Medication Adherence and Glycemic Control in Older Adults with Type 2 Diabetes: A Cross-Sectional Study in a Community Setting
Abstract
:1. Introduction
1.1. Background
1.2. Objectives
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Design and Participants
2.2. Variables and Data Collection Tools
2.3. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
4. Discussion
4.1. Therapy Adherence
4.2. Perspectives for Clinical Practice
4.3. Limitations
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Characteristic | n (%) |
---|---|
Gender | |
Male | 77 (57.9%) |
Female | 56 (42.1%) |
Education level | |
0 years | 5 (3.8%) |
1–4 years | 86 (64.7%) |
5–9 years | 26 (19.5%) |
10–12 years | 9 (6.8%) |
>12 years | 7 (5.3%) |
Comorbidities | |
Hypertension | 113 (85.0%) |
Dyslipidemia | 73 (54.9%) |
Cardiometabolic parameters | |
BP (mmHg) | |
≤140/90 (controlled) | 35 (26.3%) |
>140/90 (non-controlled) | 98 (73.7%) |
Glycemia (mg/dL) | |
70–110 (controlled) | 10 (8.5%) |
<70–>110 (non-controlled) | 108 (91.5%) |
HbA1c (%) | |
≤7% (controlled) | 16 (13.6%) |
>7% (non-controlled) | 102 (76.7%) |
Characteristic | n | Mean ± SD | Median [Min–Max] IQR |
---|---|---|---|
Age (years) | 133 | 71.7 ± 5.72 | 72.0 [60–86] 7 |
SBP (mmHg) | 133 | 151.7 ± 21.98 | 150.0 [99.0–232.0] 26 |
DBP (mmHg) | 133 | 79.8 ± 11.92 | 79.0 [50.0–121.0] 16 |
Glycemia (mg/dL) | 118 | 163.2 ± 45.22 | 157.6 [76.0–341.0] 50 |
HbA1c (%) | 118 | 8.3 ± 1.10 | 7.95 [6.0–13.0] 1 |
Number of Medications | 133 | 5.8 ± 2.99 | 5.0 [1–17] 3 |
Question | Glycemia (Mean ± SD) | p | HbA1c (Mean ± SD) | p | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Controlled (n = 10) | Non-Controlled (n = 108) | Controlled (n = 8) | Non-Controlled (n = 110) | |||
1. Have you ever forgotten to take your medicine for your illness? | 5.2 ± 0.92 | 5.0 ± 0.89 | 0.584 | 4.8 ± 1.17 | 5.1 ± 0.86 | 0.411 |
2. Have you ever been careless with the time of taking medication for your illness? | 5.2 ± 0.63 | 4.9 ± 0.92 | 0.313 | 4.9 ± 1.36 | 4.9 ± 0.87 | 0.670 |
3. Have you ever stopped taking your medication for your illness because you felt better? | 5.8 ± 0.63 | 5.6 ± 0.93 | 0.420 | 5.3 ± 1.49 | 5.6 ± 0.86 | 0.582 |
4. Have you ever stopped taking the medication for your illness, on your own initiative, after having worse feeling? | 5.8 ± 0.42 | 5.8 ± 0.58 | 0.403 | 5.6 ± 0.74 | 5.8 ± 0.55 | 0.197 |
5. Have you ever taken one or more pills for your illness, on your own initiative, after feel worse? | 5.9 ± 0.32 | 5.9 ± 0.34 | 0.469 | 6.0 ± 0.00 | 5.9 ± 0.35 | 0.500 |
6. Have you ever stopped therapy for your illness because you let it end your medicines? | 5.8 ± 0.42 | 5.9 ± 0.33 | 0.293 | 5.8 ± 0.00 | 5.9 ± 0.30 | 0.736 |
7. Have you ever stopped taking medication for your illness for any reason other than be the doctor’s recommendation? | 6.0 ± 0.00 | 5.8 ± 0.63 | 0.317 | 6.0 ± 0.00 | 5.8 ± 0.63 | 0.375 |
Adherence | 0.340 | 0.820 | ||||
Score | 5.7 ± 0.34 | 5.6 ± 0.39 | 5.5 ± 0.71 | 5.6 ± 0.36 | ||
% | 94.5 ± 5.62 | 92.7 ± 6.53 | 91.1 ± 11.85 | 93.0 ± 5.94 | ||
Intentional | 0.754 | 0.766 | ||||
Score | 5.8 ± 0.36 | 5.8 ± 0.48 | 5.6 ± 0.74 | 5.8 ± 0.45 | ||
% | 97.2 ± 6.00 | 96.2 ± 8.03 | 93.8 ± 12.40 | 96.5 ± 7.48 | ||
Non-Intentional | 0.534 | 0.978 | ||||
Score | 5.40 ± 0.54 | 5.3 ± 0.55 | 5.1 ± 0.98 | 5.3 ± 0.50 | ||
% | 90.0 ± 8.99 | 87.9 ± 9.08 | 85.4 ± 16.25 | 88.3 ± 8.39 |
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Nascimento, T.; Andrade, A.; Pinto, E.; Cabrita, C.; Pais, S.; Puerta, R.d.l. Medication Adherence and Glycemic Control in Older Adults with Type 2 Diabetes: A Cross-Sectional Study in a Community Setting. Diabetology 2025, 6, 33. https://doi.org/10.3390/diabetology6050033
Nascimento T, Andrade A, Pinto E, Cabrita C, Pais S, Puerta Rdl. Medication Adherence and Glycemic Control in Older Adults with Type 2 Diabetes: A Cross-Sectional Study in a Community Setting. Diabetology. 2025; 6(5):33. https://doi.org/10.3390/diabetology6050033
Chicago/Turabian StyleNascimento, Tânia, Amanda Andrade, Ezequiel Pinto, Catarina Cabrita, Sandra Pais, and Rocío de la Puerta. 2025. "Medication Adherence and Glycemic Control in Older Adults with Type 2 Diabetes: A Cross-Sectional Study in a Community Setting" Diabetology 6, no. 5: 33. https://doi.org/10.3390/diabetology6050033
APA StyleNascimento, T., Andrade, A., Pinto, E., Cabrita, C., Pais, S., & Puerta, R. d. l. (2025). Medication Adherence and Glycemic Control in Older Adults with Type 2 Diabetes: A Cross-Sectional Study in a Community Setting. Diabetology, 6(5), 33. https://doi.org/10.3390/diabetology6050033