Advances of Green Synthesized Nanomaterials in Different Industries ^†

Abstract

Nanoparticles (NPs) are gaining popularity due to their exceptional size-to-volume ratio, which enables them to efficiently perform a wide range of chemical reactions. The application of these particles has expanded rapidly in various sectors. However, the traditional methods for synthesizing NPs often involve the use of toxic chemicals. Although these toxic chemicals can produce useful target NPs, the production of hazardous byproducts is inevitable. Green synthesis processes always exclude toxic materials from the synthesis procedures and use supplementary materials that are natural or less harmful. This study focuses on the synthesis of these materials without the use of toxic chemicals and the production of NPs from natural resources, such as peels, leaves, petals of flowers, fruits, and roots. These starting materials are cheap and safe and may reduce the impact of waste on the environment. This study also focuses on the application of such NPs in a variety of industries. Some examples of these industries include agriculture, food, and pharmaceuticals.

1. Introduction

Nanotechnology has become a rapidly developing science owing to its ability to control matter on the nanoscale, at which unique physical and chemical properties such as high surface-to-volume ratios, high levels of reactivity, and high levels of tunable optical and catalytic properties are displayed, making it exceptionally appropriate for a wide range of industrial and environmental applications [1]. They have become valuable in the fields of energy storage, catalysis, medicine, food wrapping, and wastewater treatment. Therefore, they are driving the transformation to more efficient and multifunctional technologies [2]. Despite their wide applicability, conventional synthesis methods, such as chemical reduction, sol–gel, and hydrothermal methods, often rely on toxic reagents, harsh solvents, and energy-intensive conditions. These approaches generate hazardous byproducts, contributing to environmental pollution and raising safety concerns for large-scale production [1]. Moreover, the use of non-renewable feedstocks and processes at high temperatures contributes to increasing the cost of production and undermining sustainability. In line with this, the discovery of alternative methods has become a principal goal in the sphere of nanoscience. The lack of reproducibility, high operational costs, and limited scalability of traditional methods create a significant research gap. Additionally, a detailed explanation of the reaction processes that regulate the formation of NPs using environmentally friendly methods remains incomplete. As a result, the paradigm shift to green synthesis, that is, the use of natural and renewable precursors, is pressing for pursuing the goal of sustainable development in industry [3,4]. Green synthesis offers an eco-friendly, cost-effective, and biocompatible approach for nanoparticle production. They replace hazardous chemicals with biomolecules, including phenols, terpenoids, and proteins, which act as reducing and stabilizing agents and, as a result, aid the controlled nucleation and growth of NPs [5]. Our study aims to comprehensively discuss recent advances in green synthesis strategies of nanomaterials, emphasizing their industrial applications and advantages and disadvantages over conventional methods, while critically examining challenges and future perspectives.

2. Green Synthesis Strategies

Green synthesis of NPs uses biological materials such as plant extracts, bacteria, fungi, and agricultural waste to reduce metal ions into NPs, offering an eco-friendly, cost-effective, and safer alternative to traditional chemical and physical methods that often involve toxic chemicals and high energy consumption [6].

2.1. Biological Sources

Biological sources for green synthesis of NPs include a wide range of organisms such as plants, bacteria, fungi, algae, yeast, and actinomycetes, which act as natural reducing and stabilizing agents during nanoparticle formation [7].

2.1.1. Plant

Plant-based materials are widely employed for the green synthesis of NPs because they contain abundant bioactive compounds that naturally function as reducing and stabilizing agents. This makes plant-mediated synthesis both eco-friendly and cost effective [8]. They are particularly suitable as biological sources due to their availability, safety, and diverse phytochemical profiles. Compounds such as flavonoids, phenolic acids, terpenoids, and alkaloids play key roles in reducing metal ions and stabilizing the resulting NPs [9]. Based on previous studies, various plant extracts, including grape, grapefruit, ginger, lemon, broccoli, and several medicinal plants such as Phyllanthus, have been successfully used to synthesize metal NPs like Ag, Au, ZnO, and TiO₂ for applications in antimicrobial, anticancer, and drug-delivery fields [10]. Using this approach, ZnO NPs have been synthesized with Agathosma betulina leaf extract, yielding quasi-spherical particles [3], Cassia fistula extract facilitated the synthesis of ZnO NPs [11], Ocimum tenuiflorum extract enabled green synthesis of ZnO [2], CuO NPs were synthesized from cauliflower, potato, and pea peel extracts [12,13]. Figure 1 and Figure 2 show the advantages of green-synthesized NPs and their synthesis methods.

2.1.2. Microorganisms

Microorganisms, including bacteria, fungi, and algae, secrete enzymes and metabolites that reduce metal ions and stabilize NPs. Curvularia lunata and Fusarium solani have been used to synthesize CeO₂ NPs with effective antibacterial activities [14]. Bacteria such as Bacillus subtilis facilitate the intracellular synthesis of ZnO NPs with controlled sizes and shapes [15]. Algal extracts also provide an eco-friendly medium for synthesizing metal oxide NPs with enhanced catalytic properties [16]. Recent advances highlight the role of microbial enzymes, peptides, and polysaccharides as reducing and capping agents that prevent aggregation and promote nanoparticle stability, with genetic engineering approaches further enhancing synthesis efficiency and specificity [17].

2.1.3. Other Sources

Several biological substrates, such as biowastes, enzymes, and polysaccharides, have dual roles as reducing or stabilizing agents. Citrus peel extracts have been used to produce Au, Ag, and Cu(II) oxide NPs with regulated morphologies and improved stabilities [18]. Biomolecules such as chitosan, proteins, and polysaccharides improve the stability and biological activity of NPs [19]. Biomass waste from bitter gourd and rambutan peel has been exploited for NiO to enhance its photocatalytic and antibacterial activities, which show enhanced photocatalytic and antibacterial activities, highlighting the potential of fruit peel wastes in functional nanomaterial production [20,21]. The applications of green-synthesized NPs in different sectors are presented in

Table 1. Applications of nanoparticles derived from greener sources.

Nanoparticles	Size (nm)	Sources	Effective Against	Applications
ZnO	15–25	Orange peel	E. coli	Antibacterial activity [22]
ZnO	15.57	Sweet orange peel	S. aureus	Antibacterial activity [23]
CeO	10–125	Abelmoschus esculentus	HeLa Cells	Treating cervical cancer [24]
CeO2	24	Olea europaea	Fungal strains	Antimicrobial activity [25]
Ce-doped CuO	18	Yam peel	Aspergillus niger	Antimicrobial activity [26]
CuO	31	Dioscorea spp.	E. coli	Antibacterial activity [26]
CuO	26–30	Acalypha indica	MCF-7	Kill breast cancer cells [27]
CuO	153	Psidium guajava	S. pneumoniae	Antimicrobial activity [28]
NiO	34	Citrus limon	B. subtilis	Antimicrobial activity [29]
NiO	8.15	Aegle marmelos	A549 cell	Kills cancer cells [30]

.

3. Applications of Green-Synthesized Nanomaterials Across Industries

Green-synthesized nanomaterials, produced using plant extracts, microorganisms, or biowaste, are increasingly recognized for their eco-friendly, cost-effective, and biocompatible properties. These materials are being adopted in a wide range of industries, offering sustainable alternatives to conventional nanomaterials [31].

3.1. Agriculture

Antimicrobial, pesticidal, and plant growth-promoting properties of NPs have made them attractive agents for use in agriculture, specifically metal and metal oxide NPs. The green-synthesized plant-derived NPs provide an environmentally friendly, low-cost, and safe substitute for traditional chemical therapies to minimize environmental and human health hazards [32]. These nanomaterials improve nutrient delivery through nanofertilizers, reduce mineral losses, and provide controlled release of agrochemicals, thereby increasing crop yields and quality [33]. Ag, ZnO, and Se NPs exhibit strong antibacterial and antifungal activities against plant pathogens, including E. coli, S. aureus, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa [34,35]. NPs have proven to have superior pesticidal performance concerning the pesticidal effect in the case of Artemia salina larvae, and can target pathogenic cells and avoid destroying non-target cells [36]. Phytonanoparticles improve seed germination, plant growth, and nutrient absorption because of their high surface area and controlled release properties [32]. Se and ZnO NPs have been applied for soil remediation, removing heavy metals such as Zn, Cu, Ni, and Hg from contaminated soils [35]. Plant-mediated synthesis uses phytochemicals as reducing and stabilizing agents, providing biocompatible, non-toxic, and scalable NPs [3]. Green-synthesized Ag NPs stabilized with rosemary extract effectively controlled whitefly and fungal pathogens in organic tomato crops, achieving high pest mortality and pathogen inhibition comparable to chemical treatments but with greater stability and eco-friendliness [37]. Additionally, green-synthesized nanomaterials contribute to mitigating abiotic stresses and heavy metal toxicity in plants, supporting sustainable crop production systems [38]. These NPs can serve as antimicrobial coatings, nano fertilizers, and delivery carriers for bioactive molecules, reducing the need for chemical pesticides and fertilizers [35]. It is worth mentioning that in patent, it is also stated that the production of nanostructures with plant-extract-derived NPs (agents using natural polyphenols and caffeine) to produce green-synthesized Ag, Pd, Au, and zero-valent Fe NPs at ambient temperature also results in highly stable, non-toxic, and non-aggregating nanostructures, which may be applied in the field of the environment. This green-synthesized NPs patent also shows that the NPs can be utilized in ground cleanup and water cleanup, by breaking down pollutants of organic nature and minimizing heavy metals, indicating their potential usage in agricultural sustainability to detoxify soil, enhance nutrient cycling, and find safer alternatives to conventional agrochemicals [39].

3.2. Food Industry

NPs are used for food delivery, packaging, safety, and augmentation of bioactive ingredients. They are faster, cheaper, and more accurate than the current food analysis and pathogen detection methods [40] and effective in mitigating food contaminants such as aflatoxins through antioxidant properties and high adsorption capacity, reducing toxin bioavailability with minimal environmental impact compared to traditional methods [41]. In food packaging, green-synthesized NPs incorporated into biopolymer films improve antimicrobial, barrier, thermal, and mechanical properties, contributing to biodegradable and smart packaging solutions that can indicate food spoilage [42]. Smart packaging systems using nanomaterials provide real-time monitoring of food quality and safety, enhancing supply chain transparency and reducing waste [43]. ZnO and Ag NPs enhance antimicrobial packaging performance, with Ag NPs disrupting biofilms and nano-Ag, kaolin, or TiO₂ aiding fruit preservation. Metal/metal oxide NPs effectively inhibit microbes, whereas nanoencapsulation improves the delivery of bioactive compounds. The safety and bioaccumulation of SiO₂ and TiO₂ carriers require further study [44]. ZnO NPs enhance both micronutrient levels and plant growth, thus providing a route for food fortification [36,45]. Nanomaterial-based sensors enhance smart food packaging by enabling real-time monitoring of quality and safety, using highly sensitive materials to detect spoilage indicators such as pH shifts, gases, toxins, and microbial contamination [46]. NPs serve as nano fertilizers and pesticides and enhance nutrient utilization efficiency. Metallic NPs produced using microbial strains and cell-free extracts are suitable for food applications, along with protein-based nanotubes, for preserving enzymes and bioactive compounds. Nanotechnology enhances shelf life and improves product quality [47]. Notably, findings show that green-synthesized silver and titanium dioxide NPs produced using orange peel and Acacia nilotica extracts can be embedded into PVA or polystyrene matrices to create nanocomposite films with strong antimicrobial activity, high stability, and uniform nanoparticle dispersion, making them suitable for food and water packaging applications aimed at enhancing preservation and safety. The patent also establishes antimicrobial activity against E. coli colon, Staphylococcal, and Streptococcal species; hence, justifying their use in active and smart packaged systems in real-time protection and spoilage prevention [48].

3.3. Medical and Pharmaceutical Industry

Green-synthesized NPs are gaining importance in the medical and pharmaceutical fields owing to their antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, and drug delivery potential [44,49]. They are widely explored for drug delivery systems, especially in anticancer therapies, where green-synthesized NPs like gold and silica-based nanomaterials show promise in targeted delivery, imaging, and photothermal therapy [50]. Their biocompatibility and reduced toxicity make them ideal for targeted therapies, biosensors, and advanced medical treatments, offering improved efficacy and safety compared to conventional materials [51,52]. Ag and ZnO NPs exhibit strong activity against bacterial and fungal pathogens, whereas CuO NPs show effective wound healing and antioxidant properties [36]. Lipid-based nanoencapsulation enhances the bioavailability and controlled release of drugs and antioxidants [40], and investigation into toxicity and biodistribution is required for safe biomedical usage [47]. The phytochemicals involved in green synthesis not only reduce metal ions but also stabilize NPs, improving their pharmacological properties and reducing toxicity [19]. These NPs also act as drug carriers for targeted delivery, improving bioavailability and enabling controlled cytotoxicity against cancer cells [19,53]. Green-synthesized Au NPs have shown promise in cancer theragnostic by inducing apoptosis through reactive oxygen species and mitochondrial dysfunction, highlighting their potential in personalized medicine [54]. Furthermore, findings demonstrate [55] demonstrate that herbal-mediated γ-Fe₂O₃ NPs produced using plant extracts exhibit potent antimicrobial and antibiofilm activity against Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus, and Candida albicans, along with significant dose-dependent cytotoxicity against colon cancer cells (Caco-2). The patent confirms that phytochemicals in the herbal mixture act as natural reducing and stabilizing agents, improving nanoparticle biocompatibility, reducing toxicity, and enhancing therapeutic performance, thereby supporting their use in drug delivery, antimicrobial therapy, and cancer treatment applications.

3.4. Textile Industry

Nanotechnology has revolutionized the textile sector by enabling the fabrication of fabrics with enhanced antimicrobial, UV-protective, and self-cleaning properties [56]. Recent advances highlight multifunctional textile coatings that integrate antimicrobial efficacy, self-cleaning, and UV protection, enhancing fabric durability and hygiene while contributing to environmental sustainability by reducing pollution from textile processing [57]. Ag NPs produced by extracting marine algae, areca nut, and extracts of Phyllanthus emblica from plants have strong antibacterial activity and can be applied to hygienic textiles. When incorporated onto cotton fibers, Au NPs help improve UV protection, enhance hydrophobicity, and improve antimicrobial efficacy. ZnO and CuO NPs produced a green enhancement of the agent activity of fabrics in antimicrobial behavior and dye degradation [58]. MgO NPs produced via green methods are used as coatings on textiles to provide flame retardancy, antimicrobial properties, and biocompatibility, with potential applications in wastewater treatment [59]. Organic nanomaterials derived from eco-friendly sources also contribute to biodegradable and sustainable textiles with enhanced performance, including energy harvesting and protective clothing capabilities [60]. These multifunctional coatings not only improve textile performance and hygiene but also help reduce environmental pollution associated with traditional textile treatments [57]. Additionally, findings from [61] demonstrate that NPs embedded within textile fibers form durable, wash-resistant coatings retaining over 80% of the NPs after 40 laundering cycles and impart multifunctional characteristics, including antimicrobial behavior, fire resistance, insulation, stain repellency, and self-cleaning hydrophobicity. The patent also shows that self-assembled nanoparticle projections prevent dirt and water from penetrating fibers, enabling easy cleaning, while being compatible with both natural and synthetic fibers. Furthermore, the patent highlights advanced functionalities such as integration of nano-sensors, nano-antennas, and photovoltaic nanomaterials directly into textiles, supporting emerging applications in smart garments and wearable electronics. Co-occurrence networks with different industrial applications of NPs are illustrated in Figure 3, generated via VOSviewer software (version 1.6.20).

3.5. Energy Sector

Green-synthesized nanomaterials are increasingly utilized across the energy sector for applications in energy production, storage, and conversion due to their eco-friendly and sustainable nature. These nanomaterials, produced using biological sources such as plants, bacteria, fungi, and waste-derived materials, significantly reduce toxicity and energy consumption during synthesis, while simultaneously lowering production costs, improving scalability, and enhancing overall manufacturing efficiency [51,62]. Green ZnO and other metal oxide NPs used as photoanodes improve light absorption and electron transport, raising dye-sensitized solar cells’ efficiencies [51]. Dye-sensitized solar cells are a class of photovoltaic devices that offer simple fabrication, environmental friendliness, strong performance under diffuse light, good power conversion efficiency, and aesthetic versatility, making them a promising low-cost technology [63]. Plant/waste-derived MnO₂ made via green routes acts as Li-ion cathodes and supercapacitor-type anodes with high surface area and improved capacity/cycling [64]. Biomass-derived carbons and nanocellulose supports provide conductive, porous networks for Li-ion electrodes [65]. These composites serve as green binders, solid electrolytes, and separators, providing enhanced mechanical integrity, efficient ion-transport pathways, and improved thermal stability, while maintaining low toxicity and environmental compatibility [66]. Green MnO₂, TiO₂, and other metal oxide NPs from plant extracts deliver high specific capacitance and good cycling when used as pseudocapacitive electrodes [64,67]. Green-synthesized ZnO nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) employed as photoanodes in dye-sensitized solar cells have achieved power conversion efficiencies of approximately 1.6%, demonstrating their viability as low-toxicity and cost-effective photoelectrodes. These results indicate that environmentally synthesis routes can produce ZnO nanostructures with sufficient surface area, charge transport capability, and photochemical stability for practical photoelectrochemical applications [51]. Green carbon quantum dots and other bio-derived nanocarbons act as light harvesters or interlayers in photovoltaics, improving absorption and charge transport with lower synthesis energy and solvent impact [51]. Green nanomaterials, such as oxide and carbon nanostructures synthesized via bio-derived or low-impact routes, are increasingly employed as photocatalysts and electrocatalysts for water splitting and water electrolyzers, where they facilitate efficient charge transfer and catalytic activity while enabling cost-effective and environmentally sustainable hydrogen generation [62]. Nanostructured materials are also explored for hydrogen storage media in broader nanotechnology, with green synthesis proposed to reduce lifecycle impacts [68]. Advanced nanomaterials for solid-oxide and microbial fuel cells, including electrocatalysts, electrodes, and electrolytes, are increasingly developed under green-chemistry principles to minimize energy-intensive synthesis steps, reduce toxic reagents and waste, and lower overall cost, while maintaining or improving electrochemical performance, stability, and operational efficiency [31,69]. Bio-based phase-change material nanocapsules enhance solar-to-heat conversion and increase thermal storage versus water [70]. Biogenic MnO₂, Fe₃O₄, SnO₂, and related oxides are used as battery and supercapacitor electrodes, with improved capacity and cycling due to nanoscale morphology [31,64].

4. Applications in Environmental Remediation

In today’s rapidly developing world, industry plays a vital role in economic progress and technological advancement. However, this progress is often accompanied by environmental challenges such as pollution, waste generation, and resource depletion. As a result, industries have to make their operational strategies close to the principles of environmental protection [71,72]. Green-synthesized NPs have shown significant potential for environmental remediation, particularly for water purification and pollutant degradation. ZnO NPs prepared using plant extracts, such as orange peel and Cassia fistula, effectively degrade dyes such as methylene blue (MB) and methyl orange (MO) under UV and sunlight, achieving degradation rates of up to 97% [11,73,74]. Water-stable structures such as UiO-66- and ZIF-based gels retain their crystallinity and adsorption capacity, with hydrolytic instability [75]. Metal oxide NPs such as TiO₂, ZnO, CeO₂, and Co₃O₄ have been explored for air purification owing to their photocatalytic oxidation properties [76,77]. The bioactive compounds present in the plant extracts, such as flavonoids, phenolic acids, and terpenoids, increase the stability, surface area, and reactivity of these nanomaterials, making them good prospects for a sustainable air purification system [5]. Some bio-based nanomaterials are used for the adsorption and catalytic breakdown of airborne pollutants [51]. Photocatalytic NPs such as ZnO and CuO, synthesized via green methods, can degrade dyes, pharmaceuticals, and pesticides in wastewater under light exposure, converting them into harmless products [74,78]. Soil contamination with heavy metals, dyes, and other pollutants can be efficiently addressed using green-synthesized metal oxide NPs [79]. NiO NPs synthesized from the red flowers of Callistemon viminalis and leaf extracts of Aegle marmelos and M. oleifera showed strong adsorption and photocatalytic activity for the degradation of methyl orange and methylene blue dyes in contaminated soils, improving soil quality and reducing pollutant mobility [30,80]. Moreover, green-synthesized CuO NPs from plant waste have shown significant antimicrobial activity against soil-borne pathogens, contributing to healthier soil microbial communities [16]. Plant extract–mediated CuO NPs effectively degrade and adsorb textile dyes and pharmaceutical pollutants. Their band gap of approximately 2.1–2.71 eV, high redox potential, and large surface area enable efficient photocatalytic oxidation of complex organic contaminants into less harmful byproducts [77]. Compared to conventional synthesis approaches, green synthesis can reduce energy consumption by about 30%, lower production costs by up to 40%, and increase overall output by approximately 50% [51]. However, despite these advantages and its reduced environmental impact and lower toxicity relative to conventional physicochemical methods, green-synthesized NPs often face challenges such as lower reproducibility and slower reaction kinetics [19].

Table 2. Applications of nanoparticles derived from greener sources in the environment.

Nanoparticles	Sources	Application/Function	Key Findings
CeO2	Banana peel	Removal of soot, CO, and NOₓ	High oxidative activity and catalytic efficiency from diesel [81]
Co3O4	Euphorbia tirucalli	Soil remediation (heavy metals, dyes)	Effective degradation due to reducing/stabilizing [79]
NiO	Callistemon viminalis	Dye degradation in soils	Strong adsorption and photocatalytic activity [30,80]
CuO	Plant waste	Soil pathogen control	Promotes healthier soil microbiota [16]
TiO2	Catharanthus roseus	Degradation of VOCs and pathogens	Exhibited strong photocatalytic oxidation [76,77]
ZIF-8/rGO	-	Heavy-metal adsorption	Efficiently adsorb Pb(II), Cd(II), Cu(II), and Cr(VI) [82]
CuO	Centellaasiatica	Degradation of dye	Photo-catalytic degradation of Methyl Orange [83]
Fe	Eucalyptus	Removal of metals	Removal of Cr and Cu [83]
Fe	Camellia sinensis	Biological degradation	Removal of Ametryn [83]
Au	P. benghalensis	Degradation of dye	Degrades Methylene Blue [83]
Ag	Plant extracts	Disinfection of water	Enabling eco-friendly water and surface decontamination [84]
Fe3O4	Agro-waste extracts	Removal of antibiotics and pollutants	Removes antibiotics and magnetically recovered [85]
Lignin	Lignin waste	Adsorbents for dyes and metals	Strong adsorption capacity and suitable for pollutant removal [86]
Cu	Shigella flexneri	Soil remediation	Removes heavy metals from the soil [87]
Ag	Acalypha indica	Antibacterial activity	Effective against water-borne pathogens [88]

demonstrates how NPs produced using green resources are essential in the remediation of the environment.

5. Industrial Scale-Up and Challenges

The scale-up of green-synthesized NPs faces several challenges, despite their eco-friendly and cost-effective nature. Conventional chemical and physical synthesis methods often involve toxic reagents, high pressures, and energy-intensive conditions, which green synthesis aims to overcome [1]. In green synthesis, plant extracts, microbial metabolites, and bio-associated byproducts are used as reducing and stabilizing agents to accurately control the size, morphology, and crystallinity of the NPs. In comparison to the traditional methodologies, the biologically driven reactions significantly decrease the use of harmful chemicals and decrease pollution of the environment, in addition to cutting costs of production through renewable feedstocks and mild temperature of the reaction [3,89]. However, the aspects of reproducibility and uniformity are currently a critical issue as a result of differences in phytochemical profiles between different botanical materials and seasonal changes [30]. In addition, despite conventional synthesis pathways providing a precise control of the particle dimensions and morphology, they generally produce undesirable byproducts and require substantial amounts of energy, making them less sustainable, although they yield better results and can be scaled to high levels [28]. Maintaining consistent physicochemical properties, scaling up reaction volumes, and ensuring industrial-level yields without compromising stability or activity are major hurdles [19]. Moreover, the integration of green-synthesized NPs into existing industrial processes, such as wastewater treatment, catalysis, and pharmaceuticals, requires rigorous evaluation of long-term stability, biocompatibility, and regulatory compliance [2,90]. Therefore, a balanced approach that merges the eco-sustainability of green synthesis with the precision and control of conventional methods could accelerate large-scale industrial adoption.

6. Conclusions

Green-synthesized NPs provide an environmentally beneficial alternative to the traditional physicochemical methods. By employing biological sources, such as plant extracts, microorganisms, and biowastes, this approach minimizes hazardous byproducts and ensures high functionality and biocompatibility. The reviewed applications across agriculture, food, medicine, textiles, and environmental remediation highlight their versatility and industrial potential. However, large-scale implementation remains constrained by issues such as reproducibility, yield optimization, and regulatory standardization. Despite their potential, it has limitations of variability in the conditions of experiments and the absence of standardized protocols, which makes it difficult to compare and scale up. Immediate efforts should prioritize standardizing synthesis, enhancing industrial reproducibility, and assessing biocompatibility and environmental safety, while continued research on reaction mechanisms, process scalability, and material stability is essential. Integrating green nanotechnology into industrial practices is a new avenue for advancing viable manufacturing and achieving global environmental objectives.