Normative Data for Vertical Jump Tests in Pre-School Children Aged 3 to 6 Years
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Participants
2.2. Data Analysis
2.3. Jumping Performance
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Study Variables | Total (N = 405) | Boys (N = 186) | Girls (N = 219) | p-Value |
---|---|---|---|---|
Age (years) | 4.9 (1.1) | 4.9 (1.1) | 4.8 (1.1) | 0.683 |
Height (cm) | 111.2 (9.3) | 111.8 (9.5) | 110.8 (9.2) | 0.309 |
Weight (kg) | 20.0 (4.2) | 20.3 (4.2) | 19.7 (4.2) | 0.209 |
BMI (kg/m2) | 15.8 (1.5) | 15.9 (1.4) | 15.8 (1.6) | 0.385 |
CMJ without arm swing | ||||
Contact time (s) | 1.38 (0.99) | 1.41 (0.96) | 1.36 (1.01) | 0.599 |
Flight time (s) | 0.30 (0.05) | 0.30 (0.05) | 0.30 (0.05) | 0.988 |
Height (cm) | 11.3 (3.7) | 11.3 (3.8) | 11.2 (3.6) | 0.890 |
Power (W/kg) | 9.5 (3.3) | 9.4 (3.2) | 9.5 (3.5) | 0.837 |
Pace (steps/s) | 0.69 (0.53–1.11) | 0.74 (0.52–1.30) | 0.67 (0.53–1.02) | 0.231 |
RSI (m/s) | 0.09 (0.06–0.18) | 0.10 (0.05–0.19) | 0.09 (0.06–0.17) | 0.767 |
Verticality | 2.38 (1.29–4.58) | 2.50 (1.27–5.01) | 2.29 (1.28–4.13) | 0.465 |
CMJ with arm swing | ||||
Contact time (s) | 1.69 (1.04) | 1.75 (1.19) | 1.64 (0.88) | 0.313 |
Flight time (s) | 0.32 (0.07) | 0.32 (0.05) | 0.31 (0.06) | 0.245 |
Height (cm) | 12.8 (4.4) | 13.0 (4.3) | 12.6 (4.4) | 0.288 |
Power (W/kg) | 9.2 (2.7) | 9.3 (2.8) | 9.1 (2.7) | 0.563 |
Pace (steps/s) | 0.60 (0.47–0.82) | 0.58 (0.44–0.80) | 0.60 (0.48–0.82) | 0.161 |
RSI (m/s) | 0.08 (0.05–0.12) | 0.08 (0.05–0.12) | 0.08 (0.05–0.11) | 0.736 |
Verticality | 1.85 (0.94–3.78) | 1.85 (0.97–3.81) | 1.85 (0.88–3.70) | 0.492 |
Sex | Age (years) | Contact Time (s) | Flight Time (s) | Height (cm) | Power (W/kg) | Pace (Steps/s) | RSI (m/s) | Verticality |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
CMJ without arm swing | ||||||||
Boys | 3 (N = 43) | 1.9 (1.2) | 0.26 (0.04) | 8.5 (2.9) | 6.9 (2.0) | 0.5 (0.4–0.7) | 0.05 (0.03–0.06) | 1.6 (1.0–3.9) |
4 (N = 62) | 1.4 (0.9) | 0.29 (0.05) | 10.3 (3.3) | 9.3 (3.2) | 0.9 (0.5–1.3) | 0.10 (0.06–0.19) | 2.5 (1.1–4.6) | |
5 (N = 42) | 1.3 (1.0) | 0.31 (0.04) | 12.3 (3.2) | 10.0 (2.5) | 0.8 (0.6–1.4) | 0.10 (0.07–0.20) | 3.0 (1.5–6.3) | |
6 (N = 39) | 1.1 (0.7) | 0.34 (0.03) | 14.6 (2.8) | 11.6 (2.9) | 1.0 (0.6–1.8) | 0.17 (0.10–0.23) | 2.9 (1.4–5.7) | |
Total (N = 186) | 1.4 (1.0) | 0.30 (0.05) | 11.3 (3.8) | 9.4 (3.1) | 0.7 (0.5–1.3) | 0.10 (0.05–0.19) | 2.5 (1.3–5.0) | |
Girls | 3 (N = 62) | 1.6 (1.0) | 0.26 (0.05) | 8.3 (3.1) | 7.5 (2.4) | 0.6 (0.5–1.0) | 0.06 (0.03–0.11) | 2.4 (1.5–3.5) |
4 (N = 61) | 1.4 (0.7) | 0.30 (0.04) | 11.1 (2.6) | 9.1 (2.7) | 0.7 (0.6–0.9) | 0.09 (0.06–0.10) | 1.9 (1.1–2.9) | |
5 (N = 55) | 1.2 (0.7) | 0.32 (0.04) | 12.6 (3.0) | 10.2 (2.9) | 0.7 (0.6–1.0) | 0.09 (0.07–0.21) | 2.4 (1.6–4.4) | |
6 (N = 41) | 1.1 (1.6) | 0.34 (0.04) | 13.9 (3.1) | 12.0 (4.5) | 0.9 (0.6–1.5) | 0.17 (0.09–0.33) | 3.4 (1.6–4.9) | |
Total (N = 219) | 1.4 (1.0) | 0.30 (0.05) | 11.2 (3.6) | 9.5 (3.5) | 0.7 (0.5–1.0) | 0.09 (0.06–0.17) | 2.3 (1.3–4.1) | |
CMJ with arm swing | ||||||||
Boys | 3 (N = 43) | 2.1 (1.4) | 0.27 (0.04) | 9.3 (2.8) | 7.3 (2.8) | 0.6 (0.4–0.7) | 0.04 (0.02–0.07) | 1.5 (0.8–2.5) |
4 (N = 62) | 1.7 (1.0) | 0.32 (0.08) | 12.0 (3.4) | 8.7 (2.3) | 0.6 (0.5–0.8) | 0.07 (0.05–0.10) | 1.6 (0.8–3.6) | |
5 (N = 42) | 1.7 (1.6) | 0.34 (0.04) | 14.8 (3.2) | 10.3 (2.3) | 0.6 (0.5–0.9) | 0.10 (0.07–0.13) | 2.0 (1.4–3.8) | |
6 (N = 39) | 1.5 (0.8) | 0.36 (0.05) | 16.2 (4.1) | 11.0 (2.5) | 0.6 (0.4–0.9) | 0.11 (0.08–0.16) | 2.7 (1.5–7.6) | |
Total (N = 186) | 1.8 (1.1) | 0.33 (0.12) | 13.0 (4.3) | 9.3 (2.8) | 0.6 (0.4–0.8) | 0.08 (0.05–0.12) | 1.9 (1.0–3.8) | |
Girls | 3 (N = 62) | 2.0 (1.2) | 0.26 (0.06) | 8.9 (3.4) | 7.1 (2.0) | 0.6 (0.4–0.8) | 0.05 (0.03–0.07) | 1.4 (0.7–2.4) |
4 (N = 61) | 1.7 (0.8) | 0.31 (0.04) | 11.8 (2.9) | 8.7 (2.1) | 0.6 (0.5–0.9) | 0.07 (0.05–0.10) | 2.0 (1.0–4.8) | |
5 (N = 55) | 1.5 (0.9) | 0.34 (0.04) | 14.3 (3.3) | 10.2 (2.6) | 0.6 (0.5–0.8) | 0.10 (0.08–0.13) | 1.8 (0.9–3.1) | |
6 (N = 41) | 1.4 (0.7) | 0.37 (0.04) | 16.6 (4.1) | 11.4 (2.1) | 0.6 (0.5–0.8) | 0.12 (0.09–0.16) | 2.4 (1.7–5.6) | |
Total (N = 219) | 1.7 (0.9) | 0.31 (0.06) | 12.5 (4.4) | 9.1 (2.7) | 0.6 (0.5–0.8) | 0.08 (0.05–0.11) | 1.9 (0.9–3.7) |
Measure | Sex | Age (years) | P5 | P15 | P25 | P50 (M) | P75 | P90 | P95 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Contact time (s) | Boys | 3 (N = 43) | 0.72 | 1.10 | 1.27 | 1.62 | 2.35 | 3.09 | 4.20 |
4 (N = 62) | 0.30 | 0.59 | 0.72 | 1.20 | 1.85 | 2.54 | 3.15 | ||
5 (N = 42) | 0.32 | 0.46 | 0.53 | 1.15 | 1.53 | 3.06 | 3.84 | ||
6 (N = 39) | 0.27 | 0.46 | 0.61 | 0.92 | 1.39 | 2.32 | 2.73 | ||
Girls | 3 (N = 62) | 0.35 | 0.81 | 0.94 | 1.35 | 2.03 | 2.64 | 3.26 | |
4 (N = 61) | 0.41 | 0.64 | 0.94 | 1.32 | 1.56 | 2.16 | 3.33 | ||
5 (N = 55) | 0.32 | 0.52 | 0.73 | 1.16 | 1.52 | 2.12 | 2.58 | ||
6 (N = 41) | 0.28 | 0.35 | 0.40 | 0.79 | 1.35 | 1.69 | 2.92 | ||
Flight time (s) | Boys | 3 (N = 43) | 0.18 | 0.20 | 0.23 | 0.26 | 0.30 | 0.32 | 0.33 |
4 (N = 62) | 0.19 | 0.24 | 0.26 | 0.29 | 0.32 | 0.34 | 0.37 | ||
5 (N = 42) | 0.24 | 0.26 | 0.29 | 0.32 | 0.35 | 0.37 | 0.38 | ||
6 (N = 39) | 0.29 | 0.32 | 0.32 | 0.34 | 0.36 | 0.39 | 0.43 | ||
Girls | 3 (N = 62) | 0.18 | 0.20 | 0.22 | 0.26 | 0.30 | 0.33 | 0.34 | |
4 (N = 61) | 0.24 | 0.27 | 0.28 | 0.29 | 0.32 | 0.35 | 0.36 | ||
5 (N = 55) | 0.26 | 0.28 | 0.29 | 0.32 | 0.34 | 0.37 | 0.39 | ||
6 (N = 41) | 0.26 | 0.30 | 0.31 | 0.35 | 0.37 | 0.38 | 0.40 | ||
Height (cm) | Boys | 3 (N = 43) | 4.06 | 4.95 | 6.60 | 8.05 | 10.93 | 12.61 | 13.23 |
4 (N = 62) | 4.24 | 7.13 | 8.25 | 10.20 | 12.30 | 14.42 | 16.77 | ||
5 (N = 42) | 6.78 | 8.65 | 10.05 | 12.60 | 14.68 | 16.65 | 17.88 | ||
6 (N = 39) | 10.34 | 12.20 | 12.83 | 14.35 | 15.48 | 18.44 | 22.31 | ||
Girls | 3 (N = 62) | 3.82 | 5.00 | 5.95 | 8.00 | 10.65 | 13.25 | 13.89 | |
4 (N = 61) | 7.10 | 8.80 | 9.50 | 10.50 | 12.60 | 14.90 | 15.60 | ||
5 (N = 55) | 8.15 | 9.85 | 10.38 | 12.20 | 13.90 | 17.05 | 18.53 | ||
6 (N = 41) | 8.48 | 11.02 | 11.60 | 14.70 | 16.35 | 18.02 | 19.33 | ||
Power (W/kg) | Boys | 3 (N = 43) | 4.22 | 4.71 | 5.40 | 6.70 | 8.56 | 9.43 | 10.03 |
4 (N = 62) | 4.88 | 6.21 | 7.33 | 8.85 | 10.95 | 13.92 | 16.10 | ||
5 (N = 42) | 7.14 | 7.59 | 8.17 | 9.50 | 11.25 | 13.83 | 15.60 | ||
6 (N = 39) | 7.54 | 9.07 | 9.92 | 11.62 | 12.62 | 16.07 | 17.57 | ||
Girls | 3 (N = 62) | 4.02 | 5.03 | 5.87 | 7.30 | 9.06 | 10.73 | 12.88 | |
4 (N = 61) | 5.59 | 7.14 | 7.69 | 8.55 | 10.16 | 11.87 | 13.27 | ||
5 (N = 55) | 6.45 | 7.51 | 8.29 | 9.66 | 11.31 | 14.50 | 17.64 | ||
6 (N = 41) | 6.14 | 8.38 | 9.21 | 11.29 | 14.72 | 19.72 | 21.16 | ||
Pace (steps/s) | Boys | 3 (N = 43) | 0.29 | 0.34 | 0.40 | 0.54 | 0.68 | 1.67 | 2.67 |
4 (N = 62) | 0.31 | 0.47 | 0.53 | 0.87 | 1.29 | 1.93 | 2.26 | ||
5 (N = 42) | 0.25 | 0.50 | 0.59 | 0.80 | 1.42 | 2.30 | 3.24 | ||
6 (N = 39) | 0.35 | 0.56 | 0.62 | 0.97 | 1.80 | 2.40 | 4.76 | ||
Girls | 3 (N = 62) | 0.29 | 0.41 | 0.48 | 0.64 | 0.99 | 1.93 | 2.22 | |
4 (N = 61) | 0.38 | 0.49 | 0.55 | 0.65 | 0.88 | 1.57 | 1.98 | ||
5 (N = 55) | 0.36 | 0.47 | 0.56 | 0.70 | 1.01 | 1.52 | 1.74 | ||
6 (N = 41) | 0.32 | 0.52 | 0.58 | 0.87 | 1.45 | 1.72 | 1.80 | ||
RSI (m/s) | Boys | 3 (N = 43) | 0.01 | 0.02 | 0.03 | 0.05 | 0.06 | 0.13 | 0.20 |
4 (N = 62) | 0.02 | 0.04 | 0.06 | 0.10 | 0.19 | 0.36 | 0.47 | ||
5 (N = 42) | 0.03 | 0.06 | 0.07 | 0.10 | 0.20 | 0.29 | 0.38 | ||
6 (N = 39) | 0.04 | 0.08 | 0.10 | 0.17 | 0.23 | 0.45 | 0.51 | ||
Girls | 3 (N = 62) | 0.02 | 0.02 | 0.03 | 0.06 | 0.11 | 0.24 | 0.31 | |
4 (N = 61) | 0.03 | 0.05 | 0.06 | 0.09 | 0.10 | 0.27 | 0.32 | ||
5 (N = 55) | 0.04 | 0.06 | 0.07 | 0.09 | 0.21 | 0.31 | 0.49 | ||
6 (N = 41) | 0.04 | 0.07 | 0.09 | 0.17 | 0.33 | 0.60 | 0.65 | ||
Verticality | Boys | 3 (N = 43) | 0.24 | 0.56 | 1.04 | 1.63 | 3.88 | 8.65 | 19.28 |
4 (N = 62) | 0.34 | 0.82 | 1.13 | 2.51 | 4.64 | 10.38 | 15.57 | ||
5 (N = 42) | 0.76 | 1.35 | 1.47 | 3.02 | 6.33 | 10.61 | 13.17 | ||
6 (N = 39) | 0.82 | 1.16 | 1.41 | 2.86 | 5.74 | 11.94 | 23.32 | ||
Girls | 3 (N = 62) | 0.54 | 0.89 | 1.51 | 2.41 | 4.49 | 7.59 | 8.48 | |
4 (N = 61) | 0.62 | 0.83 | 1.09 | 1.92 | 2.90 | 7.19 | 20.13 | ||
5 (N = 55) | 0.68 | 1.12 | 1.56 | 2.35 | 4.40 | 6.93 | 7.81 | ||
6 (N = 41) | 0.88 | 1.10 | 1.62 | 3.38 | 4.89 | 16.37 | 32.88 |
Measure | Sex | Age (years) | P5 | P15 | P25 | P50 (M) | P75 | P90 | P95 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Contact time (s) | Boys | 3 (N = 43) | 0.72 | 1.17 | 1.38 | 1.63 | 2.42 | 3.45 | 6.35 |
4 (N = 62) | 0.66 | 0.92 | 1.09 | 1.53 | 2.11 | 2.92 | 3.75 | ||
5 (N = 42) | 0.71 | 0.82 | 0.98 | 1.41 | 1.97 | 2.75 | 2.92 | ||
6 (N = 39) | 0.40 | 0.79 | 1.00 | 1.33 | 1.95 | 2.68 | 2.94 | ||
Girls | 3 (N = 62) | 0.71 | 0.98 | 1.17 | 1.70 | 2.42 | 3.37 | 3.72 | |
4 (N = 61) | 0.65 | 1.03 | 1.23 | 1.53 | 1.95 | 3.01 | 3.19 | ||
5 (N = 55) | 0.60 | 0.92 | 1.08 | 1.31 | 1.66 | 1.95 | 2.31 | ||
6 (N = 41) | 0.42 | 0.77 | 0.90 | 1.29 | 1.61 | 2.35 | 3.33 | ||
Flight time (s) | Boys | 3 (N = 43) | 0.21 | 0.22 | 0.24 | 0.27 | 0.31 | 0.33 | 0.33 |
4 (N = 62) | 0.21 | 0.26 | 0.28 | 0.32 | 0.34 | 0.36 | 0.39 | ||
5 (N = 42) | 0.27 | 0.31 | 0.32 | 0.35 | 0.37 | 0.40 | 0.41 | ||
6 (N = 39) | 0.30 | 0.31 | 0.32 | 0.36 | 0.39 | 0.42 | 0.44 | ||
Girls | 3 (N = 62) | 0.19 | 0.20 | 0.23 | 0.27 | 0.29 | 0.34 | 0.35 | |
4 (N = 61) | 0.24 | 0.27 | 0.28 | 0.30 | 0.34 | 0.36 | 0.37 | ||
5 (N = 55) | 0.26 | 0.30 | 0.31 | 0.34 | 0.37 | 0.39 | 0.41 | ||
6 (N = 41) | 0.29 | 0.31 | 0.33 | 0.37 | 0.39 | 0.43 | 0.45 | ||
Height (cm) | Boys | 3 (N = 43) | 5.21 | 6.04 | 6.98 | 8.80 | 11.55 | 13.20 | 13.50 |
4 (N = 62) | 5.54 | 8.42 | 9.50 | 12.20 | 13.90 | 16.09 | 18.80 | ||
5 (N = 42) | 8.68 | 11.60 | 12.75 | 14.75 | 16.68 | 19.65 | 20.35 | ||
6 (N = 39) | 10.81 | 11.95 | 12.65 | 15.65 | 18.88 | 21.55 | 23.52 | ||
Girls | 3 (N = 62) | 4.30 | 5.13 | 6.60 | 8.70 | 10.68 | 14.25 | 14.80 | |
4 (N = 61) | 7.10 | 9.00 | 9.80 | 11.20 | 13.90 | 16.20 | 17.00 | ||
5 (N = 55) | 7.95 | 11.00 | 12.00 | 13.85 | 16.63 | 18.85 | 20.60 | ||
6 (N = 41) | 10.25 | 11.99 | 13.70 | 16.60 | 18.85 | 22.38 | 25.16 | ||
Power (W/kg) | Boys | 3 (N = 43) | 4.17 | 4.64 | 5.50 | 7.03 | 8.37 | 9.46 | 12.04 |
4 (N = 62) | 5.93 | 6.74 | 7.22 | 8.70 | 9.88 | 10.76 | 13.74 | ||
5 (N = 42) | 7.51 | 8.27 | 8.80 | 9.93 | 11.14 | 13.37 | 16.49 | ||
6 (N = 39) | 8.02 | 8.41 | 8.88 | 10.87 | 12.03 | 13.96 | 16.66 | ||
Girls | 3 (N = 62) | 4.28 | 5.09 | 6.04 | 7.12 | 8.32 | 9.69 | 10.89 | |
4 (N = 61) | 5.91 | 7.03 | 7.46 | 8.44 | 9.61 | 10.77 | 14.10 | ||
5 (N = 55) | 7.11 | 8.15 | 8.67 | 9.73 | 11.02 | 12.38 | 16.12 | ||
6 (N = 41) | 8.45 | 9.69 | 9.99 | 10.78 | 12.56 | 14.14 | 16.77 | ||
Pace (steps/s) | Boys | 3 (N = 43) | 0.15 | 0.31 | 0.40 | 0.58 | 0.71 | 1.29 | 2.01 |
4 (N = 62) | 0.26 | 0.38 | 0.46 | 0.58 | 0.77 | 1.23 | 2.59 | ||
5 (N = 42) | 0.30 | 0.33 | 0.46 | 0.59 | 0.92 | 1.23 | 2.68 | ||
6 (N = 39) | 0.31 | 0.38 | 0.44 | 0.60 | 0.87 | 1.35 | 2.13 | ||
Girls | 3 (N = 62) | 0.26 | 0.34 | 0.40 | 0.57 | 0.79 | 1.13 | 1.75 | |
4 (N = 61) | 0.29 | 0.45 | 0.46 | 0.60 | 0.87 | 2.49 | 3.01 | ||
5 (N = 55) | 0.38 | 0.48 | 0.53 | 0.64 | 0.79 | 2.55 | 3.28 | ||
6 (N = 41) | 0.27 | 0.42 | 0.52 | 0.61 | 0.84 | 1.29 | 2.45 | ||
RSI (m/s) | Boys | 3 (N = 43) | 0.01 | 0.02 | 0.02 | 0.04 | 0.07 | 0.10 | 0.25 |
4 (N = 62) | 0.03 | 0.04 | 0.05 | 0.07 | 0.10 | 0.14 | 0.22 | ||
5 (N = 42) | 0.04 | 0.06 | 0.07 | 0.10 | 0.13 | 0.26 | 0.40 | ||
6 (N = 39) | 0.05 | 0.07 | 0.08 | 0.11 | 0.16 | 0.22 | 0.40 | ||
Girls | 3 (N = 62) | 0.01 | 0.02 | 0.03 | 0.05 | 0.07 | 0.13 | 0.17 | |
4 (N = 61) | 0.03 | 0.04 | 0.05 | 0.07 | 0.10 | 0.18 | 0.30 | ||
5 (N = 55) | 0.05 | 0.07 | 0.08 | 0.10 | 0.13 | 0.22 | 0.35 | ||
6 (N = 41) | 0.06 | 0.07 | 0.09 | 0.12 | 0.16 | 0.26 | 0.40 | ||
Verticality | Boys | 3 (N = 43) | 0.27 | 0.71 | 0.81 | 1.46 | 2.49 | 4.74 | 10.23 |
4 (N = 62) | 0.44 | 0.69 | 0.81 | 1.55 | 3.62 | 8.85 | 13.67 | ||
5 (N = 42) | 0.59 | 0.92 | 1.38 | 1.97 | 3.84 | 12.90 | 19.33 | ||
6 (N = 39) | 0.64 | 1.29 | 1.48 | 2.73 | 7.60 | 19.32 | 30.03 | ||
Girls | 3 (N = 62) | 0.31 | 0.54 | 0.65 | 1.43 | 2.38 | 5.23 | 20.90 | |
4 (N = 61) | 0.51 | 0.70 | 0.97 | 2.00 | 4.80 | 13.04 | 26.28 | ||
5 (N = 55) | 0.40 | 0.65 | 0.88 | 1.76 | 3.13 | 7.60 | 13.34 | ||
6 (N = 41) | 0.76 | 1.24 | 1.69 | 2.39 | 5.62 | 24.64 | 34.84 |
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Petrić, V.; Ljubičić, S.; Novak, D. Normative Data for Vertical Jump Tests in Pre-School Children Aged 3 to 6 Years. Biomechanics 2025, 5, 56. https://doi.org/10.3390/biomechanics5030056
Petrić V, Ljubičić S, Novak D. Normative Data for Vertical Jump Tests in Pre-School Children Aged 3 to 6 Years. Biomechanics. 2025; 5(3):56. https://doi.org/10.3390/biomechanics5030056
Chicago/Turabian StylePetrić, Vilko, Sanja Ljubičić, and Dario Novak. 2025. "Normative Data for Vertical Jump Tests in Pre-School Children Aged 3 to 6 Years" Biomechanics 5, no. 3: 56. https://doi.org/10.3390/biomechanics5030056
APA StylePetrić, V., Ljubičić, S., & Novak, D. (2025). Normative Data for Vertical Jump Tests in Pre-School Children Aged 3 to 6 Years. Biomechanics, 5(3), 56. https://doi.org/10.3390/biomechanics5030056