Aircraft Design Capabilities for a System-of-Systems Approach (eVTOL and Seaplane Design) †
Abstract
:1. Introduction
Proposed Approach: An Overview
2. Use Case Definition and Stakeholder Identification
3. Methodology
- First Design Loop: An exploration of the CSs’ design space to provide a collection of concepts and solutions to be analyzed at the SoS level.
- Second Design Loop: The tapering of the design space, optimizing the best concepts identified in the first design loop.
- Third Design Loop: A performance assessment of the final vehicle configuration, leveraging high-fidelity numerical and experimental methodologies.
4. Results and Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
ASK | Available Seat Kilometre |
ATM | Air Traffic Management |
CS | constituent system |
DOE | Design of Experiments |
EC | energy consumption |
eVTOL | electric Vertical Take-Off and Landing |
KPI | Key Performance Indicator |
MDA | Multidisciplinary Design and Analysis |
MDO | Multidisciplinary Design and Optimization |
MoE | Measure of Effectiveness |
OBS | On-Board System |
PREE | Payload–Range Energy Efficiency |
SoS | System-of-Systems |
TLAR | Top-Level Aircraft Requirement |
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ADAM Stakeholders | ||
---|---|---|
(1) Air Travelers (Passengers) | (2) Pilots | (3) Policy Makers |
(4) Airlines (Operators) | (5) Vertiports (Infrastructures) | (6) OEMs |
(7) ATM Operators |
Stakeholder | Metrics | Design Variables |
---|---|---|
European Union | Connectivity | Payload, Design Range |
Sustainability | Powertrain
Architecture, Hybridization Strategies | |
Passengers | Travel Time | Design Speed, Design Range |
Sustainability | Powertrain Architecture. | |
Pilots | User-Friendly Aircraft | OBS Architecture |
ATM Operators | Airport Operability | Wing Span, Wing Area |
Vehicle | TLAR | Value | Unit |
---|---|---|---|
Seaplane | Take-Off Distance | ≤1000.0 | m |
Cruise Range | 200.0 to 550.0 | km | |
Cruise Speed | 250.0 to 400.0 | km/h | |
Cruise Altitude | 3048.0 to 4724.0 | m | |
# Passengers | 13 to 18 | - | |
MTOM | ≤8618.0 | kg | |
eVTOL | Cruise Range | 50.0 to 200.0 | km |
Cruise Speed | 100.0 to 200.0 | km/h | |
Cruise Altitude | 300.0 | m | |
# Passengers | 4 | - | |
Wing AR | 6.0 to 10.0 | - | |
# Propellers | 4 to 10 | - |
Vehicle | Thermal Engine | Battery | Fuel Cell | Electric Machines | ID |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Seaplane | Piston 1 | SSB | - | PMSMs | BAT-TH |
Piston 1 | - | PEM | PMSMs | FC-TH | |
eVTOL | - | SSB | - | PMSMs | AE |
Cruise Range [km] | Cruise Speed [km/h] | Cruise Altitude [m] | Passengers | ID |
---|---|---|---|---|
450.0 | 335.0 | 3810.0 | 13 | A |
350.0 | 325.0 | 3657.5 | 15 | B |
500.0 | 365.0 | 4724.0 | 17 | C |
550.0 | 400.0 | 4115.0 | 18 | D |
Vehicle | DOE Variable | Min. Value | Max. Value | Unit |
---|---|---|---|---|
Seaplane | 0.0 | 0.25 | - | |
0.0 | 0.20 | - | ||
0.0 | 0.20 | - | ||
eVTOL | Cruise Range | 50.0 | 200.0 | km |
Cruise Speed | 100.0 | 200.0 | km/h | |
Propellers | 4 | 10 | - | |
Wing AR | 6.0 | 10.0 | - |
Vehicle | KPI | Formulation | Unit | Direction |
---|---|---|---|---|
Seaplane | PREE | (seat km)/kWh | ⇑ | |
Fuel per ASK | g/(seat km) | ⇓ | ||
CO2 per ASK | g/(seat km) | ⇓ | ||
eVTOL | EC | kWh/(seat km) | ⇓ |
Powertrain ID | Mission Profile ID | PREE | Fuel per ASK | CO2 per ASK |
---|---|---|---|---|
BAT-TH | A | 3.65 | 20.06 | 63.39 |
B | 3.80 | 19.42 | 61.37 | |
C | 3.62 | 20.30 | 64.15 | |
D | 3.27 | 22.43 | 70.88 | |
FC-TH | A | 3.63 | 19.65 | 62.09 |
B | 3.76 | 19.09 | 60.32 | |
C | 3.62 | 19.72 | 62.31 | |
D | 3.27 | 21.75 | 68.73 |
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Tuccillo, M.; Ruocco, M. Aircraft Design Capabilities for a System-of-Systems Approach (eVTOL and Seaplane Design). Eng. Proc. 2025, 90, 21. https://doi.org/10.3390/engproc2025090021
Tuccillo M, Ruocco M. Aircraft Design Capabilities for a System-of-Systems Approach (eVTOL and Seaplane Design). Engineering Proceedings. 2025; 90(1):21. https://doi.org/10.3390/engproc2025090021
Chicago/Turabian StyleTuccillo, Michele, and Manuela Ruocco. 2025. "Aircraft Design Capabilities for a System-of-Systems Approach (eVTOL and Seaplane Design)" Engineering Proceedings 90, no. 1: 21. https://doi.org/10.3390/engproc2025090021
APA StyleTuccillo, M., & Ruocco, M. (2025). Aircraft Design Capabilities for a System-of-Systems Approach (eVTOL and Seaplane Design). Engineering Proceedings, 90(1), 21. https://doi.org/10.3390/engproc2025090021