Mechanical Properties of a Bio-Composite Produced from Two Biomaterials: Polylactic Acid and Brown Eggshell Waste Fillers
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Materials
2.2. Eggshell Preparation
2.3. Composite Formulations
2.4. Mechanical Characterization
2.5. Scanning Electron Microscopy
2.6. Water Uptake
2.7. Leaching Measurements
2.8. pH Measurements
2.9. Statistical Analysis
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Mechanical Properties
3.1.1. Tensile Properties
3.1.2. Flexural Properties
3.1.3. Charpy Impact Properties
3.1.4. Scanning Electron Microscopy
3.1.5. Statistical Analysis
3.1.6. Water Uptake
3.1.7. Mass Loss
3.1.8. Leaching Measurements
3.1.9. pH Measurements
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Calcium Carbonate Contents | |||
---|---|---|---|
Sample | PLA (wt.%) | LS (wt.%) | BESP (wt.%) |
Virgin PLA | 100 | 0 | 0 |
LS-5 | 95 | 5 | 0 |
LS-10 | 90 | 10 | 0 |
LS-20 | 80 | 20 | 0 |
BESP-5 | 95 | 0 | 5 |
BESP-10 | 90 | 0 | 10 |
BESP-20 | 80 | 0 | 20 |
Composite | Ultimate Tensile Strength (MPa) | Tensile Modulus (GPa) | Ultimate Flexural Strength (MPa) | Flexural Modulus (GPa) | Charpy Impact Strength (kJm−2) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Virgin PLA | 50.9 ± 2.3 | 3.6 ± 0.10 | 78.9 ± 4.2 | 2.9 ± 0.03 | 17.3 ± 0.70 |
Filler size (63 µm) | |||||
LS-5 | 50.1 ± 1.8 | 3.7 ± 0.18 | 52.6 ± 5.0 | 3.1 ± 0.05 | 13.2 ± 0.90 |
LS-10 | 46.6 ± 1.2 | 3.7 ± 0.28 | 76.9 ± 5.4 | 3.2 ± 0.09 | 11.1 ± 1.5 |
LS-20 | 43.9 ± 1.8 | 4.2 ± 0.35 | 71.4 ± 2.7 | 3.4 ± 0.04 | 10.3 ± 1.0 |
BESP-5 | 47.4 ± 2.0 | 3.6 ± 0.25 | 46.5 ± 5.5 | 3.1 ± 0.04 | 8.7 ± 1.3 |
BESP-10 | 33.4 ± 1.3 | 3.9 ± 0.15 | 63.7 ± 7.6 | 3.1 ± 0.20 | 6.9 ± 0.70 |
BESP-20 | 32.1 ± 0.60 | 4.0 ± 0.12 | 21.5 ± 6.1 | 3.4 ± 0.11 | 6.5 ± 1.1 |
Filler size (32 µm) | |||||
LS-5 | 51.3 ± 0.70 | 3.4 ± 0.19 | 67.2 ± 1.6 | 3.1 ± 0.03 | 14.8 ± 1.0 |
LS-10 | 49.8 ± 0.30 | 3.9 ± 0.08 | 92.7 ± 1.2 | 3.3 ± 0.03 | 14.0 ± 1.2 |
LS-20 | 43.5 ± 1.9 | 4.4 ± 0.09 | 91.0 ± 2.1 | 3.5 ± 0.05 | 11.2 ± 1.3 |
BESP-5 | 48.1 ± 2.6 | 3.7 ± 0.31 | 60.3 ± 1.1 | 3.1 ± 0.04 | 10.4 ± 1.1 |
BESP-10 | 48.0 ± 3.2 | 3.9 ± 0.43 | 66.8 ± 1.6 | 3.3 ± 0.10 | 7.8 ± 1.5 |
BESP-20 | 42.7 ± 1.2 | 4.5 ± 0.19 | 44.7 ± 1.5 | 3.4 ± 0.20 | 7.2 ± 1.4 |
Mechanical Property | Particle Size (µm) | Source of Variation | SS | df | MS | F-test | F-crit |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Ultimate tensile strength (MPa) | |||||||
63 | BG | 1431 | 6 | 238.6 | 84.49 | 2.508 | |
WG | 67.77 | 24 | 2.824 | ||||
32 | BG | 286.4 | 6 | 47.73 | 11.99 | 2.528 | |
WG | 91.53 | 23 | 3.980 | ||||
Tensile modulus (GPa) | |||||||
63 | BG | 1.527 | 6 | 0.2546 | 5.011 | 2.459 | |
WG | 1.372 | 27 | 0.05080 | ||||
32 | BG | 4.457 | 6 | 0.7429 | 12.54 | 2.490 | |
WG | 1.482 | 25 | 0.0593 | ||||
Ultimate flexural strength (MPa) | |||||||
63 | BG | 11,664 | 6 | 1944 | 72.61 | 2.549 | |
WG | 589.0 | 22 | 26.77 | ||||
32 | BG | 8255 | 6 | 1376 | 268.1 | 2.490 | |
WG | 128.3 | 25 | 5.131 | ||||
Flexural modulus (GPa) | |||||||
63 | BG | 0.9917 | 6 | 0.1653 | 42.92 | 2.549 | |
WG | 0.0847 | 22 | 0.0039 | ||||
32 | BG | 1.095 | 6 | 0.1825 | 21.42 | 2.490 | |
WG | 0.2129 | 25 | 0.0085 | ||||
Charpy impact strength (KJ·m−2) | |||||||
63 | BG | 858.6 | 6 | 143.1 | 129.4 | 2.246 | |
WG | 69.68 | 63 | 1.106 | ||||
32 | BG | 832.9 | 6 | 138.8 | 99.05 | 2.246 | |
WG | 88.29 | 63 | 1.402 |
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Cree, D.; Owuamanam, S.; Soleimani, M. Mechanical Properties of a Bio-Composite Produced from Two Biomaterials: Polylactic Acid and Brown Eggshell Waste Fillers. Waste 2023, 1, 740-760. https://doi.org/10.3390/waste1030044
Cree D, Owuamanam S, Soleimani M. Mechanical Properties of a Bio-Composite Produced from Two Biomaterials: Polylactic Acid and Brown Eggshell Waste Fillers. Waste. 2023; 1(3):740-760. https://doi.org/10.3390/waste1030044
Chicago/Turabian StyleCree, Duncan, Stephen Owuamanam, and Majid Soleimani. 2023. "Mechanical Properties of a Bio-Composite Produced from Two Biomaterials: Polylactic Acid and Brown Eggshell Waste Fillers" Waste 1, no. 3: 740-760. https://doi.org/10.3390/waste1030044