A Review on Dry Anaerobic Digestion: Existing Technologies, Performance Factors, Challenges, and Recommendations
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Dry Anaerobic Digestion Technologies for OFMSW
2.1. Dranco
2.2. Valorga
2.3. Kompogas
2.4. Bekon
2.5. Aikan
2.6. Linde BRV
2.7. BioPercolat
2.8. Iska
3. Parameters Influencing Dry Anaerobic Digestion Performance
3.1. Feedstock Pretreatment Process
3.1.1. Thermal Pretreatment
3.1.2. Mechanical Pretreatment
3.1.3. Chemical Pretreatment
3.1.4. Oxidative Pretreatment
3.1.5. Biological Pretreatment
3.1.6. Hybrid Pretreatment
3.2. Operating Temperature
3.3. Carbon to Nitrogen (C/N) Ratio
3.4. pH Level
3.5. Retention Time
3.6. Microbial Community
4. Challenges and Recommendations
5. Future Directions
6. Conclusions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Dranco | Valorga | Kompogas | Bekon | Aikan | Linde BRT | BioPercolate | Iska | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Year of Foundation | 1983 | 1981 | 1991 | 2002 | - | 1981 | - | - |
Country of foundation | Belgium | France | Switzerland | Germany | Denmark | Germany | Germany | Germany |
Feed Material | SS-OFMSW | SS-OFMSW | OFMSW | Biowaste | Biowaste | Biowaste | OFMSW | OFMSW |
Operating Condition | Thermophilic (50–55 °C) | Mesophilic/Thermophilic (37/55 °C) | Thermophilic (55 °C) | Mesophilic (38 °C) | Psychrophilic/Mesophilic (25/37 °C) | Mesophilic/Thermophilic (37/55 °C) | Mesophilic (37 °C) | Mesophilic (37 °C) |
Biogas Yield/Ton waste | 80–120 | 80–160 | 100–150 | 130 | 80 | 100 | 70–80 | 50 |
Type of Reactor | Vertical | Vertical | Horizontal | Vertical | - | Horizontal | Vertical | Horizontal |
Mode of operation | Dry Continuous | Dry Continuous | Dry Continuous | Dry Continuous | Dry Batch | Dry Continuous | - | Semi Continuous |
OLR (kg VS/m3 day) | 10–15 | 10–15 | 4.3 | - | - | - | - | - |
Recirculation | Digestate recirculation | Biogas recirculation | No | Liquid phase | - | - | - | - |
Capacity of the Plant (tpy) | 50 to 100,000 | 50 to 100,000 And >100,000 | 50 to 100,000 | - | 50 to 100,000 And >100,000 | 50 to 100,000 | 50 to 100,000 | |
HRT/SRT | 20 | 20 | 29 | 28–35 | 15–20 | 18–25 | 8 | 8 |
VS Removal Efficiency | 40–70 | 60 | 60–70 | 65–70 | - | - | 50–55 | - |
Stages | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 |
CH4 (%) | 55 | 55–60 | 50–63 | 55–60 | 70 | 55 | - | 70 |
TS (%) | 20–35 | 25–32 | 23–28 | ≤50 | 30 | 15–45 | >20 | - |
Size of Feed material particles (mm) | <40 | <40 | <60 | - | <80 | - | - | - |
Energy Used/Available Energy | 20% use/80% net | 25% use/75% net | 25% use/75% net | - | - | 30% use/70% net | 20% use/80% net | - |
No. of Plants | 17 | 22 | 38 | 60 | - | 8 | 1 | - |
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Hayyat, U.; Khan, M.U.; Sultan, M.; Zahid, U.; Bhat, S.A.; Muzamil, M. A Review on Dry Anaerobic Digestion: Existing Technologies, Performance Factors, Challenges, and Recommendations. Methane 2024, 3, 33-52. https://doi.org/10.3390/methane3010003
Hayyat U, Khan MU, Sultan M, Zahid U, Bhat SA, Muzamil M. A Review on Dry Anaerobic Digestion: Existing Technologies, Performance Factors, Challenges, and Recommendations. Methane. 2024; 3(1):33-52. https://doi.org/10.3390/methane3010003
Chicago/Turabian StyleHayyat, Umer, Muhammad Usman Khan, Muhammad Sultan, Umair Zahid, Showkat Ahmad Bhat, and Mohd Muzamil. 2024. "A Review on Dry Anaerobic Digestion: Existing Technologies, Performance Factors, Challenges, and Recommendations" Methane 3, no. 1: 33-52. https://doi.org/10.3390/methane3010003