Investigation of Mechanical and Thermal Performance of Concrete with Scallop Shells as Partial Cement Replacement: Alternative Binder and Life Cycle Assessment
Abstract
:1. Introduction
- What it is the environmental effect of shell concrete?
- What is the environmental benefit from the substitution of cement?
- What is the hygrothermal performance of shell concrete at building scale?
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Methodology
2.2. Concrete Properties
- CEM I 52.5 N cement with a density of 3.2 g·cm−3 and a fineness of Blaine of 4100 cm2·g−1. Its d 10, d 50, and d 90 were determined using a laser diffraction particle size analyzer and are 2.43, 14.22, and 38.48 µm, respectively (Figure 2b).
- Standardized sand according to EN 196-1-1.
- Crushed gravel 3/8 mm with a density of 2.65 g·cm−3 and an absorption coefficient of 0.66%.
- Scallop shells (SS) collected in Ouistreham (Normandy, France), cleaned, crushed, and ground. Before being crushed with a drum compactor, the seashells were washed and dried at 40 °C to remove any apparent meat traces and contaminants. The collected seashells aggregates were re-crushed by the Los Angeles abrasion machine and sieved through a 63 µm sieve in order to generate scallop seashell powder. The density and Blaine fineness were 2.68 g·cm−3 and 7890 cm2·g−1 respectively. Its d10 and d90 were determined using a laser diffraction particle size analyzer and are 2.88, 22.78, and 49.48 µm, respectively (Figure 2a). The d 50 for the CEM I 52.5 N was 14.22 µm and the SS was 22.78 µm. Cements have finer particle sizes than seashells. Finer size will offer more specific surface area for an accelerated hydration reaction. The acceleration of the hydration process will result in a rapid development of concrete strength.
2.3. Characterization Techniques
2.4. Test Methods
2.5. Model of Heat and Moisture Transfer in Building Envelopes
- Heat balance Equation:
- Moisture equilibrium Equation:
2.6. Life Cycle Assessment
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Experimental Results
3.1.1. XRD Analysis of Scallop Powder
3.1.2. Permeability of Mix
3.1.3. Mortar Densities and SSA
- Fresh state mortar properties
- Compressive and flexural strength of mortar
- Thermal conductivity of seashell concrete
- Life cycle analysis
- Hygrothermal behavior
4. Conclusions
- The replacement of cement by up to 10 wt.% of scallop shells does not significantly affect mortar properties.
- The greater effectiveness of scallop shells is attributed to their higher calcium content and the high finesses of SS particles in mortar, which promote the hydration of cement due to their high activity and the dissolution of calcium present at high proportion in scallop shells.
- A real potential for the use of scallop shells by-products as partial replacement for cement, at an optimum rate of 10% is evidenced.
- This new material is a good candidate to extensively contribute to the achievement of sustainable development goals and carbon emission reduction. Indeed, the results indicate that cement substitution by 10% shells in concrete represents a decrease up to 40% of the environmental impact.
- The results found using Wufi, show that the wall ensures a hygroscopic exchange which allows the evacuation of the humidity generated by the occupants.
- With regard to thermal properties, thermal conductivity and thermal diffusivity has been studied; nevertheless, mass loss via a differential scanning calorimeter and thermo-gravimetric analysis is necessary to determine selected characteristics of materials that exhibit either mass loss or gain due to decomposition or oxidation. XRD analysis will also be necessary to understand the effect of the addition of carbonates on the mineralogical composition of the concrete, and thus to understand the hydration mechanism of the cement.
- The shear behavior hear is one of the properties to be studied in the futur as fracture in a material is often due to shear.
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Element | O * | C * | Ca | Na | S | Mg | Si | Al | Cl | Total |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
(wt.%) | 34.5 ± 2.8 | 12.6 ± 0.5 | 51.3 ± 1.6 | 0.4 ± 0.1 | 0.4 ± 0.1 | 0.3 ± 0.1 | 0.3 ± 0.1 | 0.2 ± 0.1 | d.l. | 100 |
Mortar | CM | SS5 | SS10 |
---|---|---|---|
Cement | 450 | 428 | 409 |
Fine sand 0/3 | 1350 | 1350 | 1350 |
scallop shells | 0 | 22 | 41 |
Water | 225 | 225 | 225 |
Concrete | CC | SS5 | SS10 |
Cement | 350 | 332.5 | 315 |
Fine sand 0/3 | 756 | 756 | 756 |
Gravel 3/8 | 980 | 980 | 980 |
scallop shells | 0 | 17.5 | 35 |
Water | 175 | 175 | 175 |
Composition | Thickness (m) | Conductivity (W/m·K) | Density (kg/m3) | Thermal Resistance (m2 K W−1) |
---|---|---|---|---|
Vertical walls | ||||
Glass wool | 0.2 | 0.041 | 2 | 4.88 |
Concrete | 0.2 | 1.95 | 460 | 0.11 |
Ceiling | ||||
Glass wool | 0.26 | 0.041 | 3 | 6.34 |
Plaster gypsum | 0.01 | 0.42 | 12 | 0.02 |
Slab | ||||
Glass wool | 0.2 | 0.041 | 2 | 4.88 |
Concrete | 0.2 | 1.95 | 460 | 0.11 |
Concrete | Dry Density | Porosity | Thermal Conductivity | Specific Heat Capacity | Water Vapor Permeability |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
kg/m3 | % | W/(m·K) | J/(kg·K) | Kg/(m·s·Pa) | |
Shells concrete | 2250 | 25 % | 1.78 | 920 | 2.12 × 10−12 |
Calcium Carbonate | |
---|---|
Shells | 100 t |
Biocide | 0.7 kg |
Diesel | 57 kg |
Water | 95 t |
Electricity | 1.6 E4 kWh |
Transport | 30 Tkm |
Air emissions | |
Water | 35 m3 |
Ammonia | 0.2 kg |
Particulates < 10 um | 0.6 kg |
Sulfur dioxide | 3 kg |
Nitrogen oxides | 32.3 kg |
Carbon dioxide | 1.12 kg |
Water emissions | |
COD, Chemical Oxygen Demand | 8.8 kg |
BOD5, Biological Oxygen Demand | 0.2 kg |
Suspended solids, unspecified | 1.6 kg |
Nitrogen, organic bound | 0.5 kg |
Ammonia, as N | 0.1 kg |
Phosphate | 0.1 kg |
Nitrate | 0.3 kg |
End-of-life treatment of concrete: Concrete recycling, crushing (1 kg) | |
Diesel combustion | 0.0143 MJ |
Electricity | 0.00398 kWh |
Heat (other than natural gas) | 0.00491 MJ |
Phase | COD Reference | Lattice Type + Space Group | Lattice Parameters (Å) | ⟨D⟩ (nm) | ⟨ε2⟩1/2 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Calcite (CaCO3) | 1,547,347 | Trigonal R-3c:H | a = 4.986 (1) c = 17.070 (2) | 750 (20) | 1.10−3 |
Sample | Mass Substitution Rate of Cement by SS (%) | Permeability after 28 Days (m·s−1) |
---|---|---|
CM | 0 | 2.80 × 10−12 |
SS5 | 5 | 2.12 × 10−12 |
SS10 | 10 | 1.87 × 10−12 |
Sample | Porosity | Density (g·cm−3) | Thermal Conductivity (W·m−1·K−1) |
---|---|---|---|
CM | 32% | 2.37± 0.5 | 1.95 ± 0.03 |
SS5 | 28% | 2.28 ± 0.5 | 1.86 ± 0.02 |
SS10 | 25% | 2.25 ± 0.5 | 1.78 ± 0.02 |
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El Mendili, Y.; Benzaama, M.-H. Investigation of Mechanical and Thermal Performance of Concrete with Scallop Shells as Partial Cement Replacement: Alternative Binder and Life Cycle Assessment. CivilEng 2022, 3, 760-778. https://doi.org/10.3390/civileng3030044
El Mendili Y, Benzaama M-H. Investigation of Mechanical and Thermal Performance of Concrete with Scallop Shells as Partial Cement Replacement: Alternative Binder and Life Cycle Assessment. CivilEng. 2022; 3(3):760-778. https://doi.org/10.3390/civileng3030044
Chicago/Turabian StyleEl Mendili, Yassine, and Mohammed-Hichem Benzaama. 2022. "Investigation of Mechanical and Thermal Performance of Concrete with Scallop Shells as Partial Cement Replacement: Alternative Binder and Life Cycle Assessment" CivilEng 3, no. 3: 760-778. https://doi.org/10.3390/civileng3030044