Race, Socioeconomic Status, and Sex Hormones among Male and Female American Adolescents
Abstract
:1. Introduction
Objectives
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Design and Settings
2.2. Advantage of the ABCD Study
2.3. Study Variables
2.3.1. Dependent Variables
2.3.2. Independent Variables
2.3.3. Moderator
2.4. Data Analysis
2.5. Ethical Aspect
3. Results
4. Discussion
4.1. Implications
4.2. Future Research
4.3. Limitations
4.4. Policy and Program Implications
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Males | Females | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
n | % | n | % | |
Race | ||||
Non-Hispanic White | 543 | 75.7 | 403 | 70.0 |
Non-Hispanic Black | 174 | 24.3 | 173 | 30.0 |
Sex | ||||
Female | - | - | 576 | 100.0 |
Male | 717 | 100.0 | - | - |
Family Marital Status | ||||
Not Married | 219 | 30.5 | 190 | 33.0 |
Married | 498 | 69.5 | 386 | 67.0 |
Mean | SD | Mean | SD | |
Age (Months) | 119.14 | 7.42 | 118.14 | 7.32 |
Parental Education (1–21) | 16.81 | 2.31 | 16.73 | 2.42 |
Financial Stress (0–1) | 0.46 | 1.08 | 0.62 | 1.34 |
Testosterone (pg/mL) | 36.71 | 19.40 | - | - |
Estradiol (pg/mL) | - | - | 39.09 | 20.42 |
Model 1: Did not Adjust for SES | Model 2: Adjusted for SES | |||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Beta | b | SE | 95% CI | t | p | Beta | b | SE | 95% CI | t | p | |||
Age | 0.13 | 0.33 | 0.10 | 0.15 | 0.52 | 3.49 | 0.001 | 0.13 | 0.33 | 0.09 | 0.15 | 0.52 | 3.52 | <0.001 |
Race (Black) | 0.16 | 7.45 | 1.66 | 4.20 | 10.70 | 4.50 | <0.001 | 0.08 | 3.61 | 1.97 | −0.26 | 7.48 | 1.83 | 0.067 |
Parents Married | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | −0.04 | −1.58 | 1.83 | −5.17 | 2.00 | −0.87 | 0.387 |
Parental Education | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | −0.12 | −1.01 | 0.34 | −1.68 | −0.33 | −2.94 | 0.003 |
Financial Strain | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | 0.09 | 1.57 | 0.69 | 0.22 | 2.92 | 2.29 | 0.022 |
Intercept | −4.92 | 11.46 | −27.41 | 17.58 | −0.43 | 0.668 | 13.48 | 12.87 | −11.78 | 38.74 | 1.05 | 0.295 |
Model 1: Did not Adjust for SES | Model 2: Adjusted for SES | |||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Beta | b | SE | 95% CI | t | p | Beta | b | SE | 95% CI | t | p | |||
Age | 0.15 | 0.01 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.02 | 3.62 | <0.001 | 0.15 | 0.01 | 0.00 | 0.01 | 0.02 | 3.75 | <0.001 |
Race (Black) | 0.16 | 0.18 | 0.05 | 0.09 | 0.28 | 3.81 | <0.001 | 0.18 | 0.21 | 0.06 | 0.10 | 0.33 | 3.58 | <0.001 |
Parents Married | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.06 | −0.10 | 0.12 | 0.22 | 0.827 |
Parental Education | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | 0.10 | 0.02 | 0.01 | 0.00 | 0.04 | 2.20 | 0.028 |
Financial Strain | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | 0.09 | 0.03 | 0.02 | 0.00 | 0.07 | 1.98 | 0.048 |
Intercept | −0.26 | 0.35 | −0.95 | 0.44 | −0.72 | 0.469 | −0.73 | 0.41 | −1.53 | 0.07 | −1.80 | 0.073 |
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Assari, S.; Boyce, S.; Bazargan, M.; Caldwell, C.H. Race, Socioeconomic Status, and Sex Hormones among Male and Female American Adolescents. Reprod. Med. 2020, 1, 108-121. https://doi.org/10.3390/reprodmed1020008
Assari S, Boyce S, Bazargan M, Caldwell CH. Race, Socioeconomic Status, and Sex Hormones among Male and Female American Adolescents. Reproductive Medicine. 2020; 1(2):108-121. https://doi.org/10.3390/reprodmed1020008
Chicago/Turabian StyleAssari, Shervin, Shanika Boyce, Mohsen Bazargan, and Cleopatra H. Caldwell. 2020. "Race, Socioeconomic Status, and Sex Hormones among Male and Female American Adolescents" Reproductive Medicine 1, no. 2: 108-121. https://doi.org/10.3390/reprodmed1020008