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Volume 10
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10.3390/foods10051040
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Article

Validation and Use of an Accurate, Sensitive Method for Sample Preparation and Gas Chromatography–Mass Spectrometry Determination of Different Endocrine-Disrupting Chemicals in Dairy Products

by
Laura Palacios Colón
1,
Andrés J. Rascón
1,
Lamia Hejji
1,2,
Abdelmonaim Azzouz
1,2 and
Evaristo Ballesteros
1,*
1
Department of Physical and Analytical Chemistry, E.P.S of Linares, University of Jaén, 23700 Linares, Spain
2
Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Abdelmalek Essaadi, B.P. 2121, M’Hannech II, Tétouan 93002, Morocco
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Foods 2021, 10(5), 1040; https://doi.org/10.3390/foods10051040
Submission received: 25 March 2021 / Revised: 28 April 2021 / Accepted: 7 May 2021 / Published: 10 May 2021
(This article belongs to the Section Food Analytical Methods)
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Abstract

Endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) are exogenous substances capable of altering the human hormone system and causing various diseases such as infertility and cancer as a result. In this work, a method for determining twenty-three different EDCs including parabens, alkylphenols, phenylphenols, organophosphorus pesticides, bisphenol A and triclosan in dairy products was developed. Samples are conditioned by addition of acetonitrile containing 1% formic acid, centrifugation and clean-up of the extract by continuous solid-phase extraction. EDCs in the extract are derivatised by heating in a microwave oven and quantified by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry. The proposed method features good limits of detection (6–40 ng/kg) and precision (relative standard deviation < 7.6%); also, it is scarcely subject to matrix effects (1–20%). EDC recoveries from spiked samples ranged from 80 to 108%. The method was used to analyse a total of 33 samples of dairy products including cow, sheep and goat milk, yoghourt, milkshakes, cheese, cream, butter and custard. Bisphenol A was the individual contaminant detected in the greatest number of samples, at concentrations from 180 to 4800 ng/kg. 2-Phenylphenol and ethylparaben were found in more than one-half, at concentrations over the range 130–3500 and 89–4300 ng/kg, respectively. In contrast, alkylphenols, organophosphorus pesticides and triclosan were detected in none.
Keywords: milk; dairy products; endocrine disrupting chemicals; solid-phase extraction; gas chromatography–mass spectrometry milk; dairy products; endocrine disrupting chemicals; solid-phase extraction; gas chromatography–mass spectrometry

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MDPI and ACS Style

Palacios Colón, L.; Rascón, A.J.; Hejji, L.; Azzouz, A.; Ballesteros, E. Validation and Use of an Accurate, Sensitive Method for Sample Preparation and Gas Chromatography–Mass Spectrometry Determination of Different Endocrine-Disrupting Chemicals in Dairy Products. Foods 2021, 10, 1040. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods10051040

AMA Style

Palacios Colón L, Rascón AJ, Hejji L, Azzouz A, Ballesteros E. Validation and Use of an Accurate, Sensitive Method for Sample Preparation and Gas Chromatography–Mass Spectrometry Determination of Different Endocrine-Disrupting Chemicals in Dairy Products. Foods. 2021; 10(5):1040. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods10051040

Chicago/Turabian Style

Palacios Colón, Laura, Andrés J. Rascón, Lamia Hejji, Abdelmonaim Azzouz, and Evaristo Ballesteros. 2021. "Validation and Use of an Accurate, Sensitive Method for Sample Preparation and Gas Chromatography–Mass Spectrometry Determination of Different Endocrine-Disrupting Chemicals in Dairy Products" Foods 10, no. 5: 1040. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods10051040

APA Style

Palacios Colón, L., Rascón, A. J., Hejji, L., Azzouz, A., & Ballesteros, E. (2021). Validation and Use of an Accurate, Sensitive Method for Sample Preparation and Gas Chromatography–Mass Spectrometry Determination of Different Endocrine-Disrupting Chemicals in Dairy Products. Foods, 10(5), 1040. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods10051040

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