Effects of Preparation Conditions and Ammonia/Methylamine Treatment on Structure of Graphite Intercalation Compounds with FeCl3, CoCl2, NiCl2 and Derived Metal-Containing Expanded Graphite

Muravev, Aleksandr D.; Ivanov, Andrei V.; Mukhanov, Vladimir A.; Dedushenko, Sergey K.; Kulnitskiy, Boris A.; Vasiliev, Alexander V.; Maksimova, Natalia V.; Avdeev, Victor V.

doi:10.3390/solids6040060

Open AccessArticle

Effects of Preparation Conditions and Ammonia/Methylamine Treatment on Structure of Graphite Intercalation Compounds with FeCl₃, CoCl₂, NiCl₂ and Derived Metal-Containing Expanded Graphite

by

Aleksandr D. Muravev

^1,*,

Andrei V. Ivanov

¹,

Vladimir A. Mukhanov

¹,

Sergey K. Dedushenko

²,

Boris A. Kulnitskiy

³,

Alexander V. Vasiliev

¹,

Natalia V. Maksimova

¹ and

Victor V. Avdeev

^1,*

¹

Department of Chemistry, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory 1-3, Moscow 119991, Russia

²

National University of Science and Technology «MISIS», Leninskiy Prospekt 4, Moscow 119049, Russia

³

National Research Centre «Kurchatov Institute», Centralnaya Str. 7a, Troitsk 108840, Russia

^*

Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed.

Solids 2025, 6(4), 60; https://doi.org/10.3390/solids6040060

Submission received: 9 September 2025 / Revised: 24 October 2025 / Accepted: 27 October 2025 / Published: 30 October 2025

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Abstract

Composites in which finely dispersed particles of the metallic phase are uniformly distributed over the surface of expanded graphite can be used as magnetic sorbents for crude oil and petroleum products, as well as a basis for creating screens that protect against electromagnetic radiation. The literature describes various approaches to obtaining such materials, but from a technological point of view, the most promising is the method in which the formation of a metal-containing phase on the surface of expanded graphite is directly combined with its expansion. For this purpose, graphite intercalation compounds with chlorides of metals of the iron triad (GIC-MCl_x) were obtained: GIC-FeCl₃ of I-VII stages, GIC-CoCl₂ of I/II stage and GIC-NiCl₂ of II/III stage, which were treated with liquid NH₃ or CH₃NH₂ in order to obtain an occlusive complex, which, due to the presence of a large amount of bound RNH₂, would be capable of effective thermal expansion during heating in an inert atmosphere with the formation of low-density expanded graphite, and the presence of reducing properties in ammonia and methylamine would lead to the reduction of the metal from chloride. The structure of GIC-MCl_x and GIC-MCl_x treated by NH₃ and CH₃NH₂ was investigated by XRD analysis and Mossbauer spectroscopy. The composition of the metal-containing phase in expanded graphite/metal composite was determined by XRD analysis and its quantity by the gravimetric method. The distribution of metals particles is investigated by SEM, TEM and EDX methods. Expanded graphite/metal composites are characterized by the high saturation magnetization (up to ≈ 50 emu/g) at a bulk density of 4–6 g/L.

Keywords: composite carbon materials; thermal expansion; magnetic measurements

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MDPI and ACS Style

Muravev, A.D.; Ivanov, A.V.; Mukhanov, V.A.; Dedushenko, S.K.; Kulnitskiy, B.A.; Vasiliev, A.V.; Maksimova, N.V.; Avdeev, V.V. Effects of Preparation Conditions and Ammonia/Methylamine Treatment on Structure of Graphite Intercalation Compounds with FeCl₃, CoCl₂, NiCl₂ and Derived Metal-Containing Expanded Graphite. Solids 2025, 6, 60. https://doi.org/10.3390/solids6040060

AMA Style

Muravev AD, Ivanov AV, Mukhanov VA, Dedushenko SK, Kulnitskiy BA, Vasiliev AV, Maksimova NV, Avdeev VV. Effects of Preparation Conditions and Ammonia/Methylamine Treatment on Structure of Graphite Intercalation Compounds with FeCl₃, CoCl₂, NiCl₂ and Derived Metal-Containing Expanded Graphite. Solids. 2025; 6(4):60. https://doi.org/10.3390/solids6040060

Chicago/Turabian Style

Muravev, Aleksandr D., Andrei V. Ivanov, Vladimir A. Mukhanov, Sergey K. Dedushenko, Boris A. Kulnitskiy, Alexander V. Vasiliev, Natalia V. Maksimova, and Victor V. Avdeev. 2025. "Effects of Preparation Conditions and Ammonia/Methylamine Treatment on Structure of Graphite Intercalation Compounds with FeCl₃, CoCl₂, NiCl₂ and Derived Metal-Containing Expanded Graphite" Solids 6, no. 4: 60. https://doi.org/10.3390/solids6040060

APA Style

Muravev, A. D., Ivanov, A. V., Mukhanov, V. A., Dedushenko, S. K., Kulnitskiy, B. A., Vasiliev, A. V., Maksimova, N. V., & Avdeev, V. V. (2025). Effects of Preparation Conditions and Ammonia/Methylamine Treatment on Structure of Graphite Intercalation Compounds with FeCl₃, CoCl₂, NiCl₂ and Derived Metal-Containing Expanded Graphite. Solids, 6(4), 60. https://doi.org/10.3390/solids6040060

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Effects of Preparation Conditions and Ammonia/Methylamine Treatment on Structure of Graphite Intercalation Compounds with FeCl₃, CoCl₂, NiCl₂ and Derived Metal-Containing Expanded Graphite

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