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Encyclopedia, Volume 5, Issue 1 (March 2025) – 25 articles

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14 pages, 322 KiB  
Entry
Challenges of Misinformation in Online Learning: A Post-Pandemic Perspective
by Hedviga Tkácová
Encyclopedia 2025, 5(1), 25; https://doi.org/10.3390/encyclopedia5010025 - 14 Feb 2025
Viewed by 314
Definition
This entry examines the critical issue of misinformation within online learning environments following the COVID-19 pandemic, focusing on its types, spread, and consequences. It identifies key drivers of misinformation, such as reliance on unverified sources, limited media literacy, and emotional susceptibility during uncertainty. [...] Read more.
This entry examines the critical issue of misinformation within online learning environments following the COVID-19 pandemic, focusing on its types, spread, and consequences. It identifies key drivers of misinformation, such as reliance on unverified sources, limited media literacy, and emotional susceptibility during uncertainty. The entry analyses the effects of misinformation on students, educators, and the broader educational ecosystem, including behavioral disorders, reduced motivation, and misinformation-driven public anxiety. To address these challenges, the entry proposes strategies such as enhancing digital literacy, fostering critical thinking, and encouraging social interaction in virtual learning spaces. Ultimately, this work aims to equip educators, policymakers, and stakeholders with insights to develop a resilient, informed, and equitable post-pandemic educational framework. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Social Sciences)
8 pages, 615 KiB  
Entry
From Churn to Earn: Mitigating Turnover for Better Performance
by Olga Alexandra Chinita Pirrolas and Pedro Miguel Alves Ribeiro Correia
Encyclopedia 2025, 5(1), 24; https://doi.org/10.3390/encyclopedia5010024 - 14 Feb 2025
Viewed by 165
Definition
The occurrence of human resource churning results in financial, time and effort losses for organisations, which creates a problem for organisations that lose the most experienced human resources that they have invested in training. The human resources that leave organisations are known as [...] Read more.
The occurrence of human resource churning results in financial, time and effort losses for organisations, which creates a problem for organisations that lose the most experienced human resources that they have invested in training. The human resources that leave organisations are known as churners. Churning is the costly, time-consuming and difficult process of replacing workers who have left voluntarily. Given the multiplicity of definitions attributed to the subject of churning, we follow the approach that human resource churning is a component of turnover, which is related to analysing the costs associated with voluntary departures. As a result of this problem, this entry was created with the aim of theoretically explaining the effects that the churning of human resources has on organisations of origin. In order to meet this objective, various topics are covered with the aim of characterising churners, their backgrounds and their aspirations, referring to the effect of the mobility of human resources on organisations, in other words, the effect of churning on organisations and the urgent need for action. Full article
(This article belongs to the Collection Encyclopedia of Social Sciences)
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14 pages, 244 KiB  
Entry
Educational Technologies
by Michele Domenico Todino
Encyclopedia 2025, 5(1), 23; https://doi.org/10.3390/encyclopedia5010023 - 12 Feb 2025
Viewed by 394
Definition
Educational technologies refer to the set of digital tools, resources, applications, and methodologies used to facilitate the teaching–learning process. These technologies include software, online platforms, hardware devices (such as tablets, computers, and interactive whiteboards), and, if one wants to give special relevance, as [...] Read more.
Educational technologies refer to the set of digital tools, resources, applications, and methodologies used to facilitate the teaching–learning process. These technologies include software, online platforms, hardware devices (such as tablets, computers, and interactive whiteboards), and, if one wants to give special relevance, as it should be these days, to the issue of inclusion in education, assistive technologies, all aimed at improving access to education, personalizing learning paths, and fostering a more dynamic interaction between students and teachers. This entry explores the integration of educational technologies, highlighting their role in enhancing the teaching–learning process, promoting inclusive and personalized education. It analyses the pedagogical implications of the use of digital technologies, including assistive technologies (which foster learning in a Universal Design for Learning perspective), and the need to train competent teachers to adopt innovative teaching practices. This entry concludes by emphasizing the importance of a shared commitment to prepare future generations for a technologically changing world by creating more dynamic and accessible learning environments, including through virtual reality, augmented reality, and artificial intelligence. Full article
(This article belongs to the Collection Encyclopedia of Social Sciences)
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23 pages, 5313 KiB  
Review
Anthropology of Food: History, Topics, and Trajectories to Understand a Discipline
by Sabine Parrish, Arantza Begueria, Imogen Bevan, Tyffany Choi, Therese M. Kelly, Juan Mejia López, Sara Pozzi, Memory Reid, Jessica Leigh Thornton and Michele Filippo Fontefrancesco
Encyclopedia 2025, 5(1), 22; https://doi.org/10.3390/encyclopedia5010022 - 12 Feb 2025
Viewed by 702
Abstract
The anthropology of food is a sub-field of cultural anthropology interested in studying food and foodways. This article provides a concise overview of the anthropology of food, tracing its development from the early twentieth century to contemporary debates and emerging research trajectories. Drawing [...] Read more.
The anthropology of food is a sub-field of cultural anthropology interested in studying food and foodways. This article provides a concise overview of the anthropology of food, tracing its development from the early twentieth century to contemporary debates and emerging research trajectories. Drawing on foundational work by figures such as Boas and Malinowski, it shows how early anthropologists approached food as integral to understanding social organization, kinship, and cultural meaning. As the field evolved, structuralist, materialist, feminist, and political-economic perspectives broadened its scope, highlighting the symbolic significance of cuisine, the interplay between environment and subsistence, and the pivotal role of gender and class in shaping food practices. In recent decades, the anthropology of food has engaged intensively with globalization, investigating how transnational flows reshape culinary identities, local economies, and cultural heritage, as well as other significant topics. At the same time, emerging themes—such as multispecies perspectives, sensory studies, and the application of innovative methodologies—offer new lenses for understanding how food mediates relationships between humans, non-human beings, and environments. By examining case studies spanning regions from Africa and Asia to Europe and the Americas, this article illustrates how contemporary anthropologists use food as a prism to investigate cultural identity, social change, ethical relations, and the complex entanglements of local and global food systems. Full article
(This article belongs to the Collection Encyclopedia of Social Sciences)
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16 pages, 217 KiB  
Entry
New Organization Heights—The Impostor’s Impostor Syndrome
by Dumitru Alexandru Bodislav and Raluca Iuliana Georgescu
Encyclopedia 2025, 5(1), 21; https://doi.org/10.3390/encyclopedia5010021 - 11 Feb 2025
Viewed by 328
Definition
A conceptual exploration of contrasting psychological phenomena—overconfidence, as exemplified by the Dunning–Kruger Effect (DKE), and self-doubt, represented by impostor syndrome—within organizational contexts. It examines how these biases shape individual behavior, team dynamics, and organizational performance, highlighting the interplay between competence miscalibration and the [...] Read more.
A conceptual exploration of contrasting psychological phenomena—overconfidence, as exemplified by the Dunning–Kruger Effect (DKE), and self-doubt, represented by impostor syndrome—within organizational contexts. It examines how these biases shape individual behavior, team dynamics, and organizational performance, highlighting the interplay between competence miscalibration and the undervaluation of one’s skills. The article further explores the societal, psychological, and familial origins of these syndromes, proposing implications for leadership and workplace productivity. Full article
(This article belongs to the Collection Encyclopedia of Social Sciences)
21 pages, 7595 KiB  
Review
Importance of High-Concentration Electrolytes for Lithium-Based Batteries
by Susanna Krämer, Dominik Weintz, Martin Winter, Isidora Cekic-Laskovic and Mariano Grünebaum
Encyclopedia 2025, 5(1), 20; https://doi.org/10.3390/encyclopedia5010020 - 5 Feb 2025
Viewed by 717
Abstract
Each battery cell consists of three main components: the anode, the cathode, and the separator soaked with liquid electrolyte, the medium in the battery that allows charged ions to move between the two electrodes. Besides a wide electrochemical stability window and good compatibility [...] Read more.
Each battery cell consists of three main components: the anode, the cathode, and the separator soaked with liquid electrolyte, the medium in the battery that allows charged ions to move between the two electrodes. Besides a wide electrochemical stability window and good compatibility with both electrodes, the electrolyte should also be safe, thermally stable and environmentally benign, showing a high ionic conductivity of the charge-carrying Li ions and finally a low price. This unique combination of properties is impossible to achieve with a simple salt–solvent mixture and usually requires a combination of different electrolyte components, i.e., several liquid solvents and additives and one or more conducting salt(s). For lithium-based batteries, which are the most common electrochemical energy storage devices today, a solution based on lithium hexafluorophosphate (LiPF6) in a mixture of organic carbonates as the solvent is used. Usually, the conducting salt concentrations used for lithium-based electrolytes are in the range of ≈1 to 1.2 M, but recently, electrolytes with much higher conducting salt concentrations of 5 M and even over 10 M have been investigated as they offer several benefits ranging from increased safety to a broadened electrochemical stability window, thus enabling cheap and safe solvents, even water. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Chemistry)
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12 pages, 405 KiB  
Entry
Urban Planning for the Contemporary Age: Navigating Complexities and Shaping Urban Futures
by Ali Cheshmehzangi
Encyclopedia 2025, 5(1), 19; https://doi.org/10.3390/encyclopedia5010019 - 5 Feb 2025
Viewed by 668
Definition
The term “urban planning for the contemporary age” describes the process of creating and overseeing urban areas to meet the many complex issues of the current times, such as social justice, climate change, growing urbanisation, and technological advancement. It places a [...] Read more.
The term “urban planning for the contemporary age” describes the process of creating and overseeing urban areas to meet the many complex issues of the current times, such as social justice, climate change, growing urbanisation, and technological advancement. It places a strong emphasis on flexible, inclusive, and progressive approaches that strike a balance between sustainable development and the changing demands of various urban populations. Urban planning, particularly in the contemporary age, is a multidisciplinary discipline that tackles the complexity of contemporary cities that is influenced by social injustices, fast urbanisation, climate change, and technology breakthroughs. This entry paper examines how planners deal with these issues by using flexible, inclusive, and sustainable approaches that strike a balance between community well-being, environmental conservation, and growth. It looks at important topics including incorporating smart technology, building climate impact resilience, and creating inclusive, accessible, and egalitarian urban environments. The conflict between tradition and modernisation is also highlighted in the chapter, underscoring the necessity of creative solutions that protect cultural legacy while meeting contemporary needs. By examining global trends, this study offers insights into how urban planning is changing to satisfy the demands of a dynamic and connected society. The study used a literature review to identify the main areas that are influencing innovation in urban planning. It then delves into discussions on contemporary issues and complexities in shaping urban futures. The main research methods were a literature review and empirical analysis. In the end, it makes the case for rethinking urban futures with an emphasis on resilience, sustainability, and the welfare and well-being of urban residents. Full article
(This article belongs to the Collection Encyclopedia of Urban Planning)
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11 pages, 1548 KiB  
Entry
Likert-Type Scale
by Malcolm Koo and Shih-Wei Yang
Encyclopedia 2025, 5(1), 18; https://doi.org/10.3390/encyclopedia5010018 - 3 Feb 2025
Viewed by 918
Definition
The Likert-type scale is a widely used psychometric instrument for measuring attitudes, opinions, or perceptions in research contexts. It presents respondents with a series of statements accompanied by symmetrical response options, typically structured on a five-point scale ranging from “Strongly Disagree” to “Strongly [...] Read more.
The Likert-type scale is a widely used psychometric instrument for measuring attitudes, opinions, or perceptions in research contexts. It presents respondents with a series of statements accompanied by symmetrical response options, typically structured on a five-point scale ranging from “Strongly Disagree” to “Strongly Agree”. Each point on the scale represents a gradation of agreement or sentiment, allowing researchers to transform subjective responses into quantifiable data for statistical analysis and interpretation. Full article
(This article belongs to the Collection Data Science)
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10 pages, 187 KiB  
Entry
COVID-19’s Financial Impact on UK Football Clubs
by Mark Ching-Pong Poo, Matthew Strain, Isaac Adebiyi and Baomin Qi
Encyclopedia 2025, 5(1), 17; https://doi.org/10.3390/encyclopedia5010017 - 2 Feb 2025
Viewed by 610
Definition
This entry explores the financial impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the football industry, highlighting the challenges, adaptations, and long-term implications for clubs across all levels. It examines the industry’s financial fragility, particularly for clubs reliant on matchday revenue, while showcasing adaptive strategies [...] Read more.
This entry explores the financial impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the football industry, highlighting the challenges, adaptations, and long-term implications for clubs across all levels. It examines the industry’s financial fragility, particularly for clubs reliant on matchday revenue, while showcasing adaptive strategies such as digital engagement, government support, and revenue diversification that sustained operations during the crisis. The pandemic exposed structural vulnerabilities within football, from elite clubs to grassroots teams, through revenue shortfalls caused by closed stadiums, cancelled matches, and reduced sponsorships. This study provides a comprehensive analysis of the pandemic’s effects on revenue streams, fixed costs, player contracts, and stakeholder roles, offering insights into strategies that promote financial resilience. Case studies illustrate how elite, semi-professional, and grassroots clubs responded to financial and operational challenges, emphasising the importance of diversified income sources, proactive financial planning, and community support. By identifying lessons from the pandemic, the entry underscores the critical need for sustainable practises and resilient models to prepare the football industry for future disruptions. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Social Sciences)
18 pages, 300 KiB  
Entry
Poverty, Allostasis, and Chronic Health Conditions: Health Disparities Across the Lifespan
by Val Livingston, Breshell Jackson-Nevels, Erica Brown-Meredith, Alexis Campbell, Brandon D. Mitchell, Candace Riddley, Alicia O. Tetteh, Velur Vedvikash Reddy and Aquila Williams
Encyclopedia 2025, 5(1), 16; https://doi.org/10.3390/encyclopedia5010016 - 27 Jan 2025
Viewed by 859
Definition
Poverty is an important social determinant of health disparities across the lifespan. Poverty also influences other life challenges such as pecuniary instability, food insecurity, housing instability, educational inequality, and limited career mobility. According to the World Bank, more than 700 million people worldwide [...] Read more.
Poverty is an important social determinant of health disparities across the lifespan. Poverty also influences other life challenges such as pecuniary instability, food insecurity, housing instability, educational inequality, and limited career mobility. According to the World Bank, more than 700 million people worldwide live in global poverty, surviving on less than USD 2.15 a day. Poverty may also be viewed as a state of deprivation that limits access to resources that address basic needs (i.e., food, water, shelter, clothing, health), limiting an individual’s opportunity to participate optimally in society. A large body of research has identified a positive relationship between poverty and chronic health concerns such as heart disease, diabetes, high cholesterol, kidney problems, liver problems, cancer, and hypertension. This entry examines health disparities associated with economic status, discrimination, racism, stress, age, race/ethnicity, gender, gender identity, and nationality from a social justice perspective. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Behavioral Sciences)
10 pages, 986 KiB  
Entry
The Hippo Pathway in Kidney Development
by Caroline M. Lara, Toni Castro Torres, Usaid Mazhar, Dorrian G. Cohen and Rebecca A. Wingert
Encyclopedia 2025, 5(1), 15; https://doi.org/10.3390/encyclopedia5010015 - 26 Jan 2025
Viewed by 501
Definition
The kidney, a complex organ crucial for a multitude of homeostatic functions, including the maintenance of fluid and electrolyte balance, removal of various metabolic waste products, and hormone production, undergoes intricate developmental processes to form functional nephron units. Understanding the mechanisms behind kidney [...] Read more.
The kidney, a complex organ crucial for a multitude of homeostatic functions, including the maintenance of fluid and electrolyte balance, removal of various metabolic waste products, and hormone production, undergoes intricate developmental processes to form functional nephron units. Understanding the mechanisms behind kidney development is paramount for elucidating the etiology of renal congenital disabilities and acquired diseases. The Hippo pathway is known for its involvement in various cellular functions, including cell fate determination and differentiation, and is a critical player in renal organogenesis. Here, we discuss research findings about the roles that Hippo signaling plays in kidney formation. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Biology & Life Sciences)
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25 pages, 2737 KiB  
Review
Common Biases, Difficulties, and Errors in Clinical Reasoning in Veterinary Medical Encounters with a Case Example
by Kiro Risto Petrovski and Roy Neville Kirkwood
Encyclopedia 2025, 5(1), 14; https://doi.org/10.3390/encyclopedia5010014 - 20 Jan 2025
Viewed by 811
Abstract
Clinical reasoning is an essential competence of veterinary graduands. Unfortunately, clinical reasoning and, therefore, the quality of provided veterinary medical services are prone to bias, difficulties, and errors. The literature on biases, difficulties, and errors in clinical reasoning in veterinary medical education is [...] Read more.
Clinical reasoning is an essential competence of veterinary graduands. Unfortunately, clinical reasoning and, therefore, the quality of provided veterinary medical services are prone to bias, difficulties, and errors. The literature on biases, difficulties, and errors in clinical reasoning in veterinary medical education is scarce or focused on theoretical rather than practical application. In this review, we address the practicality of learning and teaching biases, difficulties, and errors in clinical reasoning to veterinary learners utilizing a practical example of a cow with a prolapsed uterus complicated by hypocalcemia and hypomagnesemia. Learners should be guided through all of the stages of clinical reasoning as much as possible under direct supervision. The common clinical biases, difficulties, or errors in veterinary medical encounters may differ between stages of development of the learner, with more difficulties occurring in earlier stages (Observer, Reporter, ±Interpreter) but more heuristic biases occurring at later stages (Manager, Educator, ±Interpreter). However, clinical errors may occur at any learner development stage. Therefore, remediation of clinical biases, difficulties, and errors in veterinary medical encounters should use strategies that are tailored to the level of development of the learner, but also to the specific encounter (e.g., client, patient, and context). Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Biology & Life Sciences)
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16 pages, 878 KiB  
Entry
From ONE Health to ONE Paleopathology: Deep-Time Perspectives on Health in the Face of Climate and Environmental Change
by Gwen Robbins Schug and Jane E. Buikstra
Encyclopedia 2025, 5(1), 13; https://doi.org/10.3390/encyclopedia5010013 - 20 Jan 2025
Viewed by 1842
Definition
This entry explores the emergence of ONE Paleopathology as a holistic, interdisciplinary approach to understanding health through deep time. The entry discusses key areas where paleopathological research provides crucial insights: animals as sentinels of environmental health, the evolution and transmission of infectious diseases, [...] Read more.
This entry explores the emergence of ONE Paleopathology as a holistic, interdisciplinary approach to understanding health through deep time. The entry discusses key areas where paleopathological research provides crucial insights: animals as sentinels of environmental health, the evolution and transmission of infectious diseases, the impacts of urbanization and pollution on human health, and the effects of climate change on disease patterns. Special attention is given to case studies involving malaria, tuberculosis, and environmental toxicity, demonstrating how past human–environment interactions inform current health strategies. The entry also emphasizes the importance of indigenous and local knowledge (ILK) systems in understanding and managing health challenges, highlighting how traditional ecological knowledge complements scientific approaches. By bridging past and present, ONE Paleopathology offers valuable perspectives for addressing modern health challenges in the context of accelerating environmental change, while promoting more equitable and sustainable approaches to global health. Full article
(This article belongs to the Collection Encyclopedia of One Health)
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11 pages, 228 KiB  
Entry
Media Education
by Michele Domenico Todino and Stefano Di Tore
Encyclopedia 2025, 5(1), 12; https://doi.org/10.3390/encyclopedia5010012 - 16 Jan 2025
Viewed by 665
Definition
Media Education is an educational discipline focused on critical and conscious engagement with media and their languages. Regarded as complex cultural artifacts, it serves as a preparatory phase aimed at developing interpretative and critical skills regarding the media themselves. The objective is to [...] Read more.
Media Education is an educational discipline focused on critical and conscious engagement with media and their languages. Regarded as complex cultural artifacts, it serves as a preparatory phase aimed at developing interpretative and critical skills regarding the media themselves. The objective is to promote a deep understanding of media as cultural and social phenomena, emphasizing that they are not merely technical tools but carriers of meanings and values that shape perceptions of reality and identity formation. This entry explores the evolution of Media Education, from the 1982 UNESCO Grünwald Declaration to recent international initiatives, highlighting the role of the Media Educator as a facilitator in integrating digital technologies into educational contexts. Key aspects include the rejection of an “apocalyptic” vision of the new media (quoting Umberto Eco), the focus on media as carriers of meaning, and the promotion of critical and creative skills essential for navigating the complexities of contemporary digital culture. Full article
(This article belongs to the Collection Encyclopedia of Social Sciences)
9 pages, 181 KiB  
Entry
Artificial Intelligence in Special Education
by Andrea R. Harkins-Brown, Linda Z. Carling and David C. Peloff
Encyclopedia 2025, 5(1), 11; https://doi.org/10.3390/encyclopedia5010011 - 15 Jan 2025
Viewed by 1416
Definition
This entry examines the growing role of artificial intelligence (AI) in special education. The authors discuss applications of AI in the field, including its uses for personalized learning, adaptive technologies, teacher support, and AI’s potential to address issues related to student accessibility and [...] Read more.
This entry examines the growing role of artificial intelligence (AI) in special education. The authors discuss applications of AI in the field, including its uses for personalized learning, adaptive technologies, teacher support, and AI’s potential to address issues related to student accessibility and engagement. The entry draws on recent syntheses of literature, highlighting studies that reveal AI’s capacity to improve educational outcomes for students with disabilities, mitigate teacher workload, and foster inclusion. Despite these promising developments, the authors address ethical considerations, potential biases, and privacy concerns surrounding the use of AI, as well as the need for high-quality research that validates AI’s effectiveness in special education. The authors conclude that while AI can offer substantial support, it should be integrated thoughtfully, guided by empirical research, and accompanied by skilled professional oversight to ensure that it truly benefits students with disabilities. Full article
(This article belongs to the Collection Encyclopedia of Social Sciences)
18 pages, 1370 KiB  
Systematic Review
Digital Simulations in STEM Education: Insights from Recent Empirical Studies, a Systematic Review
by Chrysovalantis Kefalis, Constantine Skordoulis and Athanasios Drigas
Encyclopedia 2025, 5(1), 10; https://doi.org/10.3390/encyclopedia5010010 - 15 Jan 2025
Viewed by 1329
Abstract
This study explores the use of digital simulations in STEM education, addressing the gap in systematic reviews synthesizing recent advancements and their implications for teaching and learning by focusing on their impact on learning outcomes and student engagement across general and special education [...] Read more.
This study explores the use of digital simulations in STEM education, addressing the gap in systematic reviews synthesizing recent advancements and their implications for teaching and learning by focusing on their impact on learning outcomes and student engagement across general and special education settings. The review includes 31 peer-reviewed empirical studies published in the last five years, sourced from ERIC, Scopus, and Web of Science, and adheres to the PRISMA methodology to ensure transparency and rigor. The findings reveal that interactive simulations are the most widely used type of digital tool, accounting for 25 of the 31 studies, followed by game-based simulations and virtual labs. Quasi-experimental designs dominate the research landscape, often employing pre- and post-tests to evaluate intervention effectiveness. While inquiry-based learning emerges as the most frequently implemented instructional strategy, hybrid and simulation-based approaches also feature prominently. Despite the evident benefits of digital simulations in enhancing conceptual understanding, engagement, and problem-solving skills, research gaps remain, particularly regarding their application in primary and special education contexts. This review underscores the need for diverse research methodologies and broader population studies to maximize the potential of digital simulations in STEM education. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Social Sciences)
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2 pages, 118 KiB  
Editorial
Approaching Four Years of Encyclopedia
by Raffaele Barretta and Colin Wee
Encyclopedia 2025, 5(1), 9; https://doi.org/10.3390/encyclopedia5010009 - 14 Jan 2025
Viewed by 406
Abstract
The Encyclopedia journal, released in March 2021, will celebrate its fourth anniversary next year [...] Full article
26 pages, 402 KiB  
Review
Cognitive Assessment and Training in Extended Reality: Multimodal Systems, Clinical Utility, and Current Challenges
by Palmira Victoria González-Erena, Sara Fernández-Guinea and Panagiotis Kourtesis
Encyclopedia 2025, 5(1), 8; https://doi.org/10.3390/encyclopedia5010008 - 13 Jan 2025
Viewed by 1085
Abstract
Extended reality (XR) technologies—encompassing virtual reality (VR), augmented reality (AR), and mixed reality (MR)—are transforming cognitive assessment and training by offering immersive, interactive environments that simulate real-world tasks. XR enhances ecological validity while enabling real-time, multimodal data collection through tools such as galvanic [...] Read more.
Extended reality (XR) technologies—encompassing virtual reality (VR), augmented reality (AR), and mixed reality (MR)—are transforming cognitive assessment and training by offering immersive, interactive environments that simulate real-world tasks. XR enhances ecological validity while enabling real-time, multimodal data collection through tools such as galvanic skin response (GSR), electroencephalography (EEG), eye tracking (ET), hand tracking, and body tracking. This allows for a more comprehensive understanding of cognitive and emotional processes, as well as adaptive, personalized interventions for users. Despite these advancements, current XR applications often underutilize the full potential of multimodal integration, relying primarily on visual and auditory inputs. Challenges such as cybersickness, usability concerns, and accessibility barriers further limit the widespread adoption of XR tools in cognitive science and clinical practice. This review examines XR-based cognitive assessment and training, focusing on its advantages over traditional methods, including ecological validity, engagement, and adaptability. It also explores unresolved challenges such as system usability, cost, and the need for multimodal feedback integration. The review concludes by identifying opportunities for optimizing XR tools to improve cognitive evaluation and rehabilitation outcomes, particularly for diverse populations, including older adults and individuals with cognitive impairments. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Behavioral Sciences)
24 pages, 1349 KiB  
Review
Sustainable Water Management Practices in Agriculture: The Case of East Africa
by Meseret Dawit Teweldebrihan and Megersa Olumana Dinka
Encyclopedia 2025, 5(1), 7; https://doi.org/10.3390/encyclopedia5010007 - 10 Jan 2025
Viewed by 1034
Abstract
This study dives into the essential issue of sustainable water management techniques in East Africa. Recognizing water as a key component of sustainable agricultural development, the study highlights the importance of a complete approach that takes into account technological, socio-economic, and environmental issues. [...] Read more.
This study dives into the essential issue of sustainable water management techniques in East Africa. Recognizing water as a key component of sustainable agricultural development, the study highlights the importance of a complete approach that takes into account technological, socio-economic, and environmental issues. A detailed, comprehensive review of 109 scientific research articles published between 1993 and 2024 was conducted to acquire a thorough grasp of current sustainable water resource management techniques in East Africa. This in-depth investigation sought to uncover major regional trends, challenges, and opportunities in water resource management. Furthermore, the evaluation aimed to identify specific knowledge gaps impeding the region’s implementation of sustainable water management techniques. As East Africa faces rising problems from climatic variability and change, which have a direct impact on water availability and agricultural output, the need for comprehensive policies becomes clear. The review reveals significant gaps in previous research, including a lack of focus on the socio-economic consequences of water management methods, gender dynamics, long-term assessments, indigenous knowledge integration, and climate change adaptation. By highlighting these areas, the study emphasizes the necessity of future research in addressing these gaps and developing more effective and sustainable water management solutions for East Africa. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Social Sciences)
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17 pages, 644 KiB  
Review
New Frontiers of Electronic Theses and Dissertations
by Joachim Schöpfel, Michael Boock, Behrooz Rasuli and Brenda van Wyk
Encyclopedia 2025, 5(1), 6; https://doi.org/10.3390/encyclopedia5010006 - 8 Jan 2025
Viewed by 982
Abstract
(1) Background: Since the 1990s, theses and dissertations—a key part of scientific communication—have evolved significantly with advances in information and communication technologies. (2) Methods: This study reviews 99 publications examining these changes, drawing insights from international conferences and empirical studies in the field. [...] Read more.
(1) Background: Since the 1990s, theses and dissertations—a key part of scientific communication—have evolved significantly with advances in information and communication technologies. (2) Methods: This study reviews 99 publications examining these changes, drawing insights from international conferences and empirical studies in the field. (3) Results: Historically, a major challenge in managing PhD theses has been the shift to electronic formats, resulting in the creation of electronic theses and dissertations (ETDs). This shift involves four main tasks: adopting new digital formats, updating institutional workflows between departments, graduate schools, and academic libraries, implementing updated bibliographic standards (such as metadata and identifiers), and utilizing new tools and channels for distribution. With open science becoming a widespread research policy across many countries and institutions, ensuring open access for ETDs is an added challenge—though a substantial portion of ETD content remains restricted to institutional or library networks. Today, ETD management is on the brink of a new era, with advancements in data-driven science and artificial intelligence. (4) Conclusions: The development of ETDs varies significantly across different countries, regions, and institutions due to technological, organizational, and legal differences. It is essential for academic libraries and other stakeholders to address the challenges identified while considering these variations. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Arts & Humanities)
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22 pages, 7305 KiB  
Entry
Refrigerants for a Sustainable Future
by Vishaldeep Sharma, Brian Fricke, Praveen Cheekatamarla, Omar Abdelaziz and Van Baxter
Encyclopedia 2025, 5(1), 5; https://doi.org/10.3390/encyclopedia5010005 - 3 Jan 2025
Viewed by 763
Definition
Worldwide use of high global warming potential (GWP) hydrofluorocarbon (HFC) refrigerants for space conditioning and food storage results in significant equivalent greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. This is further exacerbated in developed countries by the current transition from hydrochlorofluorocarbon (HCFC) refrigerants to HFC refrigerants. [...] Read more.
Worldwide use of high global warming potential (GWP) hydrofluorocarbon (HFC) refrigerants for space conditioning and food storage results in significant equivalent greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. This is further exacerbated in developed countries by the current transition from hydrochlorofluorocarbon (HCFC) refrigerants to HFC refrigerants. Under the Kigali amendment to the Montreal Protocol, the proposed phase-out of currently used HFC and HCFC refrigerants has initiated a re-evaluation of some pre-existing refrigerants as well as the development and evaluation of new refrigerants. Making the ideal refrigerant selections for heating, ventilation, air-conditioning, and refrigeration (HVAC&R) applications is thereby difficult in an already overabundant refrigerants market. In this paper, a study of key parameters required of a good refrigerant is conducted, followed by the analysis of refrigerants desired and refrigerants used in two major sectors of the HVAC&R industry, namely commercial refrigeration and residential air-conditioning and heat pumps. Finally, keeping in consideration the global environmental regulations and safety standards, a recommendation of the most suitable refrigerants in both sectors has been made. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Engineering)
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21 pages, 996 KiB  
Entry
Image Matching: A Comprehensive Overview of Conventional and Learning-Based Methods
by Styliani Verykokou and Charalabos Ioannidis
Encyclopedia 2025, 5(1), 4; https://doi.org/10.3390/encyclopedia5010004 - 2 Jan 2025
Viewed by 1452
Definition
This entry provides a comprehensive overview of methods used in image matching. It starts by introducing area-based matching, outlining well-established techniques for determining correspondences. Then, it presents the concept of feature-based image matching, covering feature point detection and description issues, including both handcrafted [...] Read more.
This entry provides a comprehensive overview of methods used in image matching. It starts by introducing area-based matching, outlining well-established techniques for determining correspondences. Then, it presents the concept of feature-based image matching, covering feature point detection and description issues, including both handcrafted and learning-based operators. Brief presentations of frequently used detectors and descriptors are included, followed by a presentation of descriptor matching and outlier rejection techniques. Finally, the entry provides a brief overview of relational matching. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Mathematics & Computer Science)
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14 pages, 398 KiB  
Entry
Museum Education
by Michele Domenico Todino and Lucia Campitiello
Encyclopedia 2025, 5(1), 3; https://doi.org/10.3390/encyclopedia5010003 - 1 Jan 2025
Viewed by 1365
Definition
Museum education involves using a museum’s resources and collections to facilitate learning for diverse audiences. It includes activities like tours, workshops, and interactive exhibits that promote active, inquiry-based learning. Focused on accessibility and inclusivity, museum education aims to engage visitors, enhance their understanding, [...] Read more.
Museum education involves using a museum’s resources and collections to facilitate learning for diverse audiences. It includes activities like tours, workshops, and interactive exhibits that promote active, inquiry-based learning. Focused on accessibility and inclusivity, museum education aims to engage visitors, enhance their understanding, and foster a deeper appreciation for cultural, historical, or scientific content to foster active citizenship and lifelong learning in a non-formal learning context. Museum education uses collections and exhibits to engage audiences through hands-on, inquiry-based learning. By integrating digital tools and interactive technologies, it enhances learning through immersive and distance-based experiences. This approach promotes active engagement, critical thinking, and meaning-making, transforming traditional teaching methods. Museums serve as inclusive spaces where knowledge—embodied in artifacts and digital mediators—supports cognitive, emotional, and social development, fostering deeper connections with culture and history. Full article
(This article belongs to the Collection Encyclopedia of Social Sciences)
14 pages, 13610 KiB  
Entry
Wayfinding Strategies for Non-Emergency Services in Australian Hospitals
by Shiran Geng, Se Yan, Hing-Wah Chau, Wenyu Zhang and Chunyang Zhang
Encyclopedia 2025, 5(1), 2; https://doi.org/10.3390/encyclopedia5010002 - 27 Dec 2024
Viewed by 798
Definition
Wayfinding refers to the process of guiding individuals through built spaces, particularly in environments where navigation may be challenging due to complex layouts. In hospital settings, efficient wayfinding is essential as it directly impacts the experiences of patients, visitors, and staff. This entry [...] Read more.
Wayfinding refers to the process of guiding individuals through built spaces, particularly in environments where navigation may be challenging due to complex layouts. In hospital settings, efficient wayfinding is essential as it directly impacts the experiences of patients, visitors, and staff. This entry focuses on wayfinding strategies in Australian hospitals, where research on this topic is limited. The entry uses a comparative case study approach to analyse various wayfinding techniques for non-emergency services, including physical signage, digital navigation systems, and spatial design elements across six hospitals in Australia. The findings indicate that combining visual cues, digital tools, and spatial planning improves navigation efficiency. However, the hospital size and layout significantly influence the effectiveness of these systems. This entry provides insights into the current wayfinding strategies and challenges in Australian hospitals and suggests further research on global case studies using the comparative framework and definitions provided here. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Social Sciences)
10 pages, 233 KiB  
Entry
Challenges and Recommendations on Digital Health Sources in Pediatric Chronic Suppurative Lung Diseases
by Eleni A. Kortianou, Aspasia Mavronasou, Vaia Sapouna, Dafni Moriki and Konstantinos Douros
Encyclopedia 2025, 5(1), 1; https://doi.org/10.3390/encyclopedia5010001 - 27 Dec 2024
Viewed by 975
Definition
In the context of digitalizing healthcare systems, digital health sources (DHSs) aim to enhance the efficiency, accessibility, and quality of healthcare services by leveraging technology. Multiple types of DHSs are increasingly established in healthcare, providing direct and wide communication between pediatric patients, parents, [...] Read more.
In the context of digitalizing healthcare systems, digital health sources (DHSs) aim to enhance the efficiency, accessibility, and quality of healthcare services by leveraging technology. Multiple types of DHSs are increasingly established in healthcare, providing direct and wide communication between pediatric patients, parents, and healthcare professionals. Therefore, they are considered promising key tools to improve pediatric disease monitoring and management. At the same time, DHSs have been associated with several issues and risks, such as those related to data sharing, privacy, and the cultural readiness of the users. Yet, discussions in the literature have mostly focused on technical considerations and a user-friendly design. In contrast, the contribution of DHSs to treatment engagement in pediatric populations and data sharing has only partially been discussed. On this basis, we provide an overview of the available digital health technologies and their application in the pediatric population with chronic suppurative lung diseases; we describe the effectiveness in health-related outcomes, discuss possible challenges, and propose some recommendations that may overcome barriers in their everyday use. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Medicine & Pharmacology)
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