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Article

Magnetotelluric Monitoring of Earthquake Precursors

by
Alexander K. Saraev
1,*,
Vadim Surkov
2,
Vjacheslav Pilipenko
2,
Arseny A. Shlykov
1,
Nikita Bobrov
1,
Mikhail Dembelov
3,
Denis Zinkin
2 and
Sudha Agrahari
4
1
Institute of Earth Sciences, St. Petersburg State University, 7–9, Universitetskaya nab., St. Petersburg 199034, Russia
2
Institute of Physics of the Earth RAS, 10, Bol. Gruzinskaya str., Moscow 123242, Russia
3
Institute of Physical Materials Science SB RAS, 6, Sakhyanova str., Ulan-Ude 670047, Russia
4
Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur 721302, India
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
GeoHazards 2025, 6(4), 61; https://doi.org/10.3390/geohazards6040061
Submission received: 11 August 2025 / Revised: 18 September 2025 / Accepted: 24 September 2025 / Published: 1 October 2025
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Active Faulting and Seismicity—2nd Edition)
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Abstract

Approaches to magnetotelluric monitoring of variations in apparent resistivity and electromagnetic emission that may serve as earthquake precursors are considered. Monitoring of apparent resistivity is advised in the range 7–300 Hz, where natural electromagnetic fields exhibit stable behavior, while at lower frequencies the behavior of the electrotelluric and magnetic fields should be analyzed. We present results of studies aimed at identifying active faults and searching for stress–strain sensitive zones for installing measurement equipment based on the registration of tidal variations in apparent resistivity. The features of apparent resistivity anomalies preceding earthquakes in China based on direct current measurements are discussed. Based on the analysis of natural electromagnetic field monitoring in the ULF and ELF ranges in China, the anomalies recorded prior to several recent earthquakes are considered. Before the Yangbi earthquake (2017) and the series of Yangbi (2021) and Ninglang (2022) earthquakes, variations in apparent resistivity were observed that have a pulsed behavior and probably are manifestations of electromagnetic emission. Possible sources of these anomalies are active faults located near the monitoring stations.
Keywords: earthquake precursors; active faults; magnetotelluric monitoring; variations in apparent resistivity; electromagnetic emission earthquake precursors; active faults; magnetotelluric monitoring; variations in apparent resistivity; electromagnetic emission

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MDPI and ACS Style

Saraev, A.K.; Surkov, V.; Pilipenko, V.; Shlykov, A.A.; Bobrov, N.; Dembelov, M.; Zinkin, D.; Agrahari, S. Magnetotelluric Monitoring of Earthquake Precursors. GeoHazards 2025, 6, 61. https://doi.org/10.3390/geohazards6040061

AMA Style

Saraev AK, Surkov V, Pilipenko V, Shlykov AA, Bobrov N, Dembelov M, Zinkin D, Agrahari S. Magnetotelluric Monitoring of Earthquake Precursors. GeoHazards. 2025; 6(4):61. https://doi.org/10.3390/geohazards6040061

Chicago/Turabian Style

Saraev, Alexander K., Vadim Surkov, Vjacheslav Pilipenko, Arseny A. Shlykov, Nikita Bobrov, Mikhail Dembelov, Denis Zinkin, and Sudha Agrahari. 2025. "Magnetotelluric Monitoring of Earthquake Precursors" GeoHazards 6, no. 4: 61. https://doi.org/10.3390/geohazards6040061

APA Style

Saraev, A. K., Surkov, V., Pilipenko, V., Shlykov, A. A., Bobrov, N., Dembelov, M., Zinkin, D., & Agrahari, S. (2025). Magnetotelluric Monitoring of Earthquake Precursors. GeoHazards, 6(4), 61. https://doi.org/10.3390/geohazards6040061

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