Manufacturing Functional Polymer Surfaces by Direct Laser Interference Patterning (DLIP): A Polymer Science View
Abstract
:1. Introduction
1.1. Theory of Formation of Light Patterns by Interference
1.2. Interaction of Light with Polymer Materials
2. Direct Laser Interference Patterning (DLIP) of Polymer Materials
2.1. Homopolymers
2.1.1. Poly(ethyleneterephthalate) (PET) and Related Polyesters
2.1.2. Polyimide (PI)
2.1.3. Polystyrene (PS)
2.1.4. Polycarbonate (PC)
2.1.5. Polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) and Related Acrylates
2.1.6. Poly(etheretherketone) (PEEK)
2.1.7. Triazene Polymer
2.2. Copolymers
2.2.1. Polyurethane
2.2.2. Poly(styrene-co-acrylonitrile) (SAN)
2.2.3. Poly(methylmethacrylate-co-styrene) (P(MMA-co-S)
2.2.4. Poly(styrene-co-glycidylmethacrylate) P(S-co-GMA)
2.3. Hydrogels
2.3.1. PNIPAM
2.3.2. Poly(hydroxyethylmethacrylate), PHEMA
2.3.3. Safrofilcon A
2.4. Conducting Polymers
2.4.1. Polyaniline (PANI)
2.4.2. Polypyrrole (PPy)
2.4.3. Poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) Poly(styrenesulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS)
3. Conclusions
4. Future Endeavors
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
ABS | poly(acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene) |
CE | cellulose |
CHI | chitosan |
CMC | carboxymethylcellulose |
CP | conductive polymer |
c-PAA | cross-linked poly(acrylic acid) |
c-PAMPS | poly(2-acrylamido-2-methylpropanesulfonic acid) |
c-PDAMAC | cross-linked polydiallyldimethylammonium chloride |
DOE | diffractive optical element |
EDS | energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy |
GC | glassy carbon |
GMA | glycidylmethacrylate |
HPC | hydroxypropylcellulose |
ITO | indium tin oxide |
LIFT | laser-induced forward transfer |
LIPSS | laser-induced periodic surface structures |
MMA | methylmethacrylate |
MMI | modified Michelson interferometer |
NCel | nitrocellulose |
NIR | near-infrared range (800–2400 nm) |
NMP | N-methylpyrrolidone |
P(α-MeS) | poly(α-methylstyrene) |
PA | poly(amide) (nylon 66) |
PAN | polyacrylonitrile |
PBT | polybutylene terephthalate |
PC (BPA) | polycarbonate (with bisphenol A as diol) |
PC | polycarbonate |
PCBz | Polycarbazole |
PDA | poly(dopamine) |
PDMS | poly(dimethylsiloxane) |
PE | polyethylene |
PEDOT | poly(ethylenedioxythiophene) |
PEEK | poly(ether ether ketone) |
PEG | poly(ethyleneglycol) |
PEN | poly(ethylene 2,6-naphthalate) |
PEO | poly(ethyleneoxide) |
PET | poly(ethyleneterephthalate) |
PHEMA | poly(hydroxyethylmethacrylate) |
PI | polyimide |
PLA | polylactic acid |
PMAA | poly(methacrylic acid) |
PMMA | poly(methylmethacrylate) |
PNIPAM | poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) |
POAP | poly(o-aminophenol) |
POM | polyoxymethylene |
PP | polypropylene |
PPD | poly(phenylenediamine) |
PPV | poly(phenylenevinylene) |
PPy | polypyrrole |
PS | polystyrene |
PSS | poly(styrene sulfonate) |
PTh | polythiophene |
PTPA | poly(triphenylamine) |
PTT | poly(trimethyleneterephthalate) |
PVA | poly(vinyl alcohol) |
PVAc | poly(vinylacetate) |
SAN | poly(styrene-co-acrylonitrile) |
UV | ultraviolet range (200–380 nm) |
Vis | visible range (380–800 nm) |
α | coefficient of light intensity attenuation (cm−1) |
ε | molar extinction coefficients (M−1 cm−1) |
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Polymer | λmax (nm) | α (cm−1) | Source |
---|---|---|---|
PMMA | 215 | 6500 | [27] |
PMMA | 250 | 50 | [27] |
PMMA | 248 | 65 | [28] |
PMMA | 308 | <10 | [27] |
PVAc | 215 | 2000 | [29] |
PVAc | 250 | 100 | [29] |
PVAc | 308 | <10 | [27] |
PI | 230 | 2.5 105 | [27] |
PI | 248 | 14.7 104 | [27] |
PI | 248 | 2.8 105 | [27] |
PI | 308 | 1.2 105 | [27] |
PS | 248 | 2.4 104 | [29] |
P(α-MeS) | 248 | 6.5 103 | [27] |
P(α-MeS) | 308 | 8.0 101 | [27] |
PET | 250 | 4.9 105 | [30] |
PET | 308 | 5 104 | [27] |
PEN | 225 | 3.8 105 | [27] |
PC (BPA) | 248 | 1.0 104 | [27] |
PC (BPA) | 308 | 22 | [27] |
ABS | 248 | 9.8 104 | [27] |
SAN | 248 | 7.5 104 | [29] |
PE | 248 and 308 | <10 | [27] |
PP | 248 and 308 | <10 | [27] |
PTFE | 248 | 14 | [27] |
PTFE | 308 | <10 | [27] |
PHEMA | 222 | 2900 | [31] |
PET | 308 | 13 | [30] |
Polymer | Laser | λ (nm) | Max Fluence (mJ/cm2) | Pulse Duration (ns)/nr | Setup | Refs. | Application |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
PET, PI | KrF | 248 | 200 | 25/mul | Michelson interferometer | [17] | Optical gratings |
PI | KrF | 248 | 58 | -/mul | Talbot interferometer | [52,53] | Semiconductor processing |
PI | ArF | 193 | 300 | -/mul | Talbot interferometer | [54] | Optical gratings |
Triazene polymer & | Nd:YAG | 355 | 240 | 1–10 | Michelson interferometer | [55] | Optical gratings |
PC | KrF | 248 | - | 0.5/single | Diffractive variable delay generator | [56] | Photonic crystals |
PET @ | Nd:YAG | 266 | 500 | 10/1–10 | MMI * | [57,58] | Biological cell adhesion/growth |
PET | Nd:YAG | 266 | 20–400 | 10/1 | MMI | [59] | Solar cell |
PET | Nd:YAG | 266 | 100–150 | 10/1 | MMI | [60] | Optical gratings |
PET | Nd:YAG | 266 | 20–400 | 10/1 | Diffractive | [61] | Optical gratings |
PI, PS | Nd:YAG | 266&355 | 500 | 10/1 | MMI | [62] | Inhibition biofilm |
PI | fs | 1030 | 0.5 | <0.5/5–10 | Diffractive | [63] | DLIP + LIPSS |
PI | Nd:YAG | 355 | - | 10/1 | MMI | [64] | Antifouling/ antibacterial |
PS | Nd:YAG | 266 | 500 | 10/1 | MMI | [65] | functionalization of surfaces |
PS, PI, PET | Nd:YAG | 266 | 500 | 10/1 | MMI | [66] | Bacterial anti-biofouling |
PS | ps | 1064 | 0.001 | 10 × 10−3/1 | DOE | [67] | Surface patterning |
PTT | Nd:YAG | 266 | - | 10/1 | MMI | [68] | Proof of concept |
PC | Nd:YAG | 266 | >300 | 10/1 | MMI | [69] | SERS |
PC, C@PC | DPSS | 263 | 0.05 | 3/1 | DOE | [70,71] | Modelling |
PC | Nd:YAG Nd:YAG DPSS | 355 266 263 | 0.05 180 0.05 | 0.01/1 <10/1 <3/1 | DOE DOE DOE | [26] | Micromachining |
PC | DPSS Yb:YAG Nd:VAN | 263 343 355 | 0.05 2–4 2–4 | 3/1 0.007/1000 0.010/1000 | DOE (DLIP) 1 beam (LIPSS) 1 beam (LIPSS) | [55] | Hierarchical micro-/nanostructures |
PC | KrF | 248 | - | <0.0001/1 | DVDG | [72] | Photonic crystals |
PMMA, PS, P(MMA-co-S), PI, PC | Nd:YAG | 266 355 | 300 | 10/1 | MMI | [72] | Effect of polymer and fluence |
Doped PS | Nd:YAG | 266 355 | 300 | 10/1 | MMI | [73] | Cell growth |
PI, PEEK | Nd:YAG | 355 | 1.2 | 38/1 | MMI | [74] | Embossing of PDMS for guiding neurons |
PMMA with Ag Nc | Nd:YAG | 355 | 800 | 6/1 | MMI | [75] | Fluorescent patterning |
PEEK-CF composite | DPSS | 1053 263 | 1.4, 2.9 2 | 15/1 4/1 | DOE | [76] | Superhydrophobic surfaces |
Period (μm) | Contact Angle/o | Roughness (nm) | Cells per mL × 10−7 |
---|---|---|---|
0 (flat) | 65 | 1.4 | 49.5 |
1 | 101 | 33.4 | 4.3 |
2 | 92 | 28.9 | 2.76 |
10 | 72 | 19.4 | 5.88 |
Copolymer | Laser | λ (nm) | Fluence (mJ/cm2) | Pulse Duration (ns)/nr | Setup | Refs. | Application |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
PU | Nd:YAG | 266 | 100–600 | 10/1 | MMI | [117] | Wettability control |
SAN (p(S-co-AN) | Nd:YAG | 266 | 500 | 10/1 | MMI | [118] | Chemically patterned surfaces |
p(MMA-co-S) | Nd:YAG | 266 | 500 | 10/1 | MMI | [73] | Structuring PMMA |
P(S-co-EGMA) | Nd:YAG | 266 | 500 | 10/1 | MMI | [64] | Chemical pattern reactivity |
Polymer | Laser | λ (nm) | Fluence (mJ/cm2) | Pulse Duration (ns)/Number | Setup | Refs. | Application |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
d-PNIPAM | Nd:YAG | 355 | 800 | 10/1 | MMI | [134] | Cell growth |
Safrofilcon | -- | 263 | 470 | 4/4–7 | DOE | [135] | Ophthalmic lenses |
PANI@ PNIPAM | Nd:YAG | 266 | 400–800 | 10/1 | MMI | [136] | Remote triggering |
PHEMA PHEMA-UV | Nd:YAG | 266 | 10/1 | MMI | [137] | Ophthalmic diffraction gratings |
Polymer | Laser | λ (nm) | Fluence (mJ/cm2) | Pulse Duration (ns)/Number | Setup | Refs. | Application |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
PANI | Nd:YAG | 355 | 174–325 | 10/1 | MMI | [147] | Conductive nanowires |
PANI | Nd:YAG | 355 | 174–325 | 10/1 | MMI | [148] | Conductive arrays |
PEDOT:PSS | Nd:YAG | 355 | 54–296 | 10/1 | MMI | [149] | Biomedicine |
PPy | Nd:YAG | 355 | 1200 | 10/1 | MMI | [150] | Sensors |
Polymer | Pulse Duration | λ (nm) | Doping | Ref. |
---|---|---|---|---|
PTFE | 308 266 | Perfluoro-s-triazines | [184] | |
PVC | 4–6 ns | 266 | None | [185] |
Polyamide (Nylon 6,6) | 17 ns 400 μs | 308 1060 | None | [186] |
P(α-MeS) | 15 ns | 193 | None | [187] |
ABS | 15 ns 100 fs | 248 800 | None None | [188] |
ABS/PVC | 60 ps | 266 | None | [189] |
Polyetherimide | 60 ns | 355 | None | [190] |
PP | 130 fs | 800 | None | [191] |
PE | 64 ns | 1064 | Black pigment | [192] |
Polythiophene | CW | 325 | None | [193] |
PCL | 35 ns 220 fs | 193 800 | None | [194] |
PCL/gelatin nanofiber | 150 fs | 775 | None | [195] |
Nitrocellulose | 5 ns | 337 | Stilbene 420, Coumarin 120, Rhodamine 6G | [33] |
Polyurethane (PU) + Poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) + Polylactide-polyethylene glycol-polylactide (PPP) | 200 fs | 75 | None | [196] |
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Barbero, C.A.; Acevedo, D.F. Manufacturing Functional Polymer Surfaces by Direct Laser Interference Patterning (DLIP): A Polymer Science View. Nanomanufacturing 2022, 2, 229-264. https://doi.org/10.3390/nanomanufacturing2040015
Barbero CA, Acevedo DF. Manufacturing Functional Polymer Surfaces by Direct Laser Interference Patterning (DLIP): A Polymer Science View. Nanomanufacturing. 2022; 2(4):229-264. https://doi.org/10.3390/nanomanufacturing2040015
Chicago/Turabian StyleBarbero, Cesar Alfredo, and Diego Fernando Acevedo. 2022. "Manufacturing Functional Polymer Surfaces by Direct Laser Interference Patterning (DLIP): A Polymer Science View" Nanomanufacturing 2, no. 4: 229-264. https://doi.org/10.3390/nanomanufacturing2040015