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Article

Effect of Processing History on the Microstructure and Magnetic Properties of Ultra-Low Carbon Si + Sb Non-Oriented Electrical Steels

by
Fernando Hernández-Navarro
1,
Armando Salinas-Rodríguez
2,
Rogelio Deaquino-Lara
2,
Javier Aguilar-Carrillo
1,
Iván A. Reyes-Domínguez
1,
Lizangela Guerra-Fuentes
3,
Ma. de J. Soria-Aguilar
4,
Francisco R. Carrillo-Pedroza
4,
Josefina García-Guerra
4,
Verónica E. Salazar-Muñoz
1 and
Emmanuel J. Gutiérrez-Castañeda
1,5,*
1
Instituto de Metalurgia, Metalurgia e Ingeniería de Materiales, Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí, San Luis Potosí 78210, Mexico
2
Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados, Ingeniería Metalúrgica, Ramos Arizpe 25900, Mexico
3
Facultad de Agronomía, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, General Escobedo 66050, Mexico
4
Facultad de Metalurgia, Universidad Autónoma de Coahuila, Monclova 25280, Mexico
5
Secretaría de Ciencia, Humanidades, Tecnología e Innovación, Dirección Adjunta de Investigación Humanística y Científica, Investigadoras e Investigadores por México, Ciudad de México 03940, Mexico
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Solids 2025, 6(4), 65; https://doi.org/10.3390/solids6040065
Submission received: 30 September 2025 / Revised: 13 November 2025 / Accepted: 24 November 2025 / Published: 27 November 2025
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Abstract

In this work, different processing routes were investigated to evaluate the effects of hot rolling temperature, annealing before cold rolling (ABCR), and one- or two-stage cold rolling and annealing schedules to obtain more efficient electrical steels. The correlation between processing variables, microstructure, thickness, and magnetic properties was established from the analysis of 3D surface plots. It was found that the lowest core loss values (3.4 W/kg) were obtained when steel is processed by hot rolling (800 °C), ABCR (880 °C–180 min), first cold rolling (up to 0.25 mm), first annealing (850 °C–10 min), second cold rolling (up to 0.2 mm), and second annealing (850 °C–10 min). The better combination between thickness and grain size leads to the enhancement of the magnetic properties, which affects the way eddy and hysteresis losses contribute to the total core losses.
Keywords: alternative processing route; Si + Sb electrical steels; microstructure; magnetic properties alternative processing route; Si + Sb electrical steels; microstructure; magnetic properties
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MDPI and ACS Style

Hernández-Navarro, F.; Salinas-Rodríguez, A.; Deaquino-Lara, R.; Aguilar-Carrillo, J.; Reyes-Domínguez, I.A.; Guerra-Fuentes, L.; Soria-Aguilar, M.d.J.; Carrillo-Pedroza, F.R.; García-Guerra, J.; Salazar-Muñoz, V.E.; et al. Effect of Processing History on the Microstructure and Magnetic Properties of Ultra-Low Carbon Si + Sb Non-Oriented Electrical Steels. Solids 2025, 6, 65. https://doi.org/10.3390/solids6040065

AMA Style

Hernández-Navarro F, Salinas-Rodríguez A, Deaquino-Lara R, Aguilar-Carrillo J, Reyes-Domínguez IA, Guerra-Fuentes L, Soria-Aguilar MdJ, Carrillo-Pedroza FR, García-Guerra J, Salazar-Muñoz VE, et al. Effect of Processing History on the Microstructure and Magnetic Properties of Ultra-Low Carbon Si + Sb Non-Oriented Electrical Steels. Solids. 2025; 6(4):65. https://doi.org/10.3390/solids6040065

Chicago/Turabian Style

Hernández-Navarro, Fernando, Armando Salinas-Rodríguez, Rogelio Deaquino-Lara, Javier Aguilar-Carrillo, Iván A. Reyes-Domínguez, Lizangela Guerra-Fuentes, Ma. de J. Soria-Aguilar, Francisco R. Carrillo-Pedroza, Josefina García-Guerra, Verónica E. Salazar-Muñoz, and et al. 2025. "Effect of Processing History on the Microstructure and Magnetic Properties of Ultra-Low Carbon Si + Sb Non-Oriented Electrical Steels" Solids 6, no. 4: 65. https://doi.org/10.3390/solids6040065

APA Style

Hernández-Navarro, F., Salinas-Rodríguez, A., Deaquino-Lara, R., Aguilar-Carrillo, J., Reyes-Domínguez, I. A., Guerra-Fuentes, L., Soria-Aguilar, M. d. J., Carrillo-Pedroza, F. R., García-Guerra, J., Salazar-Muñoz, V. E., & Gutiérrez-Castañeda, E. J. (2025). Effect of Processing History on the Microstructure and Magnetic Properties of Ultra-Low Carbon Si + Sb Non-Oriented Electrical Steels. Solids, 6(4), 65. https://doi.org/10.3390/solids6040065

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