Long COVID: Pathophysiology, Symptoms, Treatment, and Management

A special issue of COVID (ISSN 2673-8112). This special issue belongs to the section "Long COVID and Post-Acute Sequelae".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: 31 January 2026 | Viewed by 1351

Special Issue Editors


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Guest Editor
Lancaster University Medical School, Lancaster University, Lancaster, UK
Interests: long COVID; mobile health; symptom tracking; energy management; pacing

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Guest Editor
School of Health and Society, University of Salford, Salford, UK
Interests: fatigue; cognition; ME/CFS; long COVID; dementia; MS; perception; developmental psychology

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

The symptoms of persistent coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) are increasingly well reported in the literature. These persistent symptoms following acute infection, also known as ‘long COVID’, have affected people worldwide. Long COVID is a heterogeneous disease with multimorbidities affecting several physiological systems. Given the spread of the pandemic, the number of individuals suffering from long COVID is significant, currently estimated at over 100 million. Therefore, regularly collating high-quality research and innovative recovery solutions, covering several research areas, is crucial. Our aim in launching this Special Issue is to consider long COVID pathophysiology, symptomology, treatment strategies, and management strategies, aiming to guide the process from benchtop to bedside. Additionally, articles within this Special Issue will explore the socioeconomic impact of long COVID, the role of rehabilitation programs, and the effectiveness of emerging therapeutic approaches. A multidisciplinary perspective is essential in understanding the full scope of long COVID, as it affects not only physical health but also mental well-being, quality of life, and workforce participation.

Dr. Lawrence D. Hayes
Dr. Nilihan E.M. Sanal-Hayes
Guest Editors

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Keywords

  • COVID-19
  • long COVID
  • pathobiological mechanisms
  • cognitive and movement impairments
  • symptomology
  • energy management
  • biomarkers
  • genomics
  • proteomics
  • lipidomics

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Published Papers (1 paper)

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Review

22 pages, 361 KB  
Review
A Case Definition of a New Disease: A Review of the US Working Definition (USG) and 2024 NASEM Definition for Long COVID
by Elisa Perego
COVID 2025, 5(8), 135; https://doi.org/10.3390/covid5080135 - 15 Aug 2025
Viewed by 1111
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 infection can be followed by prolonged symptoms, signs and sequelae, collectively known under the term Long COVID. Hundreds of millions are estimated to suffer from Long COVID. Long COVID, therefore, is a public health crisis that deserves the utmost urgency from all [...] Read more.
SARS-CoV-2 infection can be followed by prolonged symptoms, signs and sequelae, collectively known under the term Long COVID. Hundreds of millions are estimated to suffer from Long COVID. Long COVID, therefore, is a public health crisis that deserves the utmost urgency from all relevant stakeholders, from policymakers to advocacy groups, researchers and healthcare providers. The development of effective definitions and guidelines for Long COVID is crucial to support patients and carers. In this review, I address the following two case definitions of Long COVID developed in the US as a case study for a broader discussion on the sequelae of SARS-CoV-2 infection: the U.S. Government (USG) working definition for Long COVID and the NASEM definition published in 2024. In the first part of this review, I provide a critical appraisal of the USG in light of research, pathophysiology and lived experience, building upon my intervention as a patient expert on a National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine (NASEM) panel for defining Long COVID, which examined the USG. In the second part, I raise some pressing concerns to address when approaching Long COVID as a disease entity and as a concept, which I originally submitted to NASEM. In the third part, I offer a critical appraisal of the NASEM definition, the most recent benchmark for Long COVID in the US. The review highlights the importance of broad, expansive and inclusive definitions for Long COVID, accounting for the disease’s heterogeneous, fluctuating and multi-system manifestations. Clinical case definitions for Long COVID must retain their focus on the broader spectrum and scope of the disease entity, while incorporating feedback from people with lived experience, advocates and patient-researchers. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Long COVID: Pathophysiology, Symptoms, Treatment, and Management)
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