Sperm DNA Changes: Causes, Diagnostics, and Implications for Fertility and Offspring Health

A special issue of Genes (ISSN 2073-4425). This special issue belongs to the section "Genetic Diagnosis".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: 10 October 2026 | Viewed by 72

Special Issue Editors


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Guest Editor
1. Reproductive Medicine Centre, Skåne University Hospital Malmö, Malmö, Sweden
2. Department of Translational Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
3. Department of Laboratory Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
Interests: reproductive medicine; sperm DNA

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Guest Editor
Department of Biochemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
Interests: cell culture; gene expression; DNA sequencing; genomics; gene regulation; next generation sequencing; epigenetics; regulation of gene expression; transcription; transcriptional regulation; DNA methylation; gene expression and chromatin biology; chromatin; methylation; histone modification; epigenomics; ChIP-sequencing; chromatin remodeling; chromatin structure; chromatin biology; embryonic stem cell culture and differentiation; enhancer regulation
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Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

The understanding of the importance of sperm DNA has gradually been increasing. Examples of this include the association between sperm DNA fragmentation and a lower chance of achieving pregnancy, risk of preeclampsia in the female partner, and the risk of malformations.

On top of this, a man’s age has been shown to be associated with the number of new mutations in his sperm DNA, as well as with de novo mutations in the offspring and with several diseases in the offspring, which themselves can be due to de novo mutations.

Several techniques are used to measure sperm DNA fragmentation, and the techniques used to measure the frequencies of mutations in sperm DNA are continuously evolving, such as error-corrected sequencing. Epigenetic changes of sperm DNA have also been discussed as mechanisms of causing health-related effects in offspring.

This Special Issue will shed new light on the importance of different kinds of changes in sperm DNA, their causal factors, mechanisms, and different outcomes of health in both the man himself, his partner and in the coming child.

Dr. Jonatan Axelsson
Dr. Humaira Gowher
Guest Editors

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Keywords

  • sperm DNA
  • sperm DNA fragmentation
  • germ cell mutations
  • de novo mutations
  • offspring effects
  • infertility
  • sperm chromatin structure
  • epigenetics
  • lifestyle
  • environmental effects
  • error-corrected sequencing
  • aneuploidy
  • chromosome aberrations
  • pregnancy
  • child

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Published Papers (1 paper)

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Review

19 pages, 4435 KB  
Review
DNA Fragmentation Analysis in Human Sperm—Technical Instructions to Prevent False Positives and Negatives in Angle-Modulated Two-Dimensional Single-Cell Pulsed-Field Gel Electrophoresis
by Satoru Kaneko, Yukako Kuroda and Yuki Okada
Genes 2026, 17(3), 319; https://doi.org/10.3390/genes17030319 - 16 Mar 2026
Viewed by 158
Abstract
Over the past two decades, numerous studies have examined the etiological significance of DNA fragmentation in human sperm using methods such as the comet assay (CA), the sperm chromatin structure assay, the sperm chromatin dispersion assay, and the TUNEL assay. We developed single-cell [...] Read more.
Over the past two decades, numerous studies have examined the etiological significance of DNA fragmentation in human sperm using methods such as the comet assay (CA), the sperm chromatin structure assay, the sperm chromatin dispersion assay, and the TUNEL assay. We developed single-cell pulsed-field gel electrophoresis techniques, including one-dimensional (1D-SCPFGE) and angle-modulated two-dimensional (2D-SCPFGE), to detect early signs of naturally occurring DNA fragmentation. Comparative studies using purified human sperm with and without DNA fragmentation revealed some technical limitations in the conventional methods. This technical review outlines the procedures to ensure the quantitative performance of SCPFGE: (1) The mass of naked DNA was prepared through simultaneous in-gel swelling and proteolysis, which are highly sensitive to chemical and physical factors. Notably, these processes are vulnerable to reactive oxygen species (ROS). We developed the anti-ROS SCPFGE system to prevent artifactual cleavages. (2) 1D-SCPFGE discharges long-chain fibers from the origin, separating fibrous and granular segments beyond the tips of the fibers. (3) During continuous electrophoresis after 150° rotation (2D-SCPFGE-0-150), long-chain fibers unexpectedly extended diagonally backward from the origin, with long fibrous segments pulled out from a bundle that extended during the first electrophoresis, indicating some fibrous segments were embedded within the long-chain fibers. Even when SCPFGE was employed, one-directional current led to false negatives. (4) 2D-SCPFGE with angle rotation is currently the most sensitive imaging method for single-nuclear DNA fibers. However, without knowing the size of DNA fragments, it remains a semi-quantitative analysis. (5) To prevent artifactual DNA cleavage caused by ice crystals, low-temperature liquid storage is recommended. (6) The in-gel proteolyzed naked DNA is suitable as a substrate for chemical and enzymatic DNA cleavage analyses. Full article
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