How Mind Emerged from Matter. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Information: Its Different Modes and Its Relation to Meaning)

155 KiB

Open AccessReview

What Is Information?: Why Is It Relativistic and What Is Its Relationship to Materiality, Meaning and Organization

by Robert K. Logan

Information 2012, 3(1), 68-91; https://doi.org/10.3390/info3010068 - 14 Feb 2012

Cited by 46 | Viewed by 16032

Abstract

We review the historic development of concept of information including the relationship of Shannon information and entropy and the criticism of Shannon information because of its lack of a connection to meaning. We review the work of Kauffman, Logan et al. that shows [...] Read more.

We review the historic development of concept of information including the relationship of Shannon information and entropy and the criticism of Shannon information because of its lack of a connection to meaning. We review the work of Kauffman, Logan et al. that shows that Shannon information fails to describe biotic information. We introduce the notion of the relativity of information and show that the concept of information depends on the context of where and how it is being used. We examine the relationship of information to meaning and materiality within information theory, cybernetics and systems biology. We show there exists a link between information and organization in biotic systems and in the various aspects of human culture including language, technology, science, economics and governance. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Information: Its Different Modes and Its Relation to Meaning)

Other

Jump to: Research, Review

331 KiB

Open AccessConcept Paper

Terms for Talking about Information and Communication

by Corey Anton

Information 2012, 3(3), 351-371; https://doi.org/10.3390/info3030351 - 27 Aug 2012

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 9086

Abstract

This paper offers terms for talking about information and how it relates to both matter-energy and communication, by: (1) Identifying three different levels of signs: Index, based in contiguity, icon, based in similarity, and symbol, based in convention; (2) examining [...] Read more.

This paper offers terms for talking about information and how it relates to both matter-energy and communication, by: (1) Identifying three different levels of signs: Index, based in contiguity, icon, based in similarity, and symbol, based in convention; (2) examining three kinds of coding: Analogic differences, which deal with positive quantities having contiguous and continuous values, and digital distinctions, which include “either/or functions”, discrete values, and capacities for negation, decontextualization, and abstract concept-transfer, and finally, iconic coding, which incorporates both analogic differences and digital distinctions; and (3) differentiating between “information theoretic” orientations (which deal with data, what is “given as meaningful” according to selections and combinations within “contexts of choice”) and “communication theoretic” ones (which deal with capta, what is “taken as meaningful” according to various “choices of context”). Finally, a brief envoi reflects on how information broadly construed relates to probability and entropy. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Information: Its Different Modes and Its Relation to Meaning)

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