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Article

Effect of Heat on Physical, Structural, and Microscopic Properties of Sandstone

by
Soumen Paul
1,*,
Nageswara R. Kolikipogu
2,
Hajime Ikeda
3,*,
Autar K. Raina
2,4,
Vinod A. Mendhe
4,5,
Somnath Chattopadhyaya
6 and
V. M. S. R. Murthy
7
1
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Bankura Unnayani Institute of Engineering, Bankura 722146, West Bengal, India
2
CSIR-Central Institute of Mining and Fuel Research, Unit-I, 17/C Telangkhedi Area, Civil Lines, Nagpur 440001, Maharashtra, India
3
Department of Systems, Control, and Information Engineering, National Institute of Technology, Asahikawa College, 2-2-1-6, Syunkodai, Asahikawa City 0718142, Hokkaido, Japan
4
Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), CSIR-HRDC Campus, Sector 19, Kamla Nehru Nagar, Ghaziabad 201002, Uttar Pradesh, India
5
CSIR-Central Institute of Mining and Fuel Research, Barwa Road, Dhanbad 826001, Jharkhand, India
6
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Indian Institute Technology (Indian School of Mines), Dhanbad 600036, Jharkhand, India
7
Indian Institute of Engineering Science and Technology, Shibpur, Howrah 711103, West Bengal, India
*
Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Mining 2025, 5(2), 30; https://doi.org/10.3390/mining5020030
Submission received: 3 December 2024 / Revised: 27 January 2025 / Accepted: 4 May 2025 / Published: 8 May 2025

Abstract

This research investigates the engineering properties of sandstone through tests performed prior to and following heat treatment. This study concentrated on evaluating the physical and mechanical properties, such as density, compressive strength, and wave velocities, in conjunction with the mineralogical, Cerchar hardness, and basic geochemical characteristics of the rock. Heat treatment was conducted at different temperatures (35 °C, 200 °C, 400 °C, 600 °C, and 800 °C), followed by analyses utilizing X-ray fluorescence (XRF), thin section analysis, and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) techniques. The results were analyzed to assess the influence of heat treatment on rock properties, utilizing Design Expert software for data evaluation. Numerical analysis with FLAC3D was conducted to validate the observed values at various temperature levels, further investigating the impact of the treatment on the engineering properties of sandstone. A significant finding was the reduction in strength, particularly correlated with a decrease in primary wave velocity, which is associated with an uneven distribution of strength within the rock. Increased temperature results in stress concentrations that facilitate crack formation, while variations in grain size significantly influence crack propagation. This study highlights the substantial influence of temperature on the compressive strength and general material properties of sandstone.
Keywords: sandstone; thermal analysis; Cerchar hardness index; XRF; SEM imaging; numerical modeling; multivariate analysis sandstone; thermal analysis; Cerchar hardness index; XRF; SEM imaging; numerical modeling; multivariate analysis

Share and Cite

MDPI and ACS Style

Paul, S.; Kolikipogu, N.R.; Ikeda, H.; Raina, A.K.; Mendhe, V.A.; Chattopadhyaya, S.; Murthy, V.M.S.R. Effect of Heat on Physical, Structural, and Microscopic Properties of Sandstone. Mining 2025, 5, 30. https://doi.org/10.3390/mining5020030

AMA Style

Paul S, Kolikipogu NR, Ikeda H, Raina AK, Mendhe VA, Chattopadhyaya S, Murthy VMSR. Effect of Heat on Physical, Structural, and Microscopic Properties of Sandstone. Mining. 2025; 5(2):30. https://doi.org/10.3390/mining5020030

Chicago/Turabian Style

Paul, Soumen, Nageswara R. Kolikipogu, Hajime Ikeda, Autar K. Raina, Vinod A. Mendhe, Somnath Chattopadhyaya, and V. M. S. R. Murthy. 2025. "Effect of Heat on Physical, Structural, and Microscopic Properties of Sandstone" Mining 5, no. 2: 30. https://doi.org/10.3390/mining5020030

APA Style

Paul, S., Kolikipogu, N. R., Ikeda, H., Raina, A. K., Mendhe, V. A., Chattopadhyaya, S., & Murthy, V. M. S. R. (2025). Effect of Heat on Physical, Structural, and Microscopic Properties of Sandstone. Mining, 5(2), 30. https://doi.org/10.3390/mining5020030

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