Astrophysical Magnetohydrodynamics, Plasma Physics and Cosmic Rays

A special issue of Galaxies (ISSN 2075-4434).

Deadline for manuscript submissions: 15 October 2026 | Viewed by 568

Special Issue Editors

Institute for Advanced Study, 1 Einstein Drive, Princeton, NJ 08540, USA
Interests: astrophysical magnetism; turbulence; plasma physics; cosmic rays

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Guest Editor
Kavli Institute for Theoretical Physics (KITP) Kohn Hall, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA
Interests: astrophysical magnetism; turbulence; computational methods

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

This Special Issue brings together state-of-the-art research at the intersection of astrophysical magnetohydrodynamics (MHD), plasma physics, and cosmic ray (CR) dynamics. The central focus is on understanding how magnetized turbulence and plasma processes shape the structure, dynamics, and energetic phenomena across a wide range of astrophysical environments—from the interstellar and circumgalactic medium to galaxy clusters and beyond.

The scope of this issue is intentionally broad, aiming to reflect the diversity and interdisciplinarity of the field. Topics of interest include, but are not limited to, the following:

  • Theoretical, numerical, and observational studies of MHD turbulence and instabilities;
  • Magnetic reconnection in both collisional and collisionless plasmas;
  • Multi-phase plasma dynamics and the interplay between ionized and neutral components;
  • Plasma processes in star formation, cosmic structure formation, and galaxy evolution;
  • Transport, acceleration, and confinement of cosmic rays in turbulent media;
  • Development and application of novel diagnostics for magnetic fields and plasma conditions;
  • Data-driven approaches, including machine learning, to analyze plasma turbulence and cosmic-ray behavior.

We welcome contributions that explore new physical mechanisms, propose innovative methodologies, or offer synthetic views that unify different branches of MHD and plasma astrophysics.

This Special Issue serves as a timely supplement to the existing literature in several key ways. While foundational MHD theory has been long established, recent years have seen a surge in techniques that bridge high-resolution simulations with observational diagnostics of magnetic fields and turbulence. This issue highlights work that operationalizes theoretical models into tools that can be directly compared with data.

The issue also includes contributions that examine plasma behavior across scales—from microscopic dissipation and reconnection to galactic-scale flows—thereby expanding upon earlier studies that often considered these processes in isolation. The integration of machine learning, synthetic observations, and gradient-based analysis represents a new methodological frontier. These tools not only extend traditional analysis but also make it possible to derive magnetic and plasma parameters from complex observational datasets.

Dr. Yue Hu
Dr. Ka Wai Ho
Guest Editors

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Keywords

  • astrophysics
  • MHD turbulence
  • magnetism
  • plasama
  • cosmic ray
  • numerical simulations
  • multi-phase media
  • magnetic reconnection

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Published Papers (1 paper)

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Research

21 pages, 34432 KB  
Article
Diffusion of PeV Cosmic Rays in the Turbulent and Multiphase Interstellar Medium
by Yue Hu
Galaxies 2026, 14(2), 33; https://doi.org/10.3390/galaxies14020033 - 15 Apr 2026
Viewed by 233
Abstract
Galactic cosmic rays (CRs) are a fundamental non-thermal component of the interstellar medium (ISM). Understanding the transport of super-high-energy particles is essential for interpreting observations of Galactic PeVatrons. Classical diffusion models assuming a homogeneous and isothermal medium oversimplify the multiphase ISM. We utilize [...] Read more.
Galactic cosmic rays (CRs) are a fundamental non-thermal component of the interstellar medium (ISM). Understanding the transport of super-high-energy particles is essential for interpreting observations of Galactic PeVatrons. Classical diffusion models assuming a homogeneous and isothermal medium oversimplify the multiphase ISM. We utilize high-resolution three-dimensional magnetohydrodynamic simulations to self-consistently generate a multiphase ISM—comprising the warm (WNM), unstable (UNM), and cold neutral medium (CNM)—and investigate 1.5–15 PeV particle transport using a test-particle approach. We find that thermal phase transitions induce steep magnetic field strength gradients at phase boundaries, creating localized magnetic fluctuations that act as efficient sites for adiabatic mirror reflections and non-adiabatic pitch-angle scattering, strongly enhancing cross-field transport at these interfaces. However, because phase boundaries occupy only a small volume fraction and particles spend most of their trajectory in the weakly scattering WNM and UNM, the global pitch-angle scattering coefficient in the multiphase ISM is smaller than in an equivalent isothermal medium. This locally strong scattering nevertheless drives both parallel and perpendicular spatial diffusion coefficients to ∼1030 cm2 s−1 at 1.5 PeV, with the perpendicular component exceeding its isothermal counterpart (∼1028 cm2 s−1) by two orders of magnitude. Using a phase–phase diffusion matrix decomposition, we show that global CR transport is governed by the volume-filling, trans-Alfvénic WNM and UNM, where particles stream along stochastically wandering field lines. Cross-phase displacement correlations are universally positive, indicating cooperative transport between thermal phases. In contrast, the super-Alfvénic CNM acts as an efficient confinement that substantially suppresses local diffusion. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Astrophysical Magnetohydrodynamics, Plasma Physics and Cosmic Rays)
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