Alternative Interpretations of Observed Galactic Behaviors

A special issue of Galaxies (ISSN 2075-4434).

Deadline for manuscript submissions: 15 May 2025 | Viewed by 1026

Special Issue Editors


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Guest Editor
Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Washington University in Saint Louis, Louis, MO 63130, USA
Interests: heat transport; spectroscopy; classical physics; thermodynamics; inverse problems
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Washington University in Saint Louis, Louis, MO 63130, USA
Interests: heat transport; spectroscopy; classical physics; thermodynamics; inverse problems
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

The goal of this Special Issue is to stimulate discussion on a key issue in galactic astronomy. Namely, non-baryonic dark matter (NBDM) is now central to both modern cosmologic models and many models of galactic evolution. Yet, neither experimental confirmation nor direct observational evidence for NBDM exist, despite decades of concerted and expensive efforts (Acdermann et al., 2014; Giagu, 2019). Moreover, NBDM was invoked ~50 years ago to explain why galactic rotational velocities differ from the radial pattern of our solar system (Rubin and Foord, 1970) and became entrenched well before several authors proved both analytically and numerically that galactic rotation curves are wholly consistent with normal matter and ordinary gravitational forces, e.g., Feng and Gallo, 2014; Criss and Hofmeister, 2020; and Sipols and Pavlovich, 2020.

Consensus now describes the vast majority of publications in modern sciences (Park et al., 2023), and NBDM provides another example.  New ideas and alternative explanations of observations are now hidden in the immense and growing scientific literature. Conformity inherent in consensus impedes progress. Historic examples include widespread beliefs in geocentrism, caloric, indivisible atoms, and perpetual motion.  

Hence, we solicit exposés of new interpretations of galactic behaviors that are connected directly or indirectly with the postulated existence of NBDM. We also solicit alternative explanations of the redshift because popular cosmological models, which rest on the redshift being a Doppler effect, also require dark matter (Gupta, 2024), which is considered a reason for its existence.

We hope that this volume will feature papers that provide quantitative, parsimonious analyses of available data and observations on a specific galactic phenomenon. Transformative ideas should include testable hypotheses, avoid special pleading, invoke a minimum of free parameters, and explain a body of data.

Of particular interest are papers that address a long-standing question. Hallmarks of unresolved questions are protracted debates between a few entrenched “camps” and increasingly convoluted justifications of existing models, such as alternatively attributing dark matter to neutrinos, whimps, or imaginary axions (cf. Trimble (1987) to the subsequent literature). As exemplified by the poor advice tendered to Planck circa 1890 regarding the notion that everything in physics is already known, consensus can perpetuate inadequate concepts and discourage discovery. Thus, summaries of available hypotheses and historic perspectives are also welcome.

References

Ackermann, M.; Albert, A.; Anderson, B.; Baldini, L.; Ballet, J.; Barbiellini, G.; Bastieri, D.; Bechtol, K.; Bellazzini, R.; Bissaldi, E.; et al. (2014) Dark matter constraints from observations of 25 Milky Way satellite galaxies with the Fermi Large Area Telescope. Phys. Rev. D 2014, 89, 042001.
Criss, R.E.; Hofmeister, A.M. (2020) Density Profiles of 51 Galaxies from Parameter-Free Inverse Models of Their Measured Rotation Curves. Galaxies 2020, 8, 19.
Feng, J.Q.; Gallo, C.F. (2014) Mass distribution in rotating thin-disk galaxies according to Newtonian dynamics. Galaxies 2, 199–222.
Giagu, S. (2019) WIMP dark matter searches with the ATLAS detector at the Large Hadron Collider. Front. Phys. 7, 75.
Gupta, R.P. (2024) Testing CCC+TL Cosmology with Observed Baryon Acoustic Oscillation Features. The Astrophysical Journal 55, paper 964.
Park, M., Leahey, E. & Funk, R.J. (2023) Papers and patents are becoming less disruptive over time. Nature 613, 138–144.
Rubin, V.C.; Ford, W.K. (1970) Rotation of the Andromeda nebula from a spectroscopic survey of emission regions. Astrophys. J. 159, 379–403.
Sipols, A.; Pavlovich, A. (2020) Dark matter dogma: A study of 214 galaxies. Galaxies 2020, 8, 36.
Trimble, V. (1987). Existence and nature of dark matter in the universe. Annual Review of Astronomy and Astrophysics. 25, 425–472.

Prof. Dr. Anne M. Hofmeister
Prof. Robert E. Criss
Guest Editors

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Keywords

  • observations
  • theory
  • hypothesis
  • scientific method
  • debate
  • consensus

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Published Papers (2 papers)

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20 pages, 1318 KiB  
Article
The Galactic Pizza: Flat Rotation Curves in the Context of Cosmological Time-Energy Coupling
by Artur Novais and André L. B. Ribeiro
Galaxies 2025, 13(3), 51; https://doi.org/10.3390/galaxies13030051 - 27 Apr 2025
Viewed by 77
Abstract
The phenomenon of augmented gravity on the scale of galaxies, conventionally attributed to dark matter halos, is shown to possibly result from the incremental growth of galactic masses and radii over time. This approach elucidates the cosmological origins of the acceleration scale [...] Read more.
The phenomenon of augmented gravity on the scale of galaxies, conventionally attributed to dark matter halos, is shown to possibly result from the incremental growth of galactic masses and radii over time. This approach elucidates the cosmological origins of the acceleration scale a0cH0/2π1010 ms−2 at which galaxy rotation curves deviate from Keplerian behavior, with no need for new particles or modifications to the laws of gravity, i.e., it constitutes a new explanatory path beyond Cold Dark Matter (CDM) and Modified Newtonian Dynamics (MOND). Once one formally equates the energy density of the universe to the critical value (ρ=ρc) and the cosmic age to the reciprocal of the Hubble parameter (t=H1), independently of the epoch of observation, the result is the Zero-Energy condition for the cosmic fluid’s equation of state, with key repercussions for the study of dark energy since the observables can be explained in the absence of a cosmological constant. Furthermore, this mass-energy evolution framework is able to reconcile the success of CDM models in describing structure assembly at z6 with the unexpected discovery of massive objects at z10. Models that feature a strong coupling between cosmic time and energy are favored by this analysis. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Alternative Interpretations of Observed Galactic Behaviors)
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19 pages, 5901 KiB  
Article
Scaling Relations of Early-Type Galaxies in MOND
by Robin Eappen and Pavel Kroupa
Galaxies 2025, 13(2), 22; https://doi.org/10.3390/galaxies13020022 - 14 Mar 2025
Viewed by 380
Abstract
We investigate the shape and morphology of early-type galaxies (ETGs) within the framework of Modified Newtonian Dynamics (MOND). Building on our previous studies, which demonstrated that the monolithic collapse of primordial gas clouds in MOND produces galaxies (noted throughout as ‘model relics’ in [...] Read more.
We investigate the shape and morphology of early-type galaxies (ETGs) within the framework of Modified Newtonian Dynamics (MOND). Building on our previous studies, which demonstrated that the monolithic collapse of primordial gas clouds in MOND produces galaxies (noted throughout as ‘model relics’ in the context of this work) with short star formation timescales and a downsizing effect as observationally found, we present new analyses on the resulting structural and morphological properties of these systems. Initially, the monolithically formed galaxies display disk-like structures. In this study, we further analyze the transformations that occur when these galaxies merge, observing that the resulting systems (noted throughout as ‘merged galaxies’ in the context of this work) take on elliptical-like shapes, with the (Vrot/Vσ)–ellipticity relations closely matching observational data across various projections. We extend this analysis by examining the isophotal shapes and rotational parameter (λR) of both individual relics and merged galaxies. The results indicate that ETGs may originate in pairs in dense environments, with mergers subsequently producing elliptical structures that align well with the observed kinematic and morphological characteristics. Finally, we compare both the model relics and merged galaxies with the fundamental plane and Kormendy relation of observed ETGs, finding close agreement. Together, these findings suggest that MOND provides a viable physical framework for the rapid formation and morphological evolution of ETGs. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Alternative Interpretations of Observed Galactic Behaviors)
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