Landslide Susceptibility Mapping Using Multi-Criteria Decision-Making (MCDM), Statistical, and Machine Learning Models in the Aube Department, France
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Study Area and Data
2.1. Study Area
2.2. Landslide Dataset
2.3. Controlling Factors Thematic Layers
- Lithology
- Slope
- Rainfall
- Road
- Hydrology
- Fault
- Quarry’s density
- Elevation
3. Methods
3.1. Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP)
3.2. Frequency Ratio (FR)
3.3. k-Nearest Neighbor (k-NN)
3.4. Random Forest (RF)
4. Results
5. Discussions
6. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Triggering Factors | Data Source |
---|---|
Elevation | ASTER-DEM-30 m resolution (https://earthexplorer.usgs.gov), accessed on 5 October 2021. |
Lithology | Geological map of the Aube department by BRGM (scale 1:25,000) |
Slope | Extracted from ASTER-DEM (30 m resolution) |
Precipitations | Obtained from a time series of PERSIANN-CDR (Resolution: 0.04 degrees). |
Proximity to roads | Derived from GIS data of the IGN database |
Proximity to drainage | Derived from GIS data of the IGN database |
Density of quarries | Generated from points collected by BRGM (.xls format) |
Faults density | Geological map of the department of Aube, France (scale 1:25,000). |
Factors | Elevation | Fault | Hydrology | Lithology | Quarries | Rainfall | Road | Slope |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
VIF | 3.6453 | 1.1516 | 1.6088 | 1.2097 | 1.3613 | 3.3052 | 1.1283 | 1.0367 |
Factor | Lithology | Slope | Precipitation | Elevation | Distance-Roads | Distance-Drainage | Density of Quarries | Distance-Faults |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Lithology | 1 | 2 | 3 | 3 | 4 | 4 | 6 | 8 |
slope | 1 | 3 | 4 | 3 | 3 | 5 | 6 | |
precipitation | 1 | 1/2 | 2 | 2 | 4 | 5 | ||
Elevation | 1 | 3 | 4 | 6 | 8 | |||
Distance to roads | 1 | 2 | 3 | 3 | ||||
Distance to hydrography | 1 | 3 | 1 | |||||
Quarries density | 1 | 2 | ||||||
Distance to faults | 1 |
n | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
(RCI) | 0 | 0 | 0.58 | 0.90 | 1.12 | 1.24 | 1.32 | 1.41 | 1.45 | 1.49 |
Factor | Classes | Area (Pixels) | Area (%) | Landslide (Pixels) | Landslide (%) | FR | AHP | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Assigned Rate | Weight % | |||||||
Slope | 0–5 | 3,824,230 | 57.150 | 9985 | 57.378 | 1.003 | 2 | 23% |
0–10 | 2,167,308 | 32.400 | 5482 | 31.502 | 0.971 | 4 | ||
10–15 | 515,048 | 7.700 | 1295 | 7.442 | 0.966 | 7 | ||
15–20 | 132,478 | 1.970 | 408 | 2.345 | 1.189 | 8 | ||
>20 | 52,169 | 0.770 | 232 | 1.333 | 1.730 | 10 | ||
Density of quarries | 0–0.07 | 3,044,553 | 45.500 | 6091 | 35.002 | 0.768 | 2 | 3.5% |
0.07–0.2 | 2,253,187 | 33.670 | 5687 | 32.680 | 0.970 | 4 | ||
0.2–0.30 | 814,266 | 12.160 | 3573 | 20.532 | 1.684 | 6 | ||
0.3–0.5 | 462,708 | 6.910 | 1634 | 9.390 | 1.358 | 8 | ||
>0.5 | 116,519 | 1.750 | 423 | 2.431 | 1.388 | 10 | ||
Distance/ Drainage | 0–250 | 2,863,670 | 42.790 | 4358 | 25.043 | 0.584 | 10 | 5.7% |
250–500 | 580,094 | 8.660 | 1042 | 5.988 | 0.691 | 8 | ||
500–750 | 752,296 | 11.240 | 1279 | 7.350 | 0.653 | 6 | ||
750–1000 | 1,000,062 | 14.940 | 2948 | 16.941 | 1.134 | 2 | ||
>1000 | 1,495,111 | 22.340 | 7781 | 44.713 | 2.001 | 1 | ||
Distance/fault | 0–500 | 4,371,259 | 65.328 | 10,829 | 62.228 | 0.951 | 10 | 3% |
500–1000 | 572,063 | 8.549 | 1052 | 6.045 | 0.707 | 10 | ||
1000–1500 | 575,109 | 8.595 | 1537 | 8.832 | 1.027 | 8 | ||
1500–2000 | 575,109 | 8.595 | 1427 | 8.200 | 0.954 | 6 | ||
>2000 | 597,693 | 8.932 | 2563 | 14.728 | 1.648 | 4 | ||
Distance/ Road | 0–200 | 1,566,631 | 23.413 | 735 | 4.224 | 0.180 | 10 | 7.7% |
200–400 | 744,322 | 11.124 | 800 | 4.597 | 0.413 | 8 | ||
400–600 | 1,069,166 | 15.979 | 1560 | 8.964 | 0.560 | 6 | ||
600–800 | 1,404,849 | 20.995 | 3645 | 20.946 | 0.997 | 2 | ||
>800 | 1,906,265 | 28.489 | 10,668 | 61.303 | 2.152 | 1 | ||
Precipitation | 830–900 | 1,997,712 | 29.856 | 5999 | 34.473 | 1.154 | 6 | 11% |
900–950 | 1,829,344 | 27.339 | 3193 | 18.348 | 0.670 | 7 | ||
950–1000 | 1,639,949 | 24.509 | 3123 | 17.946 | 0.732 | 8 | ||
1000–1060 | 612,114 | 9.148 | 1475 | 8.476 | 0.925 | 9 | ||
>1060 | 612,114 | 9.148 | 3618 | 20.791 | 2.270 | 10 | ||
Elevation | 20 | 634,093 | 9.476 | 3786 | 21.759 | 2.297 | 2 | 16.9% |
100 | 3,517,229 | 52.565 | 6381 | 36.672 | 0.697 | 4 | ||
200 | 1,554,779 | 23.236 | 4820 | 27.701 | 1.191 | 6 | ||
300 | 837,664 | 12.519 | 2048 | 11.770 | 0.939 | 8 | ||
>300 | 147,468 | 2.204 | 365 | 2.098 | 0.951 | 10 | ||
Lithology | 1 | 1,019,944 | 15.243 | 4321 | 24.830 | 1.627 | 8 | 29.2% |
2 | 1,595,959 | 23.851 | 2528 | 14.527 | 0.608 | 6 | ||
3 | 254,879 | 3.809 | 386 | 2.218 | 0.592 | 4 | ||
4 | 1,610,862 | 24.074 | 5736 | 32.962 | 1.368 | 2 | ||
5 | 2,209,589 | 33.022 | 4428 | 25.445 | 0.770 | 8 |
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Jari, A.; Khaddari, A.; Hajaj, S.; Bachaoui, E.M.; Mohammedi, S.; Jellouli, A.; Mosaid, H.; El Harti, A.; Barakat, A. Landslide Susceptibility Mapping Using Multi-Criteria Decision-Making (MCDM), Statistical, and Machine Learning Models in the Aube Department, France. Earth 2023, 4, 698-713. https://doi.org/10.3390/earth4030037
Jari A, Khaddari A, Hajaj S, Bachaoui EM, Mohammedi S, Jellouli A, Mosaid H, El Harti A, Barakat A. Landslide Susceptibility Mapping Using Multi-Criteria Decision-Making (MCDM), Statistical, and Machine Learning Models in the Aube Department, France. Earth. 2023; 4(3):698-713. https://doi.org/10.3390/earth4030037
Chicago/Turabian StyleJari, Abdessamad, Achraf Khaddari, Soufiane Hajaj, El Mostafa Bachaoui, Sabine Mohammedi, Amine Jellouli, Hassan Mosaid, Abderrazak El Harti, and Ahmed Barakat. 2023. "Landslide Susceptibility Mapping Using Multi-Criteria Decision-Making (MCDM), Statistical, and Machine Learning Models in the Aube Department, France" Earth 4, no. 3: 698-713. https://doi.org/10.3390/earth4030037