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Complexity in Urban Systems

A special issue of Entropy (ISSN 1099-4300). This special issue belongs to the section "Complexity".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: 31 December 2026 | Viewed by 1078

Special Issue Editors

Hangzhou International Innovation Institute, Beihang University, Beijing, China
Interests: human mobility; urban dynamics; spatial growth model; micromobility; migration

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Guest Editor
College of Systems Engineering, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha, China
Interests: human mobility; complex network, spatial demography and epidemiology; human behavior; mobile phone data

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Guest Editor
Beijing Transport Institute, Beijing, China
Interests: human mobility; urban dynamics; machine learning; urban complex systems; health care accessibility and inequalities

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Cities are typical complex systems with a large number of components interacting with each other in a nonlinear way, and most urban phenomena, if not all, emerge from interactions between individuals, locations, resources, and the environment. The structure of underlying infrastructure networks, together with various dynamics on top of it driven by the needs of their residents, strongly affect the functioning of cities and their evolution. Top-down design and bottom-up self-organization influence each other through human mobility and interactions between individuals. Urban design has the potential to shape the collective behaviors of its residents, but a good design should first follow physical laws behind urban dynamics, and thus, gaining a deeper understanding of complex urban systems is crucial for developing a more sustainable and resilient city and improving the well-being of its residents.

Recently, with rapid advancements in big data analytics, artificial intelligence, urban computing, transportation simulation, and multi-source spatiotemporal data integration, we now have unprecedented opportunities to observe, analyze, and quantify the structure, dynamics, and evolution of complex urban systems. These technologies allow us to uncover the underlying mechanisms of urban dynamics—from microscopic individual behaviors to macroscopic collective patterns. By integrating perspectives from complex systems science, transportation engineering, statistical physics, geographic information science, and social sciences, we are on the verge of developing a new science of cities.

The Special Issue is concerned with all aspects of complex urban systems; topics include but are not limited to the following:

  • The growth dynamics of cities.
  • Urban scaling laws and their origins.
  • Human mobility and related applications.
  • Epidemic spreading in/among cities.
  • Mechanical model for migration and/or urban mobility.
  • Deep learning predictive model for human mobility.
  • Impacts of new technologies (e.g., eVTOL) on human mobility.
  • Field theory of human mobility.
  • Interaction/Exposure/Residential Segregation.
  • Behavioral roots of inequality.

Dr. Ruiqi Li
Dr. Suoyi Tan
Dr. Er-Jian Liu
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 250 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for assessment.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Entropy is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2600 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • urban mobility
  • urban modeling
  • spatial growth model
  • migration
  • transportation
  • urban scaling laws
  • segregation

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Published Papers (2 papers)

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Research

22 pages, 2068 KB  
Article
Conditional Agglomeration in China’s Northeast Rust Belt: Density, Structural Orientation, and Ownership-Mixing Entropy
by Omar Abu Risha, Jifan Ren, Mohammed Ismail Alhussam and Mohamad Ali Alhussam
Entropy 2026, 28(4), 471; https://doi.org/10.3390/e28040471 - 20 Apr 2026
Viewed by 321
Abstract
Northeast China’s rust-belt cities have faced persistent concerns about stagnating labor productivity amid structural change. This paper examines how the productivity payoff to urban density depends on local economic structure and ownership composition using an annual panel of prefecture-level cities. We estimate two-way [...] Read more.
Northeast China’s rust-belt cities have faced persistent concerns about stagnating labor productivity amid structural change. This paper examines how the productivity payoff to urban density depends on local economic structure and ownership composition using an annual panel of prefecture-level cities. We estimate two-way fixed-effects models with city and year effects and city-clustered standard errors, complemented by dynamic specifications and additional robustness checks. The results show a robust positive within-city association between population density and labor productivity. This density premium is structure-conditioned: the productivity payoff to density is significantly larger in city-years that are more industry-oriented. Information-theoretic measures further show that sectoral and ownership composition matter in distinct ways. A normalized entropy measure based on 19 all-city sectoral employment categories is positively associated with labor productivity, while its interaction with density is negative and significant, indicating that the density premium is weaker in more sectorally balanced city-years. A normalized four-category ownership entropy measure, constructed from SOE, private/self-employed, collective, and other employment shares, is positively associated with labor productivity and interacts positively with density, indicating a stronger density–productivity association in city-years with a more balanced ownership composition. Collectively, the findings suggest that urban density is not a uniform engine of productivity: its payoff depends on whether dense city economies are organized around productive sectoral linkages and a sufficiently balanced ownership environment. Overall, the evidence supports a conditional agglomeration view in which productivity dynamics in Northeast China reflect the interaction of density, structural orientation, sectoral dispersion, and ownership mixing. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Complexity in Urban Systems)
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22 pages, 7955 KB  
Article
Speed Ratio in a Novel Multilayer Traffic Network for Urban Congestion Relief and Efficiency Gain
by Wenna Liu and Bo Yang
Entropy 2026, 28(4), 469; https://doi.org/10.3390/e28040469 - 20 Apr 2026
Viewed by 354
Abstract
Based on observations of real-world transport systems such as bus-subway systems, street-motorway networks, and rail-air transport frameworks, in which high-speed layers are typically constructed above pre-existing low-speed networks to alleviate congestion and improve efficiency, this study proposes a method for constructing multilayer transport [...] Read more.
Based on observations of real-world transport systems such as bus-subway systems, street-motorway networks, and rail-air transport frameworks, in which high-speed layers are typically constructed above pre-existing low-speed networks to alleviate congestion and improve efficiency, this study proposes a method for constructing multilayer transport networks by strategically deploying the high-speed layer according to node betweenness centrality in the underlying low-speed network. The concept of speed ratio is introduced to quantify the speed difference within the multilayer network. The multilayer network is integrated into the following model: the user equilibrium flow assignment strategy model based on the Bureau of Public Roads function. Utilizing network efficiency, high-speed layer utilization ratio, and proportion of congested edges as metrics, we analyze the impact of: (1) inter-tier speed ratio, (2) low-speed layer topology, and (3) interlayer transfer costs on system performance. Key findings indicate: Under a given traffic demand, increasing the inter-layer speed ratio elevates network efficiency while shifting congestion from lower to upper layers; incorporation of long-range connections improves efficiency, alleviating traffic congestion; introducing interlayer travel speed may enhance efficiency in specific parameter regimes. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Complexity in Urban Systems)
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