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This is an early access version, the complete PDF, HTML, and XML versions will be available soon.
Article

Integrated Multi-Source Data Fusion Framework Incorporating Surface Deformation, Seismicity, and Hydrological Indicators for Geohazard Risk Mapping in Oil and Gas Fields

by
Mohammed Al Sulaimani
1,*,
Rifaat Abdalla
1,
Mohammed El-Diasty
2,
Amani Al Abri
1,
Mohamed A. K. EL-Ghali
1 and
Ahmed Tabook
3
1
Department of Earth Sciences, College of Science, Sultan Qaboos University, 123 Muscat, Oman
2
Department of Civil and Architectural Engineering, College of Engineering, Sultan Qaboos University, 123 Muscat, Oman
3
Geomatics Department, Exploration Directorate, Petroleum Development Oman, 100 Muscat, Oman
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Earth 2025, 6(4), 157; https://doi.org/10.3390/earth6040157
Submission received: 9 November 2025 / Revised: 8 December 2025 / Accepted: 9 December 2025 / Published: 12 December 2025
(This article belongs to the Section AI and Big Data in Earth Science)
Versions Notes

Abstract

Oil and gas fields in subsidence-prone regions face multiple hazards that threaten the resilience of their infrastructure. This study presents an integrated risk mapping framework for the Yibal field in the Sultanate of Oman, utilizing remote sensing and geophysical data. Multi-temporal PS-InSAR analysis from 2010 to 2023 revealed cumulative surface deformation and tilt anomalies. Micro-seismic and fault proximity data assessed subsurface stress, while a flood risk map-based surface deformation-adjusted elevation captured hydrological susceptibility. All datasets were standardized into five risk zones (ranging from very low to very high) and combined through a weighted overlay analysis, with an emphasis on surface deformation and micro seismic factors. The resulting risk map highlights a central corridor of high vulnerability where subsidence, seismic activity, and drainage pathways converge, overlapping critical infrastructure. The results demonstrate that integrating geomechanical and hydrological factors yields a more accurate assessment of infrastructure risk than single-hazard approaches. This framework is adaptable to other petroleum fields, enhancing infrastructure protection (e.g., pipelines, flowlines, wells, and other oil and gas facilities), and supporting sustainable field management.
Keywords: InSAR; surface deformation; seismicity; fault reactivation; hydrological susceptibility; multi-source data fusion; geohazard risk mapping; geomechanics; subsidence; weighted overlay InSAR; surface deformation; seismicity; fault reactivation; hydrological susceptibility; multi-source data fusion; geohazard risk mapping; geomechanics; subsidence; weighted overlay

Share and Cite

MDPI and ACS Style

Al Sulaimani, M.; Abdalla, R.; El-Diasty, M.; Al Abri, A.; EL-Ghali, M.A.K.; Tabook, A. Integrated Multi-Source Data Fusion Framework Incorporating Surface Deformation, Seismicity, and Hydrological Indicators for Geohazard Risk Mapping in Oil and Gas Fields. Earth 2025, 6, 157. https://doi.org/10.3390/earth6040157

AMA Style

Al Sulaimani M, Abdalla R, El-Diasty M, Al Abri A, EL-Ghali MAK, Tabook A. Integrated Multi-Source Data Fusion Framework Incorporating Surface Deformation, Seismicity, and Hydrological Indicators for Geohazard Risk Mapping in Oil and Gas Fields. Earth. 2025; 6(4):157. https://doi.org/10.3390/earth6040157

Chicago/Turabian Style

Al Sulaimani, Mohammed, Rifaat Abdalla, Mohammed El-Diasty, Amani Al Abri, Mohamed A. K. EL-Ghali, and Ahmed Tabook. 2025. "Integrated Multi-Source Data Fusion Framework Incorporating Surface Deformation, Seismicity, and Hydrological Indicators for Geohazard Risk Mapping in Oil and Gas Fields" Earth 6, no. 4: 157. https://doi.org/10.3390/earth6040157

APA Style

Al Sulaimani, M., Abdalla, R., El-Diasty, M., Al Abri, A., EL-Ghali, M. A. K., & Tabook, A. (2025). Integrated Multi-Source Data Fusion Framework Incorporating Surface Deformation, Seismicity, and Hydrological Indicators for Geohazard Risk Mapping in Oil and Gas Fields. Earth, 6(4), 157. https://doi.org/10.3390/earth6040157

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